Chapter 1: The Science of Mind PDF

1. Which of the following best describes the mind? a. the basis of rational thought b. the hidden instinctual self c. the embodiment of the soul d. the brain and its activities ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 2. The scien...

1. Which of the following best describes the mind? a. the basis of rational thought b. the hidden instinctual self c. the embodiment of the soul d. the brain and its activities ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 2. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is called ____. a. introspection b. psychology c. behaviorism d. functionalism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 3. The word psychology is a combination of two Greek words: psyche (or psuche), meaning “the soul,” and logos, meaning “the ____.” a. law of b. expression of c. study of d. representation of ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 4. Rosa, a doctoral student in psychology, observes that one of her young study participants grimaces after taking a bite of broccoli. His facial expression is an example of ____. a. a psychosomatic response b. a behavior c. an integrated mental process d. introspection ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 5. Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior, studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline that allows for ____. a. making essential comparisons with humans b. understanding animal–human interactions c. understanding behavior from an evolutionary standpoint d. designing better psychoanalytical therapies ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 6. A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I were highly anxious, fearful of loud noises, and having difficulty reconnecting with their families. He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a journal. This process is called ____. a. extroversion b. transference c. objectivism d. introspection ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 7. It is difficult for others to confirm an individual’s subjective introspections; therefore, this approach does not lend itself well to ____. a. psychoanalysis b. the scientific method c. case studies d. cognitive therapy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 8. New and innovative methods have allowed psychologists to observe brain activity and revisit questions of mental processes.What quality was introduced to psychological research through the use of these methods? a. objectivity b. subjectivity c. generalizability d. conclusiveness ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Psychology? 9. Kevin Boyack and his colleagues generated a map of sciences, similar to a map of friendship networks on social media, by using ____. a. the number of doctoral dissertations in each field b. the titles of journal articles c. reference lists in journal articles d. search terms related to psychology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Why Is Psychology a Hub Science? 10. The mapping done by Boyack and colleagues shows that psychology is one of the major hub sciences, with strong connections to the ____. a. medical sciences, the social sciences, and education b. humanities, education, and the medical sciences c. social sciences, the medical sciences, and the humanities d. medical sciences, education, and philosophy ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: Why Is Psychology a Hub Science? 11. Psychology as a hub science tells us that ____. a. psychological research is well funded b. the general population is intrigued by the study of human behavior c. psychology is one of the oldest disciplines d. many disciplines require an in-depth understanding of people ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: Why Is Psychology a Hub Science? 12. As a scientific discipline, psychology dates back to ____. a. ancient Greece b. the Roman Empire c. the Renaissance era d. the 1870s ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 13. The psychology family tree includes two major roots: ____. a. biology and philosophy b. medicine and the social sciences c. anthropology and physics d. philosophy and the natural sciences ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 14. The discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge, is called ____. a. psychology b. history c. science d. philosophy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 15. Any science that studies the __________ events that occur in nature is called a natural science. a. spiritual and religious b. physical and biological c. applied and practical d. developmental and static ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 16. Philosophers and psychologists have a shared interest in, among other things, ______. a. helping others gain self-confidence b. anatomy of the nervous system c. the scientific method d. the origin of knowledge ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 17. One of the earliest philosophers to forward the idea that all knowledge is gained through sensory experience was ________, who lived from 384 to 322 BCE. a. Kant b. Plato c. Aristotle d. Descartes ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 18. LaKeita and Monica are having a discussion about the nature of human ideas and emotions. LaKeita states, “You know that we are all born with a basic structure from which all other ideas and emotions develop!” Her belief that ideas and emotions are inborn most closely resembles the beliefs of philosopher ________. a. Rene Descartes b. David Hume c. Aristotle d. Plato ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 19. Ancient Greek philosophers ____. a. were exclusively monists b. provided natural explanations for their observations c. were exclusively dualists d. relied on the supernatural to explain their observations ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 20. The major precept of the British philosophical school of empiricism was that a. the “mind” and the “body” are two separate and disconnected entities. b. human beings are generally good and innately move in positive directions. c. research is not at all valuable unless there are appropriate statistics to support the conclusions. d. the mind is a “blank slate” at birth that gets filled with ideas gained by observing the world. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 21. Which of the following is a (incorrect) belief that was held by Aristotle? a. The human soul is located deep within one’s bowels. b. Reflexes are an indication that one has an underdeveloped brain. c. The mind is located in one’s heart. d. People of different races represented different “species” of human beings. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 22. Most philosophers beginning with Aristotle commonly believed that all knowledge is ____. a. gained through sensory experience b. innate or inborn c. built upon from simple schema present at birth d. acquired by integrating environmental cues with innate skills ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 23. Which of the following best describes the British empiricists’ view of the mind? a. Infants acquire language primarily by drawing from innate mechanisms. b. Infants learn to process language entirely based on their sensory experiences. c. Infants with similar genetic backgrounds will acquire language at similar rates. d. Infants are born with varying degrees of aptitude for acquiring language. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 24. American political thought was profoundly influenced by ____. a. behaviorism b. psychoanalysis c. dualism d. empiricism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 25. Which of the following best describes how contemporary psychology views the mind? a. Sam was just born smart, though no one else in his family seems to share his intelligence. b. Sam must have gotten the “smart gene” from his mother: He never studies but gets good grades. c. Sam was sent to the best schools and thus became a highly intelligent individual. d. Sam was alert and responsive as a baby, studied diligently in school, and was admitted to a top-ranked college. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 26. Brindel is a contemporary psychologist who has been examining the “nature versus nurture” question. Which of the following would she be most likely to conclude? a. We are solely a product of our b. The mind is a result of interactions between inborn characteristics surroundings and environment. and everyday experiences. c. We are nothing more than the sum d. Psychology should not concern itself with this question, as neither of our genes. nature nor nurture can be studied in a scientific manner. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 27. Which of the following is the best summary of how the study of psychology moved away from the study of philosophy? a. Psychology explores individual rather than global phenomena. b. Psychology employes the scientific method. c. Psychology is interested in the use of therapeutic techniques. d. Psychology explores the roots of abnormal behaviors. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 28. As many as 7,000 years ago, healers used a technique called ________. It involved boring a hole into the patient’s skull and was used for a variety of ailments including headaches and hallucinations. a. exorcism b. enucleation c. trepanation d. renalation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 29. In what way did ancient physicians contribute to contemporary psychology? a. by studying the nervous system and developing the scientific method  b. by studying hormone imbalances and developing the scientific method c. by studying the nervous system and developing diagnostic tools d. by studying hormone imbalances and developing diagnostic tools ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 30. Dr. Jones is an archaeologist who studies the skulls of human beings who lived thousands of years ago. He has found that many such skulls had circular holes where part of the skull was missing, and reads that this may have been a form of medical treatment called trepanation. Dr. Jones also concludes that some of these patients must have survived this surgical procedure. Which evidence would support this conclusion? a. drawings and photographs of people who survived the procedure living with a reduction in their symptoms b. writings that were preserved from those who underwent and survived the procedure c. the existence of cracks leading up to and surrounding the surgical skull hole d. growth of the skull bones after the procedure ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 31. Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, with new technologies including the light microscope, scientists began to make a series of important new discoveries showing that ____. a. a single nerve cell carries one type of information b. nerve cells use electrical impulses to transmit signals c. the mind works in isolation from the rest of the body d. chemical messengers facilitate communication in the brain ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 32. Hermann von Helmholtz’s work on ____ provided further evidence that the mind had a physical basis. a. dissection and human anatomy b. the range of human hearing c. the mind–body dichotomy d. the speed of nerve conduction ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 33. Contrary to popular belief during his time, Hermann von Helmholtz’s work on nerve conduction showed that ____. a. different brain regions work together to integrate information b. specific regions of the brain control specific behaviors c. nerve conduction is quick and in all practicality, instantaneous d. behavior is not instantaneous ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 34. Jake trips; he knocks his elbow against the edge of the door jamb while simultaneously stubbing his toe on a chair. Based on the work of von Helmholtz’s, which of the following is likely to occur? a. The intensity of the elbow pain is greater than that of the toe pain. b. The intensity of pain for both the toe and elbow is equal. c. He experiences the elbow pain before the toe pain. d. He experiences the toe and elbow pain instantaneously. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 35. The first true psychologist was ____. He was a research assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz, and his ideas provided the foundation for what would later be called structuralism. a. Edward Titchener b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Max Wertheimer d. Kurt Koffka ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 36. The first official psychological experiment involved ____. a. observing the behavior of cats when escaping puzzle boxes b. measuring how quickly, after hearing a ball drop onto a platform, a person could respond by striking a telegraph key c. the salivation of dogs in anticipation of food in response to the arrival of the handler d. the use of a stroboscope to control the timing of the appearance of two black lines against a white background ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 37. While writing a research paper examining the theoretical view of Wilhelm Wundt, Jackson notes that Wundt felt that the mind constructs an overall perception ____. a. based on prior life experiences b. based on its relationship to evolutionary survival c. by perceiving complete forms within their context d. out of building blocks made up of separate sensations and emotional responses ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 38. Wilhelm Wundt’s student, Edward Titchener, developed an approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience. What was this called? