Introduction To Psychology Chapter 16 Handouts PDF

Introduction to Psychology PSYC 1200 (A01) This PowerpointTM presentation is the exclusive copyright of Ryan Langridge at the University of Manitoba. These slides and the accompanying lecture may only be used by students enrolled in PSYC 1200, A01, Summer 2023, at the University of Manitoba. Audio a...

Introduction to Psychology PSYC 1200 (A01) This PowerpointTM presentation is the exclusive copyright of Ryan Langridge at the University of Manitoba. These slides and the accompanying lecture may only be used by students enrolled in PSYC 1200, A01, Summer 2023, at the University of Manitoba. Audio and/or video recording in any format is not allowed without official permission of Ryan Langridge. Unauthorized or commercial use of these lectures, including uploading to sites outside of the University of Manitoba servers, is expressly prohibited. Violations of these and other Academic Integrity principles will lead to disciplinary action. © Ryan Langridge Treating Psychological Disorders: Mental Health Providers Not testable content Clinical Psychologists Clinical and Counselling Psychologists generally do not prescribe medication (Canada & US) • Have obtained PhDs • Typically 5 years of graduate school + 1 year internship in clinical setting • Able to formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from mild to severe, acute to chronic Counselling Psychologists • Have completed a Master’s or PhD degree • Mental health professionals who typically work with people who need help with common problems such as: © Ryan Langridge • • • • Stress and coping Issues concerning identity, sexuality, and relationships Anxiety and depression Developmental issues such as childhood trauma Treating Psychological Disorders: Mental Health Providers Psychiatrists Not testable content • Typically complete an undergraduate degree + 4 years of medical school + 5 year residency • Medical doctors who specialize in mental health and who are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medications © Ryan Langridge Treating Psychological Disorders: Inpatient Treatment and Deinstitutionalization • 1400s – 1900s: Mentally ill patients were sent to ‘asylums’, segregated from the general public • Deinstitutionalization (Mid 1900s) • Movement of large numbers of psychiatric inpatients from their care facilities back into regular society • Made possible by the development of effective treatment of some disorders, management of symptoms, etc. © Ryan Langridge Treating Psychological Disorders: Inpatient Treatment and Deinstitutionalization • Residential Treatment Centers • Housing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training, which the explicit goal of helping residents become reintegrated into society • When required (e.g., patient safety, stability), patients’ freedoms are restricted • However, many previously hospitalized patients did not have family or social supports to return to © Ryan Langridge Treating Psychological Disorders: Community Psychology • Focuses on identifying how an individual’s mental health is influenced by their community • Emphasizes community-level variables such as social programs, support networks and community resource centers • Research may involve environmental and neighbourhood factors that contribute to stress, anxiety, depression, etc. © Ryan Langridge Treating Psychological Disorders: Barriers to Psychological Treatment • Only 40% of adults who reported significant anxiety or depression receive therapy (Toronto Center for Addiction and Mental Health [2016]) • Approx. 2/3 adults diagnosed with mood or anxiety disorders reported waiting over a year to seek/receive a diagnosis • Why do some people choose not to seek help? © Ryan Langridge Treating Psychological Disorders: Barriers to Psychological Treatment Why do some people avoid seeking help? • Difficulty defining or recognizing a ‘disorder’ • A person may not recognize their state as a ‘disorder’ requiring treatment, and instead wait until the symptoms become severe, or convinced by family, friends • Stigma associated with mental illness, therapy • Skepticism surrounding treatment, psychological/psychiatric professionals • Gender roles © Ryan Langridge • E.g., Men are particularly averse to seeking treatment, therapy Treating Psychological Disorders: Barriers to Psychological Treatment Why do some people avoid seeking help? • Cultural barriers • E.g., Certain cultures more receptive to the idea of therapy • Geographical barriers • E.g., Limited access to treatment centers, therapists in rural communities • Financial barriers • E.g., Some types of therapeutic treatment not covered by government healthcare © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Insight Therapies • Insight Therapies → General term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between patient and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts • Formally began with Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) which evolved into Psychodynamic Therapies → Form of insight therapy that emphasizes the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Insight Therapies • Psychoanalysis → Intended to help patients become aware of their unconscious urges • Modern Psychodynamic Therapies → Focused on the patient’s conscious experience rather than their unconscious experience © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Insight Therapies • Object Relations Therapy • Variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning • Focuses on “objects” → The clients’ mental representations of themselves and others • Early relationships between the child and these “objects” lead to the development of mental models that will influence future relationships. © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Insight Therapies Humanistic – Existential Psychotherapy (vs. Psychoanalysis) • Human nature is fundamentally positive (vs. negative) • Focuses on conscious experience (vs. unconscious memories, urges, etc.) • Phenomenological Approach • Addresses the clients’ feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment (vs. trying to determine unconscious motives or focusing on past events) © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Insight Therapies Humanistic – Existential Psychotherapy (vs. Psychoanalysis) • Considers behaviour to be chosen freely by the individual (vs. determined by repressed urges or instincts) • Emphasized peoples’ strengths (vs. neuroses/anxieties) • Tries to clarify the patient’s issues (vs. explaining to the patient what is “wrong”) • Unconditional positive regard toward the patient’s healing (vs. insight into unconscious conflicts) © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Insight Therapies Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987) • Client – Centered Therapy • Also referred to as ‘Person – Centered Therapy’ https://www.toolshero.