History Of Mental Health Nursing Lecture PDF

HISTORY OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING By Sampson Opoku Agyemang  OBJECTIVES By the end of the lecture, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the history of mental health nursing 2. Describe early physiological and medical concepts in mental h...

HISTORY OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING By Sampson Opoku Agyemang  OBJECTIVES By the end of the lecture, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the history of mental health nursing 2. Describe early physiological and medical concepts in mental health 3. Identify some psychologists who contributed to the development of mental health 9/20/2024 2  EARLY HISTORY (ANCIENT TIMES) Insanity was associated with demonic possession Healers extract unseen spirits through rituals using herbs, ointments and precious stones Mental illness was perceived as incurable, and treatment of the insane was sometimes inhumane. 9/20/2024 3  THE MIDDLE AGES Mentally ill people: Often imprisoned or forced to live in the streets and beg for food. For more humane treatment, they depended on charity of religious groups, who dispenses alms or food or other donations to the needy or poor and ran alms houses and general hospitals. 9/20/2024 4  THE MIDDLE AGES (Continuation) First mental asylum: St. Mary of Bethlehem Built in London, England during the 14th Century Conceived as a sanctuary or refuge for the destitute and afflicted. Model for similar institutions elsewhere 9/20/2024 5  THE FIFTEENTH THROUGH SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES Continued scepticism about the curability of mental illness Asylums became the repositories for prolonged enclosure of the mentally ill Insane people were treated more like animals than humans. Inhabitants were poorly clothed and fed; often chained and caged, and deprived of heat and sunlight. 9/20/2024 6  THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT The insane was no longer treated as less than human The concept of asylum developed from the humane efforts of Pinel and Tuke. 9/20/2024 7  EARLY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL CONCEPTS The Greek temples of healing ushered in the Golden Age of Greece under the Athenian Statesman Pericles (461 – 429 B.C) a time considerable progress was made in the understanding and treatment of mental disorders It was during this time that the Greek physician Hippocrates (466 – 377 B.C), often referred as the father of modern medicines receives his training and made substantial contribution to the field 9/20/2024 8  EARLY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL CONCEPTS Cont. Hippocrates denies the intervention of deities and demons in the development of diseases and insisted that mental disorders had natural causes and required treatment like other diseases. Plato – the problem of dealing with mentally disturbed individuals who committed criminal acts was studied by the Greek philosopher Plato (429 – 347 B.C) 9/20/2024 9  EARLY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL CONCEPTS Cont. Aristotle a pupil of Plato (384 – 322 B.C) wrote extensively on mental disorders. Among his most lasting contribution to psychology are his descriptions of content of consciousness Aristotle anticipated Freud in his view of “thinking” as directed striving toward elimination of pain and attainment of pleasure. 9/20/2024 10  LATER GREEK AND ROMAN THOUGHT Cicero (106 – 43 B.C) was perhaps the first to go on record as stating boldly that body ailments could be the result of emotional factors Aretaeus (A.D 50 – 130) saw certain mental disorders as merely an extension or normal psychological process. 9/20/2024 11 LATER GREEK AND ROMAN THOUGHT Cont. Galen (A.D 130 – 300) made contribution concerning the anatomy of the nervous system. Galen also mentioned a scientific approach to the field, dividing the causes of mental disorders into physical and mental. Among the causes he named the injury to the head, alcoholic excess, shock, fear, adolescence, menstrual changes, economic reverses and disappointment in love. 9/20/2024 12  SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS The following were individuals who contributed to modern mental health care 9/20/2024 13  BENJAMIN RUSH (1745-1813) Emphasised the need for pleasant surroundings and diversional and moral treatment of the mentally ill Treatment include (considered controversial): bloodletting and the administration of cold and hot baths, harsh purgatives and emetics. Considers inducement of freight or shock would cause the mentally ill to regain their insanity. 9/20/2024 14  BENJAMIN RUSH (1745-1813) Cont. Invented the tranquilizer chair and the Gyrator Tranquilizer chair- the mentally ill’s extremities is strapped down and this reduces motor and pulse rates; thought to produce calming effect. Gyrator- a form of shock therapy consisting of a rotating, swinging platform onto which the person was strapped and moved at high speed; Thought to increase cerebral circulation Author of the first American treatise on psychiatry: Medical inquiries and observations upon the disease of the mind. 9/20/2024 15 BENJAMIN RUSH (1745-1813) Cont. Gyrator Tranquilizer chair 9/20/2024 16  PHILIPE PINEL (1745-1862) Advocated Kindness and moral treatment Greatest impact came after he was placed in charge of Bicerte Hospital. Proved that releasing the insane from chains and providing moral treatment improved their prospect 9/20/2024 17  WILLIAM TUKE (1732-1822) Began a 4-year dynasty that advocated human treatment of the mentally ill 9/20/2024 18  FRANZE ANTON MESMER (1734-1815) Renewed the art of suggestive healing that stemmed form the ancient use of trances, which became the basis of hypnosis 9/20/2024 19  THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PSYCHIATRIC NURSE US and other European Countries began a movement that championed reformation of ideas in establishing State hospitals. 