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviorism d. humanism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 39. Titchener’s approach to psychology paralleled which of the following trends of his day? a. the development of graduate programs in mathematics b. the movement for women’s suffrage in American politics c. efforts in chemistry to break molecules into elements d. the use of light in Impressionist art ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 40. Which of the following describes Wundt’s use of introspection as an experimental technique? a. The participants in his study focused on internal thoughts and feelings about their competence while performing a task. b. The participants in his study drew from their internal thoughts and feelings as they described an object in detail. c. The participants in his study pressed a telegraph key as soon as they heard a ball drop onto a platform, indicating their internal state. d. The participants in his study used mental building block constructs to describe their perception of an object. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 41. Acknowledging that an experience is different from the sum of its elements is reflective of ____. a. psychodynamic theory b. Gestalt psychology c. structuralism d. functionalism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 42. The group of early 20th century German psychologists who founded Gestalt psychology included Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and ____. a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James  c. Wolfgang Köhler d. Ulric Neisser ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 43. The Gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a “whole” perception into its building blocks, as advocated by the structuralists, would result in the loss of ____. a. important psychological information b. fundamental intellect c. learned consciousness d. irrational behaviors ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 44. Which of the following proverbs best describes Gestalt theory? a. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. b. The more things change, the more they stay the same. c. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. d. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 45. The letter B and the number 13 might appear to be very similar; in fact, the only real difference between them is the space between the left and right sides of each figure. Who would be most likely to describe this difference as being caused by the context of the letters or numbers that come before and after the image? a. William, who is a functionalist b. Max, who is a Gestalt psychologist c. Ziggy, who is a psychoanalytic psychologist d. Terry, who is a cognitive psychologist ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 46. What is the approach to psychology that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival? a. behaviorism b. functionalism c. humanism d. structuralism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 47. Functionalism emerged partly in response to the publication of ____. a. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens  b. The Prince and the Pauper, by Mark Twain c. The Origin of the Species, by Charles Darwin d. Far from the Madding Crowd, by Thomas Hardy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 48. Who is the American psychologist who proposed the functionalist approach and whose textbook, Principles of Psychology, dominated the field of psychology for 50 years after its publication? a. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner c. Abraham Maslow d. William James ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 49. Throughout his discussions of mental processes and behavior, James emphasized the role of ____. a. environment b. evolution c. abandonment d. nurture ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 50. William James’ impact on contemporary psychology is evidenced by the fact that functionalism ____. a. was absorbed into mainstream psychology b. became a separate discipline c. bridged the gap between philosophy and psychology d. bridged the gap between structuralism and Gestalt psychology ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 51. An approach to psychology that features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviors is called ____. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. behaviorism d. humanism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 52. As part of their effort to measure behavior carefully, many behaviorists restricted their research to studies using ____. a. animals b. children  c. adults d. males ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 53. A leading behaviorist who first explored classical conditioning is ____. a. Edward Thorndike b. B. F. Skinner c. John B. Watson d. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 54. The salivation of dogs in Pavlov’s experiments was significant because it ____. a. emphasized conscious thought b. demonstrated the ability to learn to anticipate future events as a survival advantage c. indicated that intelligence is innate d. demonstrated that the ability to smell food prior to its arrival is a highly developed sense ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 55. Which of the following is least likely to be an example of classical conditioning? a. A child hears a police siren for the first time and cries. b. A whiff of perfume on a crowded subway triggers a memory of a prior love. c. A dog sits upon sight or smell of a treat. d. A former soldier cringes at the sound of an airplane overhead. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 56. John B. Watson was ____. a. part of the cognitive revolution b. a leading humanist c. a leading behaviorist d. one of Freud’s disciples ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 57. Which of the following most closely paraphrases Watson’s views regarding human behavior? a. Some children are born with artistic talent; others are not.  b. I can raise a child to be an artist if he or she has at least a small amount of talent and interest. c. Very few children actually have the skill and discipline to become artists. d. I can raise any child to be an artist, regardless of his or her tendencies. