chapter 1 ppt sad.pdf

Chapter One: System Concepts and Information Systems Environment A system is a group of connected components working together to achieve a common goal. It takes input from outside, processes it, and produces output. Systems can also involve people, technology, and processes, including informa...

Chapter One: System Concepts and Information Systems Environment A system is a group of connected components working together to achieve a common goal. It takes input from outside, processes it, and produces output. Systems can also involve people, technology, and processes, including informal interactions like emails and phone calls, to help accomplish tasks Information Systems Environment: Information Systems: Organized setups that manage and process data to support decision-making and operations. Components of IS: Include hardware (physical devices), software (applications), data (information), people (users), and processes (methods for using data). Purpose: To help organizations efficiently manage information and support their goals. Interactions: Information systems interact with their environment and other systems through inputs and outputs, adapting to changes and providing feedback Nine Characteristics of System Components are parts of a system, which can be simple or made up of smaller parts called subsystems. Interrelated Components mean that each part depends on others. What one part outputs is used as input by another. Boundary is the limit of the system, defining what is inside and what is outside, separating it from other systems. Purpose is the main goal that all the parts work together to achieve Nine Characteristics of System Interfaces are the points where a system interacts with its environment and between its subsystems. Input is the data or resources the system receives from its environment. Output is the result the system provides back to its environment after processing. Constraints are the limits on what the system can do, such as capacity or speed, which can come from within the system or its environment  Nine Characteristics of System Here are the nine characteristics of a system in short: Components: Parts or subsystems that make up the system. Interrelated Components: Parts that work together and depend on each other. Boundary: Defines what is inside the system and separates it from the outside. Purpose: The main goal that all components work together to achieve. Interfaces: Points of interaction with the environment and between subsystems. Input: Data or resources received from the environment. Output: Results or products returned to the environment. Constraints: Limits on the system’s capacity, speed, or capabilities. Feedback: Information about the system’s performance used to make adjustments  Nine Characteristics of System Let’s use a smartphone as an example to illustrate the nine characteristics of a system: Components: The smartphone includes various parts like the screen, battery, camera, and processor. Interrelated Components: The camera, processor, and memory all work together to take and save photos. The screen displays the results. Boundary: The smartphone’s boundary separates it from other devices and environments, defining what’s inside the phone and what’s outside. Purpose: The main goal of the smartphone is to communicate, access information, and provide entertainment. Interfaces: The smartphone interacts with its environment through touchscreens, charging ports, and wireless connections (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi). Input: The smartphone receives input from users through touch gestures, voice commands, and sensors. Output: The smartphone provides output through the screen display, notifications, and sounds. Constraints: The smartphone has limitations such as battery life, processing power, and storage capacity. Feedback: The smartphone provides feedback through alerts, notifications, and system updates, which help users understand its performance and functionality Elements of the System The key elements of a system are: Components: The individual parts or subsystems that make up the system. Inputs: The resources, data, or materials that are fed into the system. Processes: The activities or operations that transform inputs into outputs. Outputs: The results or products that are produced by the system. Feedback: Information about the system’s performance used to make adjustments. Boundary: The limits that define what is inside the system and separate it from the environment. Environment: Everything outside the system that can affect or be affected by it. Interfaces: Points of interaction between the system and its environment or between subsystems. Constraints: Limitations or restrictions on the system's capacity, speed, or functionality Some important Systems concepts Decomposition is breaking a system into smaller parts. Modularity results from decomposition, dividing the system into manageable, uniform-sized modules for easier understanding. Coupling refers to the dependency between subsystems, where messages are exchanged. A well-designed system has low coupling, meaning subsystems are mostly independent with minimal data exchange. Cohesion is how well a subsystem performs a single function. Ideally, subsystems should have high cohesion, focusing on one task, and low coupling, with minimal dependencies on other parts What is Information Systems Information Systems are organized setups that collect, store, manage, and analyze data to support decision-making and operations. They typically include: Hardware: Physical devices like computers and servers. Software: Applications and programs that process data. Data: Information that is input, processed, and output by the system. People: Users who interact with the system, including IT staff and end- users. Processes: Methods and procedures for handling and using the data. Overall, information systems help organizations manage information effectively to achieve their goals Type of Systems Open System: Interacts with its environment by taking in inputs and producing outputs. It adapts and changes in response to environmental changes. Examples include the education system or a business process system. Closed System: Is isolated from its environment and does not exchange inputs or outputs with it. It operates independently of external influences. Open System: A company is an open system because it interacts with its environment by receiving resources (inputs) like raw materials and providing products or services (outputs) to customers. The company also adapts to changes in the market, regulations, or technology. Closed System: A closed laboratory experiment is a closed system because it is isolated from external influences. The experiment’s conditions and results are not affected by outside factors, as long as the system remains sealed and self- contained Type of Systems Formal Information System: This is an official system structured according to the organization’s hierarchy and chart. It includes established processes and protocols. For example, a company’s employee management system that tracks roles, responsibilities, and performance evaluations follows a formal structure. Informal Information System: This system arises from personal interactions and relationships among employees, designed to address individual and work-related needs. For instance, a team’s internal chat group or informal network used to quickly share information, solve problems, and support each other’s tasks operates outside the formal organizational structure Type of Systems Computer-Based Information System (CBIS): A CBIS combines hardware, software, and people to create accurate and useful information quickly for decision-making. For example, a hospital’s electronic health record system integrates computers and software to manage patient information efficiently. Management Information System (MIS): An MIS is a system that helps manage and control an organization by providing important information for day-to-day operations, management, and decision-making. For instance, a retail inventory management system tracks stock levels and sales data to assist in store operations and decision-making. Decision Support System (DSS): A DSS helps in making decisions by providing summaries and detailed information as needed. For example, a financial planning tool that offers both high-level financial summaries and detailed expenditure reports to aid in budgeting and investment decisions. Interpersonal Communication System: This system involves people who rely on each other for communication and information exchange. It includes various ways people interact, such as face-to-face conversations or team collaboration tools like Slack or Microsoft Teams Type of Systems Expert Systems (ES): An Expert System mimics the decision-making process of a human expert by applying rules to information. It’s designed for specific fields of knowledge. For example, a medical diagnosis system that helps doctors by suggesting possible diagnoses based on symptoms, or a weather forecasting system that predicts weather patterns using historical data and expert rules. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): A TPS automates the recording and management of business transactions. It handles routine data entry and processing tasks. For example, a point-of-sale system in a retail store captures sales data, processes payments, and updates inventory records in real-time  questions What are the key components of a system, and how do they interact with each other? How do inputs and outputs play a role in the functionality of a system? Provide an example. What is the difference between feedback and input in a system, and why is feedback important? How does the boundary of a system affect its interactions with its environment? In what ways can the environment impact an information system, and how can systems adapt to these changes? What are some examples of information systems in everyday life, and what roles do they play? How do hardware, software, data, and people work together in an information system? What is the purpose of a transaction processing system (TPS), and how does it benefit businesses? How does an expert system differ from other types of information systems, and what are its key applications? Discuss how feedback is used to improve a system. Can you think of a situation where feedback led to significant improvements? Thank You Question??