Questions from Other Exams PDF

# Quiz #4 **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. According to research, behavioral cues such as fidgeting and eye contact are reliable indicators of deception. - **True** 2. Kelly's Covariation Theory suggests that in order for something to be considered the cause...

# Quiz #4 **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. According to research, behavioral cues such as fidgeting and eye contact are reliable indicators of deception. - **True** 2. Kelly's Covariation Theory suggests that in order for something to be considered the cause of a behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not. - **True** 3. Research suggests that people often overestimate the accuracy of their predictions about others, regardless of their familiarity with the person. - **False** 4. The base-rate fallacy can lead to overestimation of risks associated with dramatic events and underestimation of risks associated with mundane events. - **True** **Choose the best answer for each question below:** 1. What do Western individualistic cultures tend to emphasize in terms of attribution, according to cultural research on the fundamental attribution error? - **c. Individual persons and their attributes** 2. According to research on Olympic athletes, which winners tend to appear least happy with their medals, likely due to counterfactual thinking? - **b. Bronze medalists** 3. During the fall term of his junior year, Jonathan feels overwhelmed with personal problems that he keeps to himself. He stops attending any social events and starts receiving bad grades on assignments. Who is making the fundamental attribution error about Jonathan's behavior? - **d. All of the above** 4. According to Lerner's theory on the belief in a just world, why do people tend to blame victims of a crime for their own negative outcomes? - **d. Because they have a strong belief that the world is a fair place.** 5. Alex's boss perceives him to be lazy, unmotivated, and not a great employee. As a result, his boss does not invest much time, energy, or resources in Alex's career, which results in Alex believing he is not competent at his job. What social psychology concept is illustrated here? - **c. Self-fulfilling prophecy** 6. Alice has deeply entrenched political beliefs and dismisses information that conflicts with her beliefs instead of critically evaluating it. She continues to solely consume information that reinforces her existing biases and viewpoints while ignoring anything contradictory. This is an example of: - **b. Confirmation bias** # Quiz #5 (on Chapter 6) **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. A high need-for-cognition audience is most likely to be persuaded by the peripheral cues rather than the content of a message. - **False** 2. The inoculation hypothesis suggests that exposure to weak challenges to our attitudes increases our ability to resist future persuasive attempts. - **True** 3. An implicit attitude is an attitude that a person is unaware of having. - **True** 4. In the cross-cultural study comparing magazine advertisements in the US and Korea, they found that Korean ads focused more on competition and self-improvement - **True** 5. In the Festinger and Carlsmith study on cognitive dissonance, students who were paid $1 to lie to a student about the boring task later reported enjoying the task more than those students who were paid $20 to lie. - **True** **Choose the best answer for each question below:** 1. Dr. Kwan is working on a public health campaign to persuade adolescents to quit vaping by using graphic images of what happens to vapers' lungs over time. This is an example of: - **a. A fear appeal** 2. In order for the central route of persuasion to work, what requirements are there for the listener? - **b. Motivation, paying attention, comprehension** 3. What factors can increase the likability of a communicator? - **d. Similarity and expertise** 4. According to dissonance theory, after making difficult decisions, people tend to: - **c. exaggerate the negative features of the unchosen alternative** 5. Dr. Christie is unsure if a particular car model is right for her, so the salesperson provides her with an informational pamphlet about the car's features and benefits. Dr. Christie considers other options, but the information she reads about the first car ultimately persuades her to buy. This is an example of the ___ route to persuasion. - **d. Central** # Quiz #2 **Indicate whether each of these statements is true or false:** 1. A negative correlation coefficient means there is not a statistically significant relationship between the two variables. - **False** 2. Inter-rater reliability refers to the degree to which different observers agree on their observations of the same behavior. - **True** 3. New research practices and ethical guidelines, like pre-registration, help to protect the integrity and accuracy of current and future research in social psychology. - **True** 4. Basic research focuses on understanding biological phenomena, while applied research is designed to test a specific hypothesis from a theory. - **False** **Choose the best answer for each question below:** 1. ___ research can be used to identify associations between variables but cannot determine causal relationships. - **b. Correlational** 2. In which situation would using deception in experimental research be unethical? - **d. The researcher has other means to study the phenomenon but using deception would be more interesting.** 3. Which of the following best describes a research hypothesis? - **d. A hypothesis is an explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.** 4. Dustin was reading the news and came across an article of interest. One article stated that ice cream sales were skyrocketing, while another article highlighted the increased crime rate in his local neighborhood. Dustin concludes that eating ice cream must be causing members of his community to act violently. Which is the best way to explain to him that this conclusion is incorrect? - **b. Tell him that 'correlation does not mean causation,' and remind him that another variable could be causing the increase in both ice cream sales and crime.