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 58. Watson changed the goal of psychology from Wundt’s desire to understand consciousness to the ____. a. explication of the unconscious b. the study of observable behavior c. understanding of cognition d. analysis of the whole beyond the parts ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 59. Which leading behaviorist proposed the law of effect? a. B. F. Skinner b. John B. Watson c. Noam Chomsky d. Edward Thorndike ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 60. In Thorndike’s experiment on trial and error learning, the cat would escape a puzzle box faster and faster on progressive trials. In other words, the cat ____. a. acquired faster nerve impulses on successive trials b. became more physically fit c. memorized the solution to the puzzle d. repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective ones ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 61. B. F. Skinner, a leading behaviorist who explored operant conditioning, believed that inner, private states such as thinking and feeling existed and ____. a. should be analyzed based on introspection b. viewed them as behaviors that followed the same rules as public behaviors c. viewed them as behaviors that should be attended to through psychodynamic therapy d. are a part of what makes a person inherently human and good ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 62. Skinner generalized his findings to complex human behaviors even though his subject pool was limited to ____. a. rats and pigeons b. children c. graduate students d. dogs and cats ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 63. Which of the following is an application of Skinner’s behaviorism? a. Dr. Monson provides humane living conditions for the mice in his research laboratory. b. Doug needs to lose a few pounds, and has a rule that if he eats a dessert, he must go for a 5-mile run. c. Sandra is learning a new surgical procedure by observing several operations performed by other physicians. d. Dylan is delaying vaccinations for his young son because of his concerns regarding autism. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 64. By the 1950s, the behaviorists’ disinterest in mental states and activity was challenged by scientists from diverse fields, including linguistics and computer science, leading to ____. a. psychodynamic theory b. client-centered therapy c. a new appreciation of humanism d. a cognitive revolution ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 65. Who is a leading cognitive psychologist? a. Carl Rogers b. Jean Piaget c. Ulric Neisser d. Edward Thorndike ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 66. Which of the following refers to the very private and internal mental processes that the behaviorists avoided studying—information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving? a. client-centered therapy b. self-actualization c. cognition d. study of the id ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 67. Which of the following best represents a cognitive approach to childhood language learning? a. Children acquire language in response to parental approval. b. Children are born with distinct physical features that facilitate learning the language of their parents. c. Children are born with innate mechanisms for learning language. d. Children acquire language in response to being understood. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 68. Many of the big questions tackled by behaviorists are now examined through the lens of the ____ perspective. a. cognitive or biological b. structural or historical c. evolutionary or cross-cultural d. psychodynamic or humanistic ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 69. With the exception of occasional bursts of insight from the Egyptians and Greeks, the most common view of psychological disorders over the course of history has been that they____. a. originated in childhood from repressive parenting b. resulted from the actions of evil spirits or other external, magical forces c. originated from guilt for condemned behaviors d. resulted from malfunctions of the human body ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 70. Between the17th and 19th centuries, supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: ____. a. functionalism and behaviorism b. a cognitive model and a behavioral model c. a medical model and a psychological model d. psychodynamic theory and humanism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 71. Edward has a fear of being contaminated when shaking hands with others, touching doorknobs, and being in crowded public spaces, such as subway cars. He washes his hands roughly 100 times a day. His doctor has recently prescribed an antidepressant to increase his level of serotonin. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify? a. the psychotherapeutic model b. the medical model c. the psychological model d. the self-actualization model ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 72. Valerie recently lost her sister to suicide. She is having difficulty sleeping, feels hopeless about the future, and is easily startled or frightened. Her doctor recommends that she participate in a discussion group led by a social worker to connect with others who are going through a similar experience. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify? a. the psychological model b. the behavioral model c. the self-actualization model d. the medical model ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 73. Who contributed ideas about the unconscious mind, the development of sexuality, dream analysis, psychological roots of abnormal behavior, personality, and therapy? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. Sigmund Freud d. Noam Chomsky ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 74. Freud’s psychodynamic theory and its applications to the treatment of psychological disorders dominated much of psychological thinking for the ____. a. first half of the 19th century b. second half of the 19th century c. first half of the 20th century d. second half of the 20th century ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 75. Which of the following statements about Freud’s work is true? a. His theories do not lend themselves to experimentation. b. His patients were primarily working class men and therefore not representative of the broader population. c. His theories were based exclusively on animal studies. d. His psychoanalytic techniques are replicated in their original form today. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 76. An approach to psychology that sees people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve is called ____.  a. behaviorism b. humanistic psychology c. Freudian psychology d. Gestalt psychology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 77. Humanistic psychologists believed that ____. a. human behavior is on a continuum with animal behavior b. society acts to civilize humans who are otherwise innately selfish and aggressive c. people behave badly only when corrupted by society d. the true motivation for humans to be successful is to see others fail ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 78. A leading humanistic thinker who introduced a major theory of motivation with a goal of self-actualization was ____. a. Abraham Maslow b. Alan Newell c. Herbert Simon d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 79. Carl Rogers, a leading humanist, developed the approach of ____. a. psychoanalysis b. cognitive therapy c. behavioral therapy d. client-centered therapy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 80. Which of the following statements is an example of humanistic influence? a. Capital punishment serves a protective role in a liberal society. b. “I hear what you’re saying.” c. Parental love should mirror the behavior of the child. d. “Do as I say, not as I do.” ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 81. What was a major shortcoming of early psychologists?  a. They overgeneralized their findings. b. They abandoned the scientific method. c. They diluted their efforts by diverging into several psychological specializations. d. They tried to establish theories without a large body of experimental data. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 82. By the second half of the 20th century, the majority of psychologists were pursuing an understanding of behavior from the ____approach. a. centrist b. divergent c. perspectives d. dualistic ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 83. When psychologists examine psychological phenomena from different perspectives, it ____. a. implies disagreement on basic principles b. represents a lack of awareness of alternative perspectives c. indicates different points of view about behavior d. reflects changing trends in psychology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 84. What is the psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology? a. evolutionary psychology b. developmental psychology c. cognitive psychology d. biological psychology ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 85. In the 1970s, what initiated an explosion of knowledge about the connections between brain and behavior? a. new methods for observing brain activity b. looser government regulations on human experimentation c. a focus away from animal research toward human research d. the advent of the statistical method ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 86. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of research of a biological psychologist? a. Did contagious yawning provide a survival advantage in early societies? b. Do stress hormones due to abuse in early childhood affect the ability to form memories? c. At what age can a child correctly separate the vocabulary and grammar of two languages? d. Will a study participant obey an authority figure even in violation of his or her own moral code? ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 87. The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction is called ____ psychology. a. biological b. social c. evolutionary d. clinical ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 88. An evolutionary psychologist would be most interested in the question of ____. a. whether gambling affects brain chemistry and fosters addiction b. how best to assist a person to reduce a propensity to gamble c. whether attraction to gambling varies over the life span d. whether there is an adaptive reason why men tend to gamble more than women ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 89. The psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving is called ____. a. evolutionary psychology b. the individual differences perspective c. cognitive psychology d. developmental psychology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 90. Which of the following research questions is most likely to be asked by a cognitive psychologist? a. To what extent is student learning influenced by the sociocultural makeup of the class? b. Do students learn material better when the learning takes place over time or when they “cram” for an exam? c. Which stress reduction techniques are most effective for college students to reduce the stress of balancing academic and social demands?  d. Are there common characteristics among students who graduate in the top 1% of their class? ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 91. The psychological perspective that examines the effects of one’s environment on the behavior of individuals is called ____ psychology. a. evolutionary b. social c. cultural d. clinical ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 92. What limited the understanding of the mind by early psychologists? a. They focused on behavior rather than biology. b. They approached psychological questions from their own sociocultural context. c. They did not appreciate the complexity of the mind. d. They tried to understand perspectives to which they could not relate. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 93. Our judicial system relies heavily on eyewitness testimony; however, ________ would remind us that eyewitness testimony can be shaped by a community’s perceptions of race and culture. a. clinical psychology b. the individual differences perspective c. developmental psychology d. social psychology ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 94. The psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behavior, which occur across the life span, is called ____. a. social psychology b. the individual differences perspective c. developmental psychology d. evolutionary psychology ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 95. Using the developmental perspective, a psychologist might look at whether the loss of a parent ____. a. affects the storage and retrieval of memories contemporaneous with the loss  b. triggers changes in brain chemistry, temporarily or permanently c. is experienced differently at different ages d. is experienced differently depending on family size ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 96. The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors is called ____. a. the individual differences perspective b. clinical psychology c. developmental psychology d. evolutionary psychology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 97. More recently, clinical and counseling psychologists have expanded their perspective to include ____. a. the promotion of general well-being b. the influences of evolutionary adaptation on behavior c. monitoring chemical changes in the brain in response to treatment d. brain scans in the course of therapeutic treatment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 98. An approach to psychology that investigates variations in behavior from one person to the next is called ____. a. clinical psychology b. individual differences c. sociocultural psychology d. evolutionary psychology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 99. Recognizing individual differences is especially important to psychologists interested in variations in an individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This is referred to as ____. a. personality b. cognition c. type d. psyche ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 100. Entering the 21st century and armed with in-depth research results compiled in the various perspectives, psychologists are returning to ____.  