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/07/carlrogers-toolshero.jpg • Focuses on individuals’ abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist • Dealing with ‘conditions of worth’ • Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) → Helps clients face and accept difficult emotions © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Behavioural Therapies Behavioural Therapies • Attempt to directly address problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them • Use principles of classical and operant conditioning to change behaviour • E.g., Aversive Conditioning • A behavioural technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response (typically using punishment) © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Behavioural Therapies • Systematic Desensitization → Gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is coupled with relaxation training • Can involve building an ‘Anxiety hierarchy’ → List of fearful stimuli ranging from least fearful to most fearful • Flooding → Exposing the client to the most challenging, anxiety inducing aspect of the behaviour/situation © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Cognitive – Behavioural Therapies (CBT) • Form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training, and exposure to experiences they may tend to avoid • Focused on helping clients recognize their thoughts, emotions, and behavioural patterns in order to build more functional cognitive and behavioural habits © Ryan Langridge Psychological Therapies: Group and Family Therapies • Group Therapy • Grouping people together based on similar issues (e.g., alcohol addiction, divorce etc.) • Participants benefit from bonding and support provided by other group members • Cost effective, accessible • Family Therapy • Helpful when a client’s difficulties are reinforced by unhealthy dynamics within the family • May help families deal with specific family members who demonstrate disruptive or dysfunctional behavioural issues © Ryan Langridge • Systems Approach → Views an individual’s symptoms as being influenced by multiple interacting systems (e.g., family, friends, etc.) and influences Biomedical Therapies Biomedical Approach • Involves using drugs, surgery, or other medical procedures to alter central nervous system functioning to correct problems thought to be biological in nature • Psychopharmacotherapy • Use of drugs to manage or reduce symptoms • Usually paired with another form of therapy (e.g. CBT) • Psychotropic drugs → Medications designed to alter psychological functioning • Have become a common form of treatment © Ryan Langridge Review: Neural Communication © Ryan Langridge MAO Biomedical Therapies Removes serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine from synapse Antidepressants • Medications designed to reduce symptoms of depression • Several varieties: • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) • Deactivates monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that breaks downs serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the synapse → results in increased amount of neurotransmitter © Ryan Langridge • Can cause dangerous side effects → Not widely used MAO Biomedical Therapies Antidepressants • Medications designed to reduce symptoms of depression • Several varieties: • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) • E.g., Fluoxetine (Prozac) • Block the reuptake of serotonin, leaving larger amounts in the synapse • Most commonly prescribed antidepressant since the 1980s © Ryan Langridge • But, do not work for everyone and side effects may include changes in sleep patterns and sex drive Biomedical Therapies Mood Stabilizers • Drugs used to prevent or reduce the severity of mood swings experienced by people with bipolar disorder • E.g., Lithium • Side effects: Toxicity (kidneys and endocrine system), not as popular any more Antianxiety Drugs • Influence the activity of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity) • E.g., Xanax, Valium, Ativan • Side effects: Drowsiness, impaired attention, memory impairments, depression, decreased sex drive © Ryan Langridge • Potential for abuse and withdrawal Biomedical Therapies Antipsychotic Drugs • Used to treat symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, and disturbed or disorganized thought • First generation antipsychotic medications associated with significant side effects (E.g., seizures, anxiety, nausea, impotence, Tardive Dyskinesia → Movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements and facial ‘tics’) • Second generation antipsychotic medications (known as ‘Atypical Antipsychotics’) • Target dopamine and serotonin transmission • Less likely to produce the side effects associated with 1st generation antipsychotics, but only work for approx. 50% of people, become less effective overtime, and can compromise the user’s white blood cells (immune system functioning) © Ryan Langridge Biomedical Techniques: Surgery • Early techniques involved surgically destroying brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex • E.g., Leucotomy (later referred to as lobotomy) • Used to treat individuals with psychoses and other disorders in the early to mid 1900s • Modern Focal Lesioning Surgery • Small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed • Only performed in extreme cases • E.g. Anterior Cingulotomy • Brain imaging is used to target and guide precise location of lesion © Ryan Langridge Brain Stimulation • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • Passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure • Introduced in the 1930s, but is now considered a relatively safe procedure, though still only performed as treatment for severe cases • May alter the activity of certain networks in the brain © Ryan Langridge • Has been shown to promote neurogenesis in the hippocampus Brain Stimulation • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) • Exposes a particular area of the brain to a powerful magnetic field to either stimulate or inhibit brain activity in that region • Treatment usually involves between 10 and 25 sessions • Stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex (positive emotional experiences) and inhibition of the right prefrontal cortex (negative emotional experiences) associated with improvement of depressive symptoms © Ryan Langridge Brain Stimulation • Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) • Involves electrical stimulation of a specific brain region using thin electrodes that are carefully inserted into the brain • Results are observed immediately • Involves some risk associated with the surgical insertion of the electrodes © Ryan Langridge • May produce unexpected temporary behaviours