** 5. Ahmed is performing a research study that contains independent, dependent, and control variables, The participants in this study are randomly assigned. What type of research is this? - **a. Experimental** 6. What does it mean if research shows there is a positive correlation between height and weight? - **c. As height increases, weight also tends to increase.** # True or False (2 points each) **Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.** 1. A high need-for-cognition audience is most likely to be persuaded by the peripheral cues rather than the content of a message. - **False** 2. The inoculation hypothesis suggests that exposure to weak challenges to our attitudes increases our ability to resist future persuasive attempts. - **True** 3. An implicit attitude is an attitude that a person is unaware of having. - **True** 4. In the study comparing magazine advertisements in the US and Korea, they found that American ads focused more on competition and self-improvement. - **True** 5. Someone who makes an outrageously large request sure to be rejected in the hopes that a smaller request will be accepted by comparison is using the lowballing technique. - **False** 6. The Asch study on conformity shows that participant's conforming behaviors decrease when faced with a larger group of confederates who were unanimous in their opinion. - **False** 7. In his classic autokinetic effect studies, Sherif studied norm formation by having groups of participants call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room. He found that participants' estimates of distance conformed to the views of the experimenter over time, consistent with informational theories of social influence. - **True** 8. When Milgram's "teachers" were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate, over half of them were able to complete the study and fully comply with the experimenter. - **True** 9. Research shows that our attitudes determine our behavior but our behavior doesn't determine our attitudes. - **False** 10. Research on cognitive dissonance indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to disparage or insult the victim to justify the behavior. - **True** 11. In Article C, Egan and colleagues (2007) found that decision rationalization failed to occur in children and capuchin monkeys, suggesting that the experience of cognitive dissonance requires mature mental capacity. - **True** 12. In experiments, people have been found to conform more frequently when they must respond publicly (vs. when they must write down their responses privately). - **True** 13. Devon had a great deal of difficulty in deciding whether to attend a private college or the state university. He finally decided to attend the state university. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that his evaluation of the private college is likely to become more positive and his evaluation of the state university is likely to become more negative. - **False** 14. Zajonc, Heingartner, & Herman's (1969) study of social facilitation in cockroaches showed the presence of a co-actor or an audience lead to faster completion times in the easy maze and slower completion times in the difficult maze. - **True** 15. Research on the Information Sampling model shows that most group discussions focus on unique personal information each member of the group can contribute, rather than wasting time talking about the information everyone already knows. - **True** 16. The Johnson & Downing experiment using nurse uniforms and KKK robes to manipulate norms and personal identification showed that deindividuation always leads people to engage in hostile, anti-social behaviors. - **False** # Study guide Synthesize and organize 1. When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them ___ refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts. - **c. progressed all the way to 450 volts.** 2. Which statement about conformity, compliance, and obedience is true? - **c. They can be positive or negative, depending on the context** 3. In the Festinger and Carlsmith study on cognitive dissonance, who ultimately reported enjoying the boring task the most? - **c. students who were paid $1 to lie to a student** 4. The study conducted by Regan, where participants were more likely to buy a raffle ticket from their fellow participant if he had given them a free gift (can of soda), illustrated the power of ___ in determining our compliance with a direct request. - **b. reciprocity** 5. According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, ___ techniques are effective when persuading someone in the immediate moment, but ___ techniques are the best route to lasting attitude change. - **a. peripheral route; central route ** 6. In his studies of obedience to authority, Milgram found that: - **c. subjects shocked the confederate less when the experiment was conducted at a prestigious university than in a rundown commercial building.** 7. Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink? - **c. "Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."** 8. Steve joined an online movement where the people in the group incite prejudicial violence in their communities. According to the social identity model of deindividuation effects, if Steve loses his personal identity among this group, then ___ - **d. All of the above** 9. According to research on the sleeper effect, if people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may increase over time. - **True** 10. A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone is called a social dilemma. - **True** 11. Research has shown that people who are low self-monitors are more likely to be persuaded by advertisements that focus on central route cues, rather than peripheral route strategies. - **False** 12. Subjective norms are our beliefs about what others think *we* should do. - **True** **Multiple Choice (2 points each)** 1. When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given ___ to keep them going. - **c. up to four verbal prods to keep them going.** 2. Research indicates that minority influence is the strongest when the minority ___ - **b. unswervingly sticks to their position.** 3. Rahul has just taken a new job. Although he supports environmental protection, such as recycling, nobody at his new workplace recycles their paper. According to the results of Asch's "line" studies, Rahul is most likely to ___ - **a. throw his paper away, while at work.