Chapter 02 General Bank Multiple Choice Questions-2.4removed PDF

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research 1) A large group of people whom you want to know about is called a __________. a. control group b. treatment group c. population d. sample Answer: c Page R...

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research 1) A large group of people whom you want to know about is called a __________. a. control group b. treatment group c. population d. sample Answer: c Page Reference: 35 2) A scientist, conducting a research study on sleep and learning, questions her own objectivity and decides to let a third person, not associated with conducting the experiment, score the tests. The scientist is probably trying to eliminate __________. a. experimenter bias b. sample bias c. control bias d. treatment bias Answer: a Page Reference: 37 3) A psychologist, studying pilot trainees, picks a select group of trainees who she hopes representative of all other trainees. The group of trainees being studied by this psychologist is collectively known to researchers as a __________. a. sample b. population c. target group d. control group Answer: a Page Reference: 35 4) Expectations by the experimenter that might influence the results of an experiment or their interpretation are called __________. a. experimental blinds b. experimenter bias c. sample bias Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 1 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research d. treatment bias Answer: b Page Reference: 37 5) A subset of cases selected from a larger population is a __________. a. control group b. target group c. treatment group d. sample Answer: d Page Reference: 35 6) A sample that does not truly represent the population in question is known as a _____________ sample. a. random b. chance c. biased d. representative Answer: c Page Reference: 35 7) Experimenter bias can best be controlled using ________. a. a placebo b. double-blind control c. randomization d. subjects who do not know the purpose of the study Answer: b Page Reference: 37 8) One of the main reasons for using a laboratory for psychological research is to a. prevent subjects from escaping. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 2 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research b. study behaviour in a natural setting. c. do large-scale studies. d. allow the researchers to control certain factors. Answer: d Page Reference: 34 9) A ”fake treatment” is one way to define a ______. a. decoy b. demand characteristic c. control group d. placebo Answer: d Page Reference: 38 10) To determine if sugar-rich diets affect hyperactivity in kids, a researcher prepared two daily menus that children would receive for a 30-day period. A high-sugar diet was given to the boys, while the girls had a menu that seemed identical but was not a high-sugar diet. At the end of 30 days, the boys and girls were evaluated to determine their levels of hyperactivity. In the study, the high-sugar diet is the _______. a. placebo b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control group Answer: b Page Reference: 38 11) Dr. Welsh is doing experiments using drugs. He is concerned that his subjects will respond to demand characteristics. He may want to control for this by using which of the following? a. stratification b. two independent variables c. a placebo d. randomization Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 3 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Answer: c Page Reference: 38 12) Mr. Marshall hired June to collect data from a group of subjects. Neither June nor the subjects were aware of the independent variable that Mr. Marshall had manipulated. This is an example of _______. a. randomization b. a placebo c. double-blind control d. experimenter bias Answer: c Page Reference: 39 13) Experimenter bias can best be controlled using ________. a. a placebo b. double-blind control c. randomization d. subjects who do not know the purpose of the study Answer: b Page Reference: 39 14) Observing behaviour as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________. a. naturalistic observation method b. experimental method c. correlational method d. psychometric approach Answer: a Page Reference: 47 15) Research in which a carefully selected group of people is asked a set of predetermined questions in interviews or through questionnaires is known as __________. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 4 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research a. correlational research b. case study research c. survey research d. experimental research Answer: c Page Reference: 48 16) A research method in which the real-life behaviour of a pre-selected person or a group is studied in depth for some time through the use of observation, interviews, and writings (such as letters) is the _____________ method of research. a. survey b. psychometric c. case study d. naturalistic observation Answer: c Page Reference: 45 17) As part of an assignment, Bill's class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on prejudice. Which research method was Bill's professor using? a. field experiment b. survey c. naturalistic observation d. laboratory experiment Answer: b Page Reference: 48 18) Naturalistic observation is ____________________. a. re-creating natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid b. studying behaviour in its natural context c. basically the same process as objective introspection d. observing behaviour in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experiment findings Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 5 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Answer: b Page Reference: 47 19) Collecting objective data without interference in the subject's normal environment is associated with ________. a. survey research b. applied research c. laboratory research d. naturalistic observation Answer: d Page Reference: 47 20) Positive correlation shows a. the extent to which two independent variables change together. b. that as one independent variable increases, another decreases. c. that as one variable changes, another changes in the same direction. d. that as one variable changes, another changes in the opposite direction. Answer: c Page Reference: 50 21) A researcher wished to study the relationship between high school grades and post- secondary grades. Of the following research methods, which would be the most appropriate? a. case study b. correlation c. experiment d. survey Answer: b Page Reference: 50 22) A correlation of.00 means Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 6 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research a. you made a mistake in calculation. b. you did not find out anything about the relationship between the two variables. c. the two variables are unrelated. d. everyone who scored low on one variable scored high on the other variable, and vice versa. Answer: c Page Reference: 50 23) A correlation tells us a. whether a cause-effect relationship exists. b. whether two variables are related c. whether or not a test is efficient. d. if people are responding to demand characteristics. Answer: b Page Reference: 49 24) A psychologist uses the correlational method to _________. a. explain the effects of one variable on another b. compare two groups of subjects c. determine what causes a variable to change d. identify relationships between variables Answer: d Page Reference: 49–50 25) As children grow older, their discretionary income usually increases. The best conclusion to draw about the variables age and income are that they are a. causally related. b. uncorrelated. c. negatively correlated. d. positively correlated. Answer: d Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 7 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Page Reference: 50 26) In an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent variable is the __________. a. amount of anxiety b. age of the person c. person's performance d. cause of the anxiety Answer: c Page Reference: 52 27) In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The second variable, which is observed for any possible effects, is called the __________. a. dependent variable b. control variable c. independent variable d. hypothetical variable Answer: a Page Reference: 52 28) In a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent variable is called the __________ group. a. independent b. experimental c. dependent d. control Answer: b Page Reference: 52 29) If explanation of the causes of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour is a psychologist's goal, then the __________ method of research should be used. a. correlational Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 8 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research b. experimental c. survey d. naturalistic observation Answer: b Page Reference: 51–52 30) In a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable, and used for comparison with the group receiving the experimental change, is the __________ group. a. independent b. experimental c. dependent d. control Answer: d Page Reference: 52 31) In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The manipulated variable is called the a. dependent variable. b. experimental variable. c. independent variable. d. placebo. Answer: c Page Reference: 52 32) A group of students was asked to write an essay in support of the legalization of marijuana. They were paid $0.50. Another group of students received $2.00 for the same task. It was subsequently found that those students who received only $0.50 developed a more positive attitude towards the legalization of marijuana. The experiment in this study was using (the) a. correlational method. b. experimental method. c. naturalistic observation. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 9 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research d. survey research. Answer: b Page Reference: 51–52 33) Using both independent and dependent variables is associated with which of the following types of research used in psychology? a. experimentation b. naturalistic observation c. correlation d. correlation and experimentation Answer: a Page Reference: 52 34) A researcher, based on her review of relevant scientific studies, believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules, the feeding schedule would be called the a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. extraneous variable. d. control factors. Answer: a Page Reference: 52 35) A researcher, based on her review of relevant scientific studies, believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules, frequency of crying would be called the a. latent factor. b. dependent variable. c. independent variable. d. control factor. Answer: b Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 10 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Page Reference: 52 36) The process of establishing causal relationships is associated most with a. naturalistic observation. b. experiments. c. correlation. d. surveys. Answer: b Page Reference: 51–52 37) A researcher tests the hypothesis that students who study in the room where they take their tests will perform better on the tests than students who study in other rooms. She requires one group to study in the classroom where the exam is given and another group to study in the library. All students take the test in the classroom, and their test performance is compared. In this example, where students study is the a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. manipulation. d. hypothesis. Answer: a Page Reference: 52 38) In psychological studies, random assignment is used to ensure that a. there will be an independent and a dependent variable. b. each person has an equal chance of being assigned to each group. c. the control group does not know the purpose of the study. d. the experimenter won't know who is in each group. Answer: b Page Reference: 51 39) The method of psychological research that utilizes a control group, a dependent variable, and an independent variable is a. the experiment. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 11 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research b. the survey. c. the case study. d. naturalistic observation. Answer: a Page Reference: 51–52 40) Professor McSpell designed an experiment to test her hypothesis that exercise will increase spelling ability. She divided children into three groups and had one group do 10 minutes of exercises, one group do 30 minutes of exercises, and the third group do no exercise. She then tested all three groups of children to see how many words they could spell correctly on a spelling test. In this experiment, the scores on the spelling test serve as the a. dependent variable. b. independent variable. c. control group. d. reliability measure. Answer: a Page Reference: 52 41) Which of the following is a strength of experiments? a. They cannot be repeated by anyone other than the experimenter. b. They allow for the establishment of cause-effect relationships. c. They are not subject to demand characteristics since the subjects do not know they are being observed. d. They allow us to draw definitive conclusions about behaviour in the natural environment based on subjects' behaviour in the laboratory. Answer: b Page Reference: 53 42) In an experiment, the ”measurable aspect of the behaviour of the subject” is called the __________ variable. a. dependent b. focal c. independent Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 12 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research d. control Answer: a Page Reference: 52 43) The purpose of an experiment is to discover whether there is a relationship between the ___________ and the ___________. a. independent variable; control variable b. dependent variable; control variable c. control group; experimental group d. independent variable; dependent variable Answer: d Page Reference: 52 44) Cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn from the results of an experiment because a. it is almost always performed in a laboratory setting. b. statistical analysis can be applied to data from an experiment. c. the independent variable is manipulated while other possible causes of change in the dependent variable are held constant. d. several groups of subjects, not just one sample, are typically investigated in a laboratory experiment. Answer: c Page Reference: 52 45) In an experiment on the effects of level of motivation on the performance of typists, the researcher randomly assigned one-third of her subjects to each of three levels of motivation (and then induced different levels of motivation in the three groups). She measured the average words typed per minute by each group, and found that performance was highest under medium motivation, average under low motivation, and worst under high motivation. What was the independent variable in this experiment? a. motivation b. typing speed c. variation in typing speed d. manipulation of typing speed Answer: a Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 13 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Page Reference: 52 46) A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be ”tested” in a group setting and how many chose to be ”tested” alone. What was the independent variable in this study? a. tendency to desire the company of others b. level of shock