1772- First Psychiatric hospital in America in Williamsburg, Virginia. 1817- Mclean Asylum in Massachusetts became the first US institution to provide humane treatment for the mentally ill. 9/20/2024 20 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PSYCHIATRIC NURSE Cont. Humane treatment- emphasized an environment of understanding and promoted a sense of contentment and mental physical health Increased concerns and sensitivity to the needs of the mentally ill generated a need for better educated attendants to care for severely disturbed clients. 9/20/2024 21  DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX (1802-1887) A retired school teacher from Massachusetts Led crusade that brought attention of these conditions to the public and the Legislature The result is an improvement in the standards of the care for the mentally ill which led to proliferation of state hospitals 9/20/2024 22  LINDA RICHARDS The first American Psychiatric Nurse Graduate of New England Hospital for women Developed Nursing Care in state hospitals and also directed a school of psychiatric Nursing in Mclean Psychiatric Asylum in 1880 Her efforts resulted to the development of school for nurses in more than 30 asylums 9/20/2024 23  THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE ERA OF PSYCHIATRY/ PERIOD SCIENTIFIC STUDY Exploration of the reasons for mental disease accelerated with contributions from numerous theorists and researchers who laid the foundation for understanding and demystifying mental illness 9/20/2024 24  ADOLPH MEYER (1866-1950) Initiated psychobiological theory and dynamic concept of psychiatric care Theory centered on treatment rather than diseases and integrated biochemical, genetic, psychosocial and environmental stresses on mental illness 9/20/2024 25  CLIFFORD BEERS (1876-1943) Had been treated for mental illness Contributed to preventive care though his classic work, a mind that found itself, published in 1908 Played a major role in establishing mental health movement in New Haven Connecticut in 1908 and promoting the early detection of mental illness. 9/20/2024 26  EMIL KRAEPELIN (1856-1926) Devised a classification of mental disorders Shifted from an emphasis on research in the pathobiological laboratory to the observation and research in conditions known praecox dementia and mania 9/20/2024 27  EUGEN BLEULER (1857-1939) Coined the term schizophrenia and included its characteristics the four As: apathy, associative looseness, autism and ambivalence 9/20/2024 28  SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Development of psychoanalysis, psychosexual theories, neurosis Psychoanalysis – a method that serves as the basis for treatment and a theory for personality development. 9/20/2024 29  CARL GUSTAV JUNG (1875-1961) Founded analytic psychology Proposed and originated the concepts extroverted and introverted personality Integrated spiritual concepts, reasoning, ancestral emotional trends, and mysticism, and the creative notion of human beings. 9/20/2024 30  KAREN HORNEY (1885-1952) Objected to Freud’s notions that neurosis and personality development were based on biological drives. Her theory suggested that neurosis stem from cultural factors and impaired interpersonal relationships. 9/20/2024 31  HARRY STACK SULLIVAN (1892-1949) Postulated the Hypothesis of interpersonal theory and the development of multidisciplinary approaches to psychiatric and milieu therapy. He summarised that anxiety could be reduced through a meaningful interpersonal relationship that stresses the process of effective communication. 9/20/2024 32  DEINSTITUTRIONALISATION A deliberate shift from institutional care in state hospitals to community facilitates. Community mental health centres: provides less restrictive treatment located closer to homes, families and friends. 9/20/2024 33  1990’S DECADE OF THE BRAIN Declared by the US Congress as the decade of the Brain Increase in brain research; increased interest in biologic explanations for mental disorders Significant changes in public awareness which enabled clinicians to address relatively complex topics with patients and families. Nursing responded by significant augmentation of psychobiologic content in academic nursing programs and a torrent of continuing education programs. 9/20/2024 34  THE DIAGNOSTIC ‘BIBLE’ OF PSYCHIATRY The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM): outlines the signs and symptoms required in order for clinicians to assign a specific diagnosis too a patient Has been published in six editions since its inception in 1952 9/20/2024 35  DIAGNOSTIC BIBLE OF PSYCHIATRY DSM I - 1952 DSM II – 1968 DSM III – 1980 DSM IIIR (REVISED)– 1987 DSM IV – 1994 DSM IV-TR (TEXT REVISION) – 2000 DSM V - 2013 9/20/2024 36  Thank you 9/20/2024 37