Experience Human Development PDF

Experience Human Development Aylin İlden Koçkar, Psy, Msc, PhD. 2024-2025 psikologaylinildenkockar The Study of Human Development Chapter 1 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Genie: Critical Period for Language Acquisition? l G...

Experience Human Development Aylin İlden Koçkar, Psy, Msc, PhD. 2024-2025 psikologaylinildenkockar The Study of Human Development Chapter 1 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Genie: Critical Period for Language Acquisition? l Genie “discovered” in 1970 at age 13 l Raises questions about critical periods of language development l Adult versus child’s ability to learn language McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Guideposts for Study 1. What is human development, and how has its study evolved? 2. What do developmental scientists study? 3. What kinds of influences make one person different from another? 4. What are seven principles of the life-span developmental approach?  Formal Study of Human Development l The Scientific Study of How Humans Develop – Development is systematic – Development is adaptive – Development is lifelong (i.e., life-span development) l Stanford Studies of Gifted Children l Berkeley Growth and Guidance Studies l Oakland Growth Study l https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dv2Hdf5TRg l https://youtube.com/shorts/bQ3wvhF_KQc?si=4z6jJ8Abst_yzdM0  Four Goals of Developmental Psychology Describe l Predict ú Example: When do ú Example: Will delayed children say their first language development words? affect speech? Explain Modify ú Example: How do children ú Example: Can therapy learn to use language? help speech delays? McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc  Domains of Development Change & Stability l Physical Development ú Body, brain, senses, motor skills, and health l Cognitive Development ú Learning, memory, moral reasoning, language, thinking, and creativity l Psychosocial Development ú Personality, emotional life, and relationships  Periods of the Life Span: A Social Construction Based on subjective perceptions or assumptions Varies among cultures Changes over generations ú Adolescence only recently introduced in industrial societies  Periods of the Life Span Prenatal Period Conception–Birth Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth–3 years Early Childhood 3–6 years Middle Childhood 6–11 years Adolescence 11–20 years Young Adulthood 20–40 years Middle Adulthood 40–65 years Late Adulthood 65 years and Over  Influences on Development Individuals vary in rate and timing of development due to: o Heredity: Inherited traits from biological parents o Environment: Physical and social influences o Maturation: Sequences of physical and behavioral patterns  Nature vs. Nurture l https://vimeo.com/158310823 Contexts of Development: Family l What is a family? … Depends! l Great changes – Over time – Place to place Nuclear Family Two generations: parents and children l Economic unit, history in farming l Dominant in Western societies l Increasing numbers of – Working parents – Stepchildren – Single parents Extended Family l A multigenerational kinship ú Includes grandparents, cousins, aunts/uncles, … and more! ú Social roles are flexible ú Historically, common in Asian, African, and Latin American cultures ú Becoming less typical  Contexts of Development: Socioeconomic Status (SES) l Includes income, education, and occupation ú Poor children are more likely to: Have emotional and behavior problems Not reach cognitive potential Have poorer school performance Poverty Hurts Children Outcome Risk Increase Health Death in Infancy 1.6 times Premature Birth 1.8 times Inadequate Prenatal Care 2.8 times No Regular Health Care 2.7 times Education Repeat a Grade 2 times Drop Out (16–24 years) 3.5 times  Low SES & Related Risk Factors l Poverty-related risks that increase chance of negative outcomes include: ú Living in neighborhoods with high unemployment ú Lack of social support ú Social support less likely in high- unemployment neighborhoods  Contexts of Development: Culture l Culture – A way of life ú Includes: – Customs – Traditions – Artwork ú Learned behavior, passed on to children  Contexts of Development: Race & Ethnicity Ethnic Group – A shared identity ú United by ancestry, religion, or origin ú Contributes to shared attitudes and beliefs Race – A socially constructed term ú Scholars have no real consensus on definition ú Categories “fluid” – shaped by society and politics Ethnic Gloss ú Overgeneralization that obscures cultural differences within a group  Contexts of Development: Historical Context l Unique time in which people live and grow up l Experiences tied to time and place: – Great Depression – World War II – The ’60s  Age-Graded Normative Influences l Similar for an age group Maturational: Fixed in time Puberty or menopause Social: Timing is flexible Marriage or parenthood  Normative History-Graded Influences l Events that shape attitudes of a historical generation o Historical Generation: A group that experiences an event at a formative time l Ex: WWII children have strong social bond to each other o Cohort: Group born around the same time l A historical generation can have many cohorts  Non-Normative Influences l Unusual events affecting individual lives Typical events at atypical times Puberty at age 20 Marriage in teens Atypical events Birth defect Winning the lottery Timing of Influences Imprinting Instinctively following first moving object seen after birth; usually mother Konrad Lorenz and his ducklings Indicates predisposition or readiness to learn Timing of Influences: Critical & Sensitive Periods = Critical Period = Specific time when an event (or its absence) has specific impact on development = Sensitive Period = Developmental timing when child is particularly responsive to certain experiences Timing of Influences: Plasticity of Development = Modifiability of performance =Plasticity lasts through life span, but has limits – Example: Limits and progress of Genie  Baltes’s Life Span Approach: Six Key Principles Development is lifelong Development is multidimensional Development is multidirectional Development involves changing resource allocations Development shows plasticity Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context