c. level of anxiety d. the anxious group Answer: c Page Reference: 52 47) In an experiment, four groups of college students used different memorizing strategies to learn the material in one chapter of a textbook. Then each group was given the same multiple-choice test on the material. What was the dependent variable in this study? a. the students' performance on the test b. the four different groups c. the four different memorizing strategies d. manipulation of memorizing strategies Answer: a Page Reference: 52 48) A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be ”tested” in a group setting and how many chose to be ”tested” alone. What was the dependent variable in this study? a. the two groups b. the level of anxiety c. preference for being alone or in a group Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 14 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research d. manipulation of anxiety Answer: c Page Reference: 52 49) A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be ”tested” in a group setting and how many chose to be ”tested” alone. In this study, the group that was NOT frightened would be called the ____________ group. a. experimental b. control c. placebo d. test Answer: b Page Reference: 52 50) The purpose of a control group in an experiment is to a. serve as a check on the interpretation of results. b. increase the ability to generalize the findings. c. manipulate the dependent variable. d. represent the general, nonlaboratory population. Answer: a Page Reference: 52 51) In an experiment, the group of subjects to which the experimental group is compared is called the a. comparison group. b. standard group. c. confederate group. d. control group. Answer: d Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 15 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Page Reference: 52 52) In an experiment concerning the effect of auditory feedback on accuracy in writing computer programs, one group hears a computer-simulated voice say each character or symbol that they type in as they are writing their programs. The second group does not receive the auditory feedback as they type their program lines. This second group is the ___________ group. a. experimental b. control c. placebo d. confederate Answer: b Page Reference: 52 53) Why is it essential that the experimental and control groups be treated identically in every respect but one? a. so that the dependent variable can be accurately measured b. so that the results will apply outside the laboratory setting. c. so that if the behaviour of the two groups differs, the difference can be credited to the one thing that distinguished the groups from one another d. so that if the behaviour of the two groups differs, that difference can be used to establish a functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables Answer: d Page Reference: 52 54) An experiment was run in which group A was given 3 minutes to study a word list, while group B was given 10 minutes to study the same list. Later, both groups were asked to recall words from the list. In this study, the number of words recalled is the _______. a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. placebo d. control group Answer: b Page Reference: 52 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 16 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research 55) To obtain objective information, researchers sometimes must deceive their subjects. Ethically, research involving deception must always _________. a. pay participants b. maintain subject anonymity c. use double-blind control d. explain the deception to the subjects after the data are collected and obtain their informed consent to use the information obtained Answer: d Page Reference: 58 56) Sasha read about a study in the newspaper that reported a relationship between schizophrenia and crime. What type of research design was most likely used in this study? a. naturalistic observation b. case study design c. correlational design Correct: Correlation is used to study things that cannot be manipulated in a lab, such as criminal acts. d. experimental design Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 49, Module 2.2 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to research designs. 57) Which term best describes the correlation between depression and fatigue? a. illusory b. zero c. positive Correct: Two variables that increase or decrease together are positively correlated. d. negative Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 17 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 49, Module 2.2 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand what it means when variables are positively or negatively correlated. 58) Which term best describes the correlation between the full moon and violent crime? a. positive b. negative c. zero d. illusory Correct: Many believe there is a correlation between violent crime and the moon but no correlation actually exists. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 49, Module 2.2 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand what it means when variables are positively or negatively correlated. 59) What is the primary weakness of a scale that adds two kilograms to everything it weighs? a. poor test-retest reliability b. low interrater reliability c. the placebo effect d. lack of validity Correct: A scale that does not measure what it is intended to measure is not valid. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 18 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Page Reference: 32,Module 2.1 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the five characteristics of quality scientific research. 60) Under which circumstance is the use of deception justified by ethics review boards? a. when the study could not have been conducted without deception Correct: Some topics of value cannot be studied without some deception. b. when the research involves a medical or therapeutic intervention c. when participants might not agree to participate unless deception is used d. when the placebo effect is likely to occur Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 57–58,Module 2.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the role of using deception in psychological research. Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze the choice of central tendency statistics based on the shape of the distribution. Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how and why psychologists use significance tests. 63) Mario is researching the topic of obsessive-compulsive disorder as part of a course requirement. Which source of online information would most likely be peer reviewed? a. Wikipedia b. AboutOCD.com c. Scientific American website Correct: This website reports scientific studies from peer-reviewed journals. d. YouTube Answer: c Diff: 1 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 19 of 20  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 2: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research Type: MC Page Reference: 39, Module 2.1 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the importance of reporting and storing data. 64) In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either four or eight hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of a. naturalistic observation. b. survey research. c. a case study. d. an experiment. Correct: When there is an independent variable and a dependent variable, you have an experiment. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 51, Module 2.2 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the terms and concepts of experimental methods to research examples. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 20 of 20