Medical Terminology TERM 201, Semester -1, 2024-2025 PDF

Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-1. Basic word structure 1  Learning outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: Identify the basic objectives to study the medical language Understand the componen...

Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-1. Basic word structure 1  Learning outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: Identify the basic objectives to study the medical language Understand the components of the medical terms Recognize the meanings of basic combining forms, suffixes and prefixes of the medical language. Build basic medical terms using prefixes, suffixes, root words, and combining forms Divide, analyze, define and pronounce complex medical words by recognizing their components: prefixes, suffixes, combining forms, and root words. Learn the common rules for proper medical term formation, pronunciation, and spelling. 2  Why you need to study the medical language The health care workers and related people use medical terms to communicate Medical literature uses the medical language / terms It is a sort of global medical language Knowing the rules applied in making a medical term helps you to interpret the long and difficult term 3 Important elements of medical terms Parts of a medical term (word): 1. Prefix: Beginning part of a word 2. Root. It is a foundation of the term 3. Suffix: Ending part of a word IMPORTANT: Root can combine easily with suffix if the first letter of suffix is a vowel, however, if it is not then add a vowel after the root called Combing vowel it is usually “O” that links the root to the suffix and the root combined with "o" is called Combining form of the root. 4 Important elements of medical terms Parts of a term Root is the foundation of the term e.g., Hematology. Here Hemat is root Suffix: Ending part of a word e.g., Hematology. Here logy is suffix 5 Important elements of medical terms Parts of a term Combing vowel: vowel usually (O) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root e.g., Hematology. Here o is combining vowel Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel e.g., Hematology. Hemato is the combining form of Hemet (the root) and logy is suffix Always read meaning of medical terms starting from suffix back to beginning of the term e.g. “Endometritis” Inflammation of the endometrium (of Uterus). 6  Root Frequently indicates a body part e.g. Hemat means Blood Or may be an action e.g. Cis means to cut Word roots are usually derived from Greek or Latin Greek word Meaning Word Root Kardia (heart) Cardi Gaster (stomach) Gastr Hepar (liver) Hepat Osteon (bone) Oste 7  Root Some medical terms are built without a word root e.g. Hypertrophy = Hypertrophy: Excessive development a) Hyper = Prefix meaning excessive. b) Trophy = Suffix meaning development. A single word root cannot stand alone A suffix and a combining vowel must be added to complete the term e.g. Hematology – process of study of blood Root Vowel Suffix 8  Combining Vowel/FORMS To make a medical term easier to pronounce, a combining vowel is added to combine two-word parts Between two-word roots Between word root and suffix Combing vowel is most commonly the letter ‘O’ A word root with a combining vowel is called a Combining Form e.g. cardi/o = cardio hemat/o = Hemato (combining form) Root Vowel 9  Combining Vowel/Forms It appears between word root and suffix. If the suffix begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u), do not use a combining vowel e.g. Gastr/o + itis = Gastritis , not gastroitis If the suffix begins with a consonant, use a combining vowel e.g. Enter/o + pathy = Enteropathy not enterpathy. Combining two roots tegether: e.g., In the term gastroenterology, “gastr” and “enter” are roots When two roots are there in a term, the combining vowel (o) is kept between two-word roots, even if the second root begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) e.g.Gastr/o/ enter/ o/ logy = Gastroenterology (not Gastrenterology) 10  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology aden/o Gland Adenopathy arthr/o Joint Arthritis bi/ o Life Biopsy carcin/ o cancerous, cancer Carcinoma cardi/ o Heart Cardiology cephal/ o Head Cephalic cerebr/o Cerebrum Cerebral cis/ o to cut Incision crin/ o to secrete Endocrinology cyst/ o Bladder Cystoscopy cyt/o Cell Cytology 11  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology derm/o, dermat/o skin Dermatitis electr/o electricity Electrocardiogram encephal/o brain Electroencephalogram enter/o intestines (small) Enteritis erythr/o red Erythrocyte gastr/o stomach Gastrectomy gnos/o knowledge Diagnosis gynec/o woman, female Gynecology hemat/o, hem/o blood Hematology hepat/o liver Hepatitis iatr/o treatment, healing Iatrogenic 12  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology leuk/o white Leucocyte log/o study of Biology nephr/o kidney Nephritis neur/o nerve Neurology onc/o tumor Oncology ophthalm/o eye Ophthalmoscope oste/o bone Osteitis path/o disease Pathology ped/o child Pediatrics psych/o mind Psychology radi/o radiation Radiotherapy 13  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology ren/o kidney Renal rhin/o nose Rhinitis sarc/o flesh Sarcoma sect/o to cut Resection thromb/o clot, clotting Thrombocyte ur/o urinary tract, urine Urology 14  Suffixes A suffix comes at the end of a word Suffixes usually, but not always, indicate a procedure, a condition, a disorder or a disease A suffix is always added after a word root to complete the term e.g. Root word: neur/o means nerves 1. Neural: means 'pertaining to nerves'. 