a. the structuralist view of the mind b. viewing the mind as a set of building blocks based on introspection c. viewing the “whole as greater than the sum of its parts” d. a more comprehensive view of the mind ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 101. The authors of this text believe that the future of psychology will ____. a. depend upon the development of independent, individual perspectives b. draw from the success of existing perspectives c. turn increasingly to cross-cultural studies d. combine and integrate new and existing perspectives ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 102. Alejandro is developing a preliminary research study to address the question of whether 4-year-olds who are asked to delay gratification (e.g., to delay eating candy) perform differently in solitude than with other 4-year-olds. Which combination of research perspectives would be best for this preliminary study? a. biological psychology and the individual differences approach b. developmental psychology and social psychology c. cognitive psychology and evolutionary psychology d. evolutionary psychology and clinical psychology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 103. Many of the new ways of looking at the mind will take advantage of the revolution in techniques for studying the brain; for example, ____ currently investigate the biological factors that vary along with people’s feelings and experience of social inclusion, rejection, or loneliness. a. social neuroscientists b. cognitive neuroscientists c. clinical psychologists d. behavioral neuroscientists ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 104. If we restrict our thinking about an aspect of mind to the information provided by one perspective, at worst, the result may ____. a. be incomplete b. lack depth c. lead us in the wrong direction d. be overly simplistic ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 105. A biological psychologist studies the effects of amphetamine on aggression in rhesus monkeys. However, to the researcher’s surprise, the experimental results differ for isolated monkeys versus monkeys in a colony. What is missing from this experiment? a. the social psychology perspective b. human controls c. physiological measurements d. an integration between biology and psychology ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 106. The diversity of career pathways for those with degrees in psychology reflects, in relation to other disciplines, that psychology is a(n) “____.” a. epicenter b. pathway c. hub d. vocation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Does It Mean to Be a Psychologist? 107. Harold is trying to decide between teaching at the nearby community college or obtaining a therapist’s license. What is the minimum degree required for these positions? a. master’s degree b. bachelor’s degree c. doctoral degree d. associate’s degree ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Does It Mean to Be a Psychologist? 108. Petra will soon complete her doctoral degree in psychology. She, like the highest percentage of doctoral level psychologists, will work ____. a. as a university professor b. in business c. as a therapist d. in government ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Does It Mean to Be a Psychologist? 109. Walter is applying to graduate programs in psychology and is curious about current trends in the field. What trend is occurring in many psychology graduate school programs?  a. Students are trained in specific specializations. b. Students are trained in combined specialties. c. There is a movement away from animal research. d. There is a movement away from using human subjects. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Does It Mean to Be a Psychologist? 110. The clinical or counseling specialty includes extensive internships and supervised training prior to ____ that usually add at least 1 year to students’ graduate studies. a. working with children b. government-regulated licensure c. a human subject committee review d. commencement of dissertation research ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Does It Mean to Be a Psychologist? 111. Josh has a doctoral degree in psychology and is a therapist in New York. His sister Sarah has a medical degree and is in a residency program for psychiatry. Currently, the biggest difference between the two professions is that, in contrast to Josh, Sarah can ____. a. prescribe medication b. conduct research c. conduct psychotherapy d. peer review the work of other researchers ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Does It Mean to Be a Psychologist? 112. Eric has held a part-time job in a community mental health center throughout college. He values his interactions with the clients and is known for remaining calm during high stress situations at the clinic. He may be most interested in the ____ track of psychology. a. applied b. clinical or counseling c. social d. experimental ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Does It Mean to Be a Psychologist? 113. What are the two major roots of the psychology family tree? Describe their relationship. What areas of interest do they share? ANSWER: The psychology family tree includes two major roots: philosophy and the physical sciences. Psychologists answer questions traditionally posed by philosophers by borrowing the methods of the physical sciences.  Philosophers and psychologists share an interest in questions regarding the nature of the self, the effects of early experience, the existence of free will, and the origin of knowledge. Both disciplines consider the relative balance of biological factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) in the end product of human behavior. Both attempt to determine the relationships between self-interest and the welfare of the community, between body and mind, and between humans and the other species with whom we share the planet. Although we typically consider questions of the unconscious mind and abnormal behavior to be the realm of the psychologist, philosophers investigated these issues thousands of years before the first psychologist was born. POINTS: 10 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Are Psychology’s Roots? 114. In a famous speech given in 1926, John B. Watson made the following claim: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—a doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even into beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. Place this statement in historical perspective. Do you agree or disagree? Explain your reasoning. ANSWER: John B. Watson (1878–1958) was a behaviorist. Psychologists following the behaviorist perspective concentrated on observable, measurable behaviors and dominated psychology for the first half of the 20th century. Watson echoed the “blank slate” approach of the British empiricist philosophers in his emphasis on the role of experience in forming behavior. By the 1950s, the behaviorists’ disinterest in mental states and activity was challenged by scientists from diverse fields, including linguistics and computer science, leading to a cognitive revolution. In addition, the work of Freud and of humanists provided new perspectives. Students should discuss whether they agree or disagree with Watson’s statement in reference to the nature versus nurture debate. As the text notes, contemporary psychology views the mind as being a function of interactions between