** 4. Once a customer agrees to buy a new car because of its bargain price and begins completing the sales forms, the salesperson removes the price advantage by charging for options or by checking with a boss who disallows the deal because "we'd be losing money." This tactic for getting people to agree to something is known as the ___ - **b. lowball technique.** 5. Talia attends a talk persuading her to purchase a timeshare. Instead of critically paying attention to the information, Talia is distracted by the beauty of the woman speaking, who charms Talia into signing the paperwork. This is an example of the ___ route to persuasion. - **b. peripheral** 6. A set of individuals who interact over time and share common goals or identity is considered a: - **a. Group** # EITHER/OR (2 points each) **Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below** 1. The influence of observers depends on the importance, immediacy, and number of those observers, according to the ___ social impact theory. - **SOCIAL** 2. Although he made a promise to himself to not take drugs when he went to college, Tom gave into peer pressure to smoke marijuana at a party because he did not want to be rejected by the others. This is an example of ___ conformity. - **NORMATIVE** 3. Both the foot-in-the-door technique and the lowball technique illustrate the power of ___ in determining our compliance with a direct request. - **CONSISTENCY** 4. Akoni won an Olympic gold medal and, in an interview immediately following her receipt of the medal, she gives all of the credit to her coach and her family for making it possible. She is likely from a(n) ___ culture. - **COLLECTIVISTIC** # BONUS QUESTION! What is the name of the compliance technique which sets the stage for the real request by first getting the person to comply with a much smaller related request? - **Foot-in-the-door** # EITHER/OR (2 points each) **Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below.** 1. The majority of people in the US population report having a ___ attachment style in relationships. - **SECURE** 2. Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. This is best understood as an example of the ___ phenomenon. - **MATCHING** 3. After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This best illustrates the power of ___ - **EQUITY** # Multiple Choice (2 points each) **Indicate the option that best completes each of these statements.** 1. Gender stereotypes are distinct from other stereotypes because they are often: - **d. Prescriptive and indicate how men & women should be** 2. Deshawn read a news article about a current economic recession and growing competition for limited jobs. According to realistic conflict theory, how might his feelings change towards people in his outgroups? - **b. Increased hostility and prejudice** 3. Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Based on research examining the impact of physical attractiveness, we would expect that if Ruth makes $45,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably ___ doing the same job. - **a. Make more money** 4. According to the contact hypothesis, under what conditions will direct contact between members of rival groups reduce intergroup prejudice? - **d. All of the above** 5. One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is ___ - **a. the degree to which their interests compliment each others** 6. The proposition that sad people will help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness is called the: - **a. Negative state relief model** # EITHER/OR (2 points each) **Circle the correct word in each pair of answers provided below.** 1. To gain social recognition and praise from members of their ingroup - **False** 2. It causes people to believe that others will or should take responsibility for helping - **True** 3. The virtual presence of others increases the likelihood of intervention. - **False** 4. Stereotype - **True** 5. persists in overt and subtle forms - **True** 6. Liz is drawn to Hannah because of Hannah's beauty and fantasizes about how kind, smart, and emotionally mature she would be as a partner. After getting to know her, Liz starts to see that unlike her initial assumptions, Hannah is rather immature and simple-minded. Liz fell prey to the ___ - **b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype** 7. Communal relationships are characterized by immediate tit-for-tat repayment of benefits, while exchange relationships can take more time. - **False** 8. good moods increase helping. - **True** 9. The number of times the confederate attended class - **True** 10. People experience pleasure at the misfortunes of outgroups. - **False** 11. Distress-maintaining attribution - **True** 12. What people find attractive in one part of the world may be seen as unappealing in another part of the world. - **True** # By definition, someone who is acting altruistically offers assistance to help others in order to receive which of the following rewards for their assistance: 1. By definition, someone who is acting altruistically offers assistance to help others in order to receive which of the following rewards for their assistance: - **d. none of the above** 2. In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, the research Darley and Latané conducted on the bystander effect found that ___ greatly decreased intervention. - **c. the presence of other people ** 3. According to the Equity theory of relationships, both partners will be satisfied only if: - **c. the ratio of reward to cost is equal for both partners** 4. John Gottman (1999) noted the four cautionary behaviors that signal an unhealthy or problematic relationship, which include all of the following EXCEPT: - **d. conflict** 5. Dehumanization of outgroups refers to: - **c. associating outgroup members with animals or lower-order creatures** 6. According to Dan Batson, the researcher who believes there is altruism, people act altruistically toward a victim when they: - **b. feel empathy for the victim** 7. You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the ___ a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are no other people around. - **a. altruism** 8. Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps? - **d. reporting the incident to others**