2. Neuralgia: means 'A painful condition of nerves' Important: Read the meaning of the term from the suffix back to the beginning of term!!! 15  Basic Suffixes SUFFIX MEANING Terminology -ac Pertaining to Cardiac -al, -ar Pertaining to Renal, Nuclear -ic, -ical Pertaining to Gastric, dorsal -algia Condition of pain Arthralgia -cyte cell Erythrocyte -ectomy Excision, removal Nephrectomy -emia Blood condition Anemia -genic Pertaining to producing Cardiogenic -globin protein Hemoglobin -gram record Electrocardiogram -ion process Excision 16  Basic Suffixes SUFFIX MEANING Terminology -ist specialist Endocrinologist -itis inflammation Gastritis -logy Process of study Hepatology -oma tumor Adenoma -opsy Process of viewing Biopsy -osis Condition, usually abnormal Nephrosis -pathy Disease condition Neuropath -scope An instrument for visual examination Endoscope -scopy Process of visual examination Laryngoscopy -sis State of or condition of Prognosis -tomy Process of cutting Nephrotomy 17  Prefixes A prefix comes to the beginning of the term Can have an important influence on the meaning of the term Usually indicate a number, measurement, position/direction, color or status Not all medical terms contain prefixes e.g.: Subgastric means pertaining to under stomach Epigastric means pertaining to above the stomach 18  Basic Prefix Prefix Meaning Terminology A- no, not, without Aphonia An- no, not, without Anemia Auto- self, own autolysis Aut- self, own Autopsy Dia- through, complete diagnosis Endo- in, within, inside endoscopy Epi- upon, above epigastric Ex- out excision Exo- outside of, outward exocrine Hypo- below, less than normal hypothermia Hyper- excessive, more than normal hyperthyroidism 19  Basic Prefix Prefix Meaning Terminology In- into, in Incision Peri- surrounding, around Pericardium Pro- before, forward Prostate gland Re- back, backward, again Resection Retro- behind Retroperitoneal Sub- below, under subhepatic Trans- across, through transurethral 20 Determining the meaning of terms If you know the meaning of word parts you can guess the meaning of the whole term 1. First, define the suffix 2. Second, define the prefix 3. Third, define the word root (s) Transhepatic: pertaining to across the liver Hypoglycemia: blood condition of low sugar 21 Determining the meaning of terms Carcinogenic: 'pertaining to producing, cancer'. Pathogenic: 'pertaining to producing, disease'. Iatrogenic: 'pertaining to producing, healing'. Erythrocyte: Cell red (RBC) Leukocyte: Cell white (WBC) Thrombocyte: Cell clotting (platelet). Excision: 'process of cutting out'. Incision: 'process of cutting into'. 22 Determining the meaning of terms Hematology: 'Process of study, blood'. Endocrinology: 'Process of study, endocrine (glands). Gastroenterology: 'Process of study, stomach (&) intestine'. Hepatoma: 'Tumor (of) liver'. Carcinoma: Cancerous tumor of epithelial cells (cover the outside of the body, organs and lines the body cavities and tubes) Sarcoma: (Cancerous) 'tumor (of) connective tissue'. Hematoma: 'Tumor (Mass or collection or swelling of), blood 23  Determining the meaning of terms Epidermis: 'Above dermis' (this is the uppermost layer of the skin) Hyperthyroidism: 'A condition (of) increase (blood level of) thyroid (hormone). Pericardium: 'Surrounding the heart'. Prostate: 'Pro-:"before" and -state: “stands” or placed'. (Gland present in front of the male urinary bladder). Resection: 'Removal of part of an organ' (like liver, brain or bone). Excision: 'Removing it out' or 'cutting it out all'. 24  Points to remember Some words have more than one accepted spellings e.g.: Orthopedic (American) and Orthopaedic (British) Some combining forms have the different origins but same meaning. There are 3 combining forms that mean uterus 1. hyster/o, 2. metri/o, 3. uter/o. Some combining forms have nearly similar sound with different meaning, like ather/o means fatty e.g. atherosclerosis (hardening of vessel walls due to fatty deposits) and arthr/o means joint e.g. arthralgia (pain in a joint) 25  Points to remember Some terms have same sound with different meaning and spelling e.g. 1. Ileum means part of the small intestine 2. Ilium means part of the hip bone. 3. psy (psychiatry) and 4. cy (cytology). 26  Useful for pronunciations 1. C (before a,o,u) = k e.g. cavity, Colon, cure 2. C (before e, i) = s e.g. Cephalic, Cirrhosis 3. Ch (sometimes) = k e.g. Cholesterol 4. g (before a,o,u) = g Gall-bladder, Laryngology, Fungus 5. g (before e,i) = j Laryngitis, Genetic, giant 27  Useful for pronunciations ph = f phase pn = n Pneumonia ps = s Psychology rh = r Rhythm, Rhinitis rrh = r Hemorrhoid x (as 1st letter) = z Xeroderma 28 THANK YOU 29