inborn characteristics and experiences, not a product of just nature or just nurture. POINTS: 10 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 115. Briefly discuss the phenomenon of drug abuse in the context of five different psychological perspectives. ANSWER: The text notes that to understand the phenomenon of drug abuse, many perspectives can contribute to our understanding, but no one specialty offers a complete explanation. Biological psychologists approach drug abuse by tracing pathways in the brain correlated with cravings. Behaviorists focus on the reinforcing qualities of the experience. Behaviorist techniques regarding the use of reward and punishment to shape behavior are also relevant efforts to stop drug use. Developmental and social psychologists consider the family and peer influences. In each case, something valuable is learned about drug abuse, but understanding the “whole” requires zooming out for a more comprehensive perspective. The text also notes that there are highly different patterns of use for different drugs. Drawing on multiple perspectives can provide a fuller understanding of the patterns, which may also aid in reducing problematic drug use. Students might also consider whether other perspectives contribute to an understanding of drug abuse, such as evolutionary, clinical, and individual differences. For example, did an enhanced reaction to natural drug ingredients provide a survival advantage in the past? Clinicians who treat persons with drug  addictions may have a wealth of knowledge based on individual cases that may provide a basis for developing hypotheses. Studying individuals who are most or least affected by certain drugs may provide additional information. POINTS: 10 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Are Psychological Perspectives? 116. Which of the following pairs of psychological approaches would be considered the “most opposite”? a. structuralism and Gestalt psychology b. behaviorism and cognitive-behaviorism c. functionalism and behaviorism d. psychoanalytical and psychodynamic psychology ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 117. Functionalism emerged partly in response to the publication of ____. a. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens b. The Prince and the Pauper, by Mark Twain c. The Descent of Man, by Charles Darwin d. Far from the Madding Crowd, by Thomas Hardy ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Did the Science of Psychology Begin? 1. Science comes from the Latin scientia, which means “knowledge.” According to your text, which of the following best describes “science” today? a. a study of the physical world through objective and subjective observations b. a method of assessment that uses all of a researcher’s senses c. a special way of learning about reality through systematic observation and experimentation d. a process of investigation through thoughtful and personal reflection ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 2. One important difference between science and everyday observations is that science relies on ____. a. objectivity b. introspection c. perspective d. subjectivity ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Science? 3. Soma and Biresh are debating about the best places to live after college. Soma states that the Northeast offers a healthier lifestyle than the Southwest and insists that she is basing her conclusions on facts, without any influence of personal emotion or bias. In other words, Soma believes that she is showing ____. a. subjectivity b. neutrality c. objectivity d. perspective ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 4. Deena, a licensed practical nurse, is assisting a psychology professor with a research study on the physiological and psychological reactions to violence in blockbuster films. After a participant views a film clip, she administers some basic tests. Which of the following is the most subjective result? a. The participant’s blood pressure is 140/90. b. The participant describes the level of film violence as 8 on a scale of 0 to 10. c. The participant’s heart rate is 75. d. The participant has perspiration on her brow and her pupils are dilated. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 5. Any observation by a human being is, by definition, ____. a. objective b. falsifiable c. inferential d. subjective ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 6. What is a research design called when neither the participant nor the experimenter observing the participant knows which participants were given an active substance and which were given a placebo? a. clinical trial b. open trial c. double-blind procedure d. prospective cohort study ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 7. An inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment is called a ____. a. false positive b. placebo c. remedy d. sample ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 8. Maya participates in a double-blind study on the effectiveness of a new time-release antidepressant medication. Once a week, she receives a small white pill from Dr. Stanley, which she takes immediately. In this type of study, which of the following is true? a. Dr. Stanley does not know whether Maya receives a real substance or placebo until the experiment is over. b. Maya does not know the purpose of the study being conducted until it is over. c. Dr. Stanley never meets Maya or knows she is in the study until the experiment is over. d. Maya knows whether the white pill is a real substance or a placebo throughout the study. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 9. When we make conclusions based on observations of our immediate circle of acquaintances, friends and loved ones, we are engaging in ____. a. systematic observations b. repeated observations c. interpreted observations d. hit or miss observations ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 10. Emily grew up in Boston and attends college there. She often notices clusters of people smoking outside of office buildings as she walks to class. Which of the following sources would provide the most reliable information regarding the prevalence of smoking in Boston? a. A detailed personal study of the history of her extended family b. Interviews with her classmates and professors c. A review of her professor’s behavioral statistics study drawn from census data d. Observations of campus fraternity and sorority life ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 11. Researchers found that “the widespread and highly publicized stereotype about female talkativeness is unfounded.” This conclusion illustrates that science relies primarily on ____. a. strongly held beliefs b. subjective evidence c. observable, repeatable evidence d. laboratory experiments ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Science? 12. According to your text, scientific knowledge is ______________. a. introspective b. a work in progress c. quantitative d. a finished product ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 13. The ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently is called ____.  a. naturalistic observation b. authoritative reasoning c. free thinking d. critical thinking ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 14. Critical thinking is ____. a. a skill people learn b. set by one’s teenage years c. genetically determined d. based on cultural norms ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Science? 15. Which of the following questions demonstrates critical thinking? a. What is your immediate reaction to this information? b. What political party is expressing this point of view? c. What evidence supports this position? d. What did the professor give as the answer? ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 16. Jim and Gary support different presidential candidates, and frequently debate the claims that each candidate makes against the other on various issues. Jim insists that they both look up evidence that supports both candidates’ positions using independent sources. Jim’s ground rules for the debate show good principles of: a. critical thinking b. debate c. psychology d. social control ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 17. The news headline, “Recession Spurs Young in U.S. to Forgo or Delay Marriage,” described ____. a. a study that found a causal link between the U. S. recession and the decisions of young adults to marry b. census data that indicated poverty was a primary cause of decreased marriage rates c. data that could have been explained by the trend for Americans to marry at later ages  d. a study of historical data on marriage rates ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Science? 18. A set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena is called a(n) ____. a. theory b. hypothesis c. descriptive method d. experiment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 19. The best scientific theories not only explain and organize known facts, but they also ____. a. use historical perspectives b. generate predictions c. establish new facts d. discredit other theories ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 20. A proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form “if A happens then B will be the result” is called a(n) ____. a. theory b. research proposal c. experiment d. hypothesis ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 21. Scientific hypotheses are best described as ________. a. educated guesses b. the first step to proving a fact is true c. theories d. research methods ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 22. When a hypothesis is demonstrated to be false using appropriate research methods, what must be done? a. Another researcher must replicate the research. b. The hypothesis must be modified or discarded. c. Different statistical analyses should be conducted to find support for the hypothesis. d. Research should be repeated with the opposite hypothesis. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 23. Which of the following statements would be most difficult to falsify? a. All swans are white. b. All cars require gasoline. c. All men are mortal. d. All birds fly. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 24. How frequently can scientists prove that their hypotheses are true? a. never b. always c. sometimes d. often ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Science? 25. Jeanine, a research psychologist, has developed a hypothesis. Her next step is to ____. a. interpret the data necessary to evaluate it b. conduct the statistical analysis c. undergo peer review of her hypothesis d. collect the data necessary to evaluate it ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 26. Arthur has developed a hypothesis and now is designing a study to test it. Which of the following can provide the best guidance regarding his choice of measures, types of data to be collected, and methods for interpreting the data? a. the people who are readily available to study  b. the scientific literature in the area of interest c. the method that can be replicated by others d. personal observations during the development phase ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 27. Professor Frankel is an editor for a psychology journal. She is considering which submissions to send out for peer review. Which of the following submissions is likely to receive the strongest consideration based on its research methods? a. a professor from Utah who used well-established methods b. a researcher from California who developed novel methods c. a professor from Illinois who employed rarely-used methods d. a postdoctoral fellow from Texas who used a controversial method ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 28. Science is best described as a(n) ____ enterprise. a. socialist b. collaborative c. hierarchical d. solitary ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: What Is Science? 29. The process of having other scientists who are experts examine research prior to its publication is called ____. a. quality assurance b. jury evaluation c. peer review d. validation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: What Is Science? 30. Keith feels that the results of his research study in autism spectrum disorder among the elderly is finally ready for submission to a journal. For the journal editor to recommend his article for publication, what must the peer reviewers conclude? a. His research is important, accurate, and explained thoroughly. b. His methods are novel and could contribute to the field. c. No other article on this topic has been published in the journal recently.  d. His findings are the first of their kind. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 31. During the peer review process, whose work is most likely to be accepted rapidly into the body of scientific knowledge? a. Dr. Gupta’s, whose research led to unexpected and unique results b. Dr. Koch’s, whose results fit with existing knowledge in her field c. Dr. Anton’s, who used novel research methods and produced unconventional findings d. Dr. Dunn’s, whose results are unreplicated in previous reports in his field ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 32. Dr. Snape was skeptical after reading a study concluding that chocolate truffles reduced the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, he initiated a similar study to determine whether he would achieve the same results. Dr. Snapeʼs study would be termed a ____. a. statistical sampling b. validity test c. regressive analysis d. replication ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: What Is Science? 33. Research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations are called ____. a. correlational methods b. inferential methods c. experimental methods d. descriptive methods ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 34. Which of the following lends itself to the use of a descriptive method? a. Daniel seeks to test his hypothesