Psychology 1001 Lecture 6: The History and Philosophical Foundations of Psychology PDF

Psychology 1001 Lecture 6 The History and Philosophical Foundations of Psychology Frans Verstraten The School of Psychology acknowledges and pays respect to the traditional owners of the land, the Gadigal of the Eora Nation. It is upon their ancestral lands that the University of Sydney is built. Po...

Psychology 1001 Lecture 6 The History and Philosophical Foundations of Psychology Frans Verstraten The School of Psychology acknowledges and pays respect to the traditional owners of the land, the Gadigal of the Eora Nation. It is upon their ancestral lands that the University of Sydney is built. Popper / Kuhn – how science works Noam Chomsky fMRI scanning Gestalt Psychology Medicine ß---------------Behaviorism------------à Functionalism Structuralism Edwin Smith Papyrus - Imhotep Discovery of ventricles 3-cell doctrine Gall/Spurzheim: Phrenology Broca/Wernicke Fechner/Weber /Psychophysics 1860 Wundt / First lab / introspection 1879 Bishop Berkely John Locke Descartes Ibn al-Haytham Greeks Plato/Aristotle Physics trepanation Time line.. Psychology (as a science) 2000 1950 1900 1800 1000 0 Pre-hist. -3000 philosophy a very short history of mental health ideas and the emergence of Clinical Psychology Towards health and clinical psychology. From trepanning, demons and supernatural forces to evidence-based treatment/therapy Demarcation: Psychiatry and Psychology, and do we need a strict border? And is there a strict border to begin with? One of the problems of Psychology: Not knowing what mental health problems mean. Trepanation: what does/can it tell us? Reconstruction! But some believe it was to get rid of evil spirits (but could be related to pain, migraines etc. Hyronymus Bosch: Cutting the stone (1494) The Extraction of the Stone of Madness or The Cure of Folly, Overview (fast) After Neolithic period, still lots of trepanning Hebrews, Persians: inflicted by God as punishment (but then again, he could also heal the problem…) Egyptians had already more insight and even therapy (music, dancing, painting…). ’Strange’ ideas: thought that Conversion Disorder (Hysteria) was caused by a ’wandering uterus’… Hippocrates’ thinking was crucial… see next slide Mental illness has it cause in natural occurrences in the human body Pathological problems in the brain! So no role for demons and other supernatural forces. … He thought it had to do with the four essential fluids in our body. Blood, phlegm, (yellow)bile, and black bile. (they thought that personalities were based on the balance between these 4 ’humors’. And ‘imbalance’ meant… problem! Think about it… why those 4? Hippocrates And imbalance meant… problem! ‘Blood letting’ to create a new balance Dealing with mentally ill persons Often superstition (bad fate is upon us!), shame, and potential stigmatization resulted in abuse. For example, hiding them in cellars or even cages. Mostly kept at home but already at the end of the 8th century there were mental hospitals in Baghdad and later in Aleppo and Damascus. 1st in Valencia (1406) Not a holiday resort hotel! Abuse, untrained staff Probably the most infamous was Saint Mary of Bethlehem, in London. Asylums. Started in 1547 Nicknamed “BEDLAM” (= disarray, tumult, unrest, commotion, turmoil, etc.) Patients sometimes used as ’freaks’ and the audience had to pay to see them, other patients were sent out to the streets and beg for money. Artist’s impression: William Hogarth’s A Rake’s Progress (left) (depicts 18th Century Bethlem) ”The most notorious aspect of Bedlam was its availability to the public. It was expected that friends and family would drop in on patients, but for many years, Bedlam was run like a zoo, where wealthy patrons could drop a shilling or two to roam the fetid hallways. These visits were so frequent that they made up a significant portion of the hospital’s operating budget.” Things weren’t much different elsewhere! USA for example: There had been attempts for a more human approach, in Paris (by 1792) and in New York (1796). This humanitarian movement mostly failed. In 1841, Miss Dix visited a Boston jail and found mentally ill people confined under inhumane conditions. She started a long lasting campaign to reform asylums This became known as the Mental Hygiene movement Dorothy Dix (see centre) Psychiatry versus Psychology Is not easy to define whose realm it is. Anti-social behavior, for example. Support and ways to deal with patients. (just support and make the best out of it…) or trying to make them ‘better’ -> Therapy). Psychology or Psychiatry? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Psychology or Psychiatry? Support or Therapy? Psychology becomes more clinical … Franz Mesmer & animal magnetism… and the advent of Hypnosis. (again… Avicenna, Persia) was earlier, 1027!) Lightner Witmer (see next slide) Sigmund Freud’s Psycho-analytic theory on personality and Psychopathology. Lightner Witmer (1867 -1956) He (seems to have) introduced the term Clinical Psychology Applied work on learning disabilities. Taught a young person who had problems with spelling. That made him establish the first Psychological Clinic (1896) In 1891 he was trained for 2 years by… Wilhelm Wundt. Freud and Psychology Sigmund Freud Psycho-analytic theory of personality and Psychopathology. Id, ego, and superego, consciousnes and uncounsciousnes Think about hypnosis… The way to look into your unconscious. Go into hypnotic regression, and Catharsis (purification" or "cleansing) would do the job (Freud’s colleague Josef Breuer) Freud and hypnotherapy Mostly patients with Hysteria. Recalling traumatic events, reliving the emotions would help relieving them from their hysteric symptoms Freud, moved on to ‘free association’ as the ritual. He thought that hypnosis would still block repressed painful memories. The neo-Freudians Anna Freud (top left), Carl Jung (bottom left)*, Alfred Adler*, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Erik Erikson) * moved away strongly from Freud’s ideas Therapy and example; The behavioral Model Change through conditioning. (so based on Behaviorism (see next lecture) Example from behavior therapy: Systematic desensitization. For example, if you are afraid of spiders. Currently: role for Virtual Reality Aprproaches example: Humanistic Approach: Best known name is Carl Rogers Famous book ‘client centered therapy (very) Fast lane: Unconditional positive regard: Empathy, accept client’s feelings and actions as this will make the open and honest, which is necessary for growth (which a therapist should see as the desired result). Current: It is often a good mix of several approaches. We are more and more aware that there is no such thing as a single cause/influence for a problem: biological, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, social, even cultural Lots of new methods/techniques to look at it, so - in a way – it is rather multi-disciplinary. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-I (1952) DSM-II (1968) DSM-III (1980) DSM-III-R (1987) DSM-IV (1994) DSM-IV-TR (2000) DSM-5: (2013) The END These were my 6 lectures: Thanks for listening and interacting. Practice Questions In the history of mental health problems, they often talk about imbalances. What is meant by that? So how did they try to bring the balance back? Which parts of the world where the first to establish mental hospitals? Asylums where far from ‘holiday resort hotels’. Can you give some examples of the problems? Think about the expertise of the staff and the way they treated the patients! The movie One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest was an eye-opener for the general audience. Why? Why do we sometimes use the term Mesmerized? Who was Lightner Witmer? Practice Questions Lightner Witmer was the first to establish what? Which three components about the human mind did Freud distinguish? What three kinds of conscious states did Freud distinguish? Later in his life Freud didn’t like hypnosis, why was that? What are Neo-Freudians? Give an example of a therapy in the behaviourism/behavioural tradition. Carl Rogers is considered the godfather of which theory? What is the DSM? Example of open question Noam Chomsky’s ideas and theories have both Nativist and Empiricist’s components. Can you explain this by using his theory about language acquisition? What is in this case nature and what is nurture? The discovery of the ventricles in the brain can be regarded as a major step in the history of how the brain works. Why is that and what is the evidence that that discovery had a lasting impact (even tough it was wrong)? What did the example of the Berlin Wall that was discussed in class try to convey? a. History is a fact that can only change when you break down existing barriers. b. History is not affected by geopolitical interpretation and thinking. c. There is no such thing as ‘the history’, there is almost always space for interpretation. d. History is made by famous professors that have great authority. e. History is never really history as it is continuously changing. Wilhelm Wundt’s lab in Leipzig was very significant in the history of Psychology. Why? a. It is considered the start of Psychology as an academic field. b. He banned trepanation. c. He looked at the building blocks of our conscious thoughts using phrenology. d. Sigmund Freud started his education in this Lab. e. All the above. Gall and Spurzheim are known for their roles in a. Nativism. b. Rationalism. c. Empiricism. d. Zeitgeist. e. Phrenology. Popper / Kuhn – how science works Noam Chomsky fMRI scanning Gestalt Psychology Medicine ß---------------Behaviorism------------à Functioinalism Structuralism Edwin Smith Papyrus - Imhotep Discovery of ventricles 3-cell doctrine Gall/Spurzheim: Phrenology Broca/Wernicke Fechner/Weber /Psychophysics 1860 Wundt / First lab / introspection 1879 Bishop Berkely John Locke Descartes Ibn al-Haytham Greeks Plato/Aristotle Physics trepanation Time line.. Psychology (as a science) 2000 1950 1900 1800 1000 0 Pre-hist. -3000 philosophy