Psychology Study Guide PDF

1 Chapter 1 Question 1: Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A. developmental psychologist B. Correct: biopsycholog...

1 Chapter 1 Question 1: Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. A. developmental psychologist B. Correct: biopsychologist C. humanist D. social psychologist Question 2: Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. A. Correct: studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes B. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious C. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior Question 3: Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________. A. social psychology B. perception C. Correct: personality D. cognition Question 4: Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. B. Correct: Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. C. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. D. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. Question 5: What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? A. They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. B. They were all concerned with the nature of evil during the Nazi regime.  2 C. Correct: They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. D. They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis. Question 6: Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior B. Correct: thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions C. sensation and the effect of culture on perception D. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior Question 7: Psychology refers to the ________. A. empirical study of humanity B. systematic study of human interaction C. Correct: scientific study of the mind and behavior. D. experimental study of individuals Question 8: A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. A. humanism B. psychoanalytic theory C. structuralism D. Correct: Gestalt psychology Question 9: Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. critical thinking B. hypothesis C. statistical validation D. Correct: scientific theory Question 10: Wilhelm Wundt, the first person referred to as a psychologist, developed which of the following techniques to study human consciousness? A. Correct: introspection B. functionalism  3 C. psychoanalysis D. reiteration  4 Chapter 2 Question 1: A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. A. scatterplot B. validity assessment C. Correct: statistical analysis D. correlation coefficient Question 2: An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. pay participants; deception B. Correct: debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; use of personal photos D. debrief participants; ageist attitudes Question 3: In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________. A. blind group assignment; blind sampling B. Correct: random sampling; random group assignment C. blind sampling; random group assignment D. blind group assignment; random sampling Question 4: In an experiment, the _______________________ influences the value of the _____________________. A. correlation; statistic B. control group; experimental group C. Correct: independent variable; dependent variable D. dependent variable; independent variable  5 Question 5: The extent to which an instrument or tool measures what it is supposed to measure is ______________. A. standardization B. reactance C. Correct: validity D. Reliability Question 6: A subset of individuals selected from a population of interest is termed a _____________________. A. survey B. control group C. Correct: sample D. ratio Question 7: ________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. A. Experimenter bias B. Single blinding C. Correct: Attrition D. Generalizability Question 8: ________________________is when we look for information that supports our ideas while ignoring information that our ideas are false. A. Fixed world theory B. Experimental belief C. Correct: Confirmation bias D. A double-blind study Question 9: This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892. A. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention B. Correct: The American Psychological Association C. The National Institute of Mental Health  6 D. The American Psychological Society Question 10: Which of the following is NOT part of obtaining informed consent? A. letting participants know that participation is voluntary B. obtaining the participant’s signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor C. reviewing that data is confidential D. Correct: explaining the hypothesis to the participants Question 11: Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. Correct: case studies B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. surveys Question 12: Individuals who serve as subjects in experiments are termed _________________________ A. controls B. scientific adults C. researchers D. Correct: participants Question 13: The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields. A. Correct: replication crisis B. validity conundrum C. repeatability emergency D. reliability enigma Question 14: ________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.  7 A. Validity B. A control group C. Correct: Inter-rater reliability D. Attrition Question 15: Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. A. Correct: the scientific method B. inductive reasoning C. the experiment D. deductive reasoning Question 16: Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. A. active play; passive play B. Correct: type of play; no play C. food choice; no play D. no play; type of play Question 17: A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. A. hypothesis B. conclusion C. Correct: theory D. operational definition Question 18: A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest. A. hypothesis B. theory  8 C. experimental plan D. Correct: operational definition Question 19: A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. cross sectional B. Correct: longitudinal C. experimental D. survey Question 20: A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. dependent B. control C. independent D. Correct: confounding  9 Chapter 3 Question 1 The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. ​ behavioral genetics ​ evolution by natural selection ​ genetic mutation ​ survivalism ​ Question 2 Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. ​ chromosomes; DNA ​ chromosomes; phenotypes ​ DNA; genes ​ genes; DNA ​ Question 3 The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. ​ axons; terminal buttons ​ dendrites; synaptic vesicles ​ terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles ​ terminal buttons; transport proteins ​ Question 4 The space between two neurons is called the ________. ​ soma ​ synapse ​ terminal button ​ vesicle ​ Question 5  10 In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell. ​ decrease ​ increase ​ increase only if potassium levels remain the same ​ stay the same ​ Question 6 Hyperpolarization means that the ________. ​ membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential ​ membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting potential ​ potassium gates open ​ sodium gates open ​ Question 7 Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? ​ break down into inactive fragments ​ collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release ​ drifting away from the synapse ​ reuptake ​ Question 8 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs most commonly prescribed for ________. ​ depression ​ obsessive-compulsive disorder ​ Parkinson’s disease ​ schizophrenia ​ Question 9 The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. ​ autonomic  11 ​ parasympathetic ​ somatic ​ sympathetic ​ Question 10 Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. ​ autonomic ​ parasympathetic ​ somatic ​ sympathetic ​ Question 11 Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. ​ cortex; forebrain ​ fissures; folds ​ folds; grooves ​ grooves; folds ​ Question 12 People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________. ​ both visual fields ​ neither visual field ​ only the left visual field ​ only the right visual field ​ Question 13 Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? ​ Broca’s area ​ hippocampus ​ thalamus  12 ​ Wernicke’s area ​ Question 14 The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. ​ cognition and emotion ​ language, such as speech ​ motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face ​ temperature, touch, and pain ​ Question 15 Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? ​ Broca’s area ​ hypothalamus ​ substantia nigra ​ thalamus ​ Question 16 Jeremy has Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy’s ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to. ​ motor cortex; acetylcholine ​ motor cortex; dopamine ​ substantia nigra; acetylcholine ​ substantia nigra; dopamine ​ Question 17 Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place? ​ difficulty comprehending language ​ difficulty producing language ​ motor skill deficits in the left side of her body  13 ​ sensory deficits in the right side of her body ​ Question 18 Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads? ​ androgens ​ dopamine ​ endorphins ​ estrogens ​ Question 19 The open spaces along the myelin sheath are called_____________________. ​ axonal bumps ​ myelin breaks ​ Nodes of Ranvier ​ dendrites ​ Question 20 The sensory relay structure in the brain is the _________________________. ​ thalamus ​ hypothalamus ​ ventral tegmental area ​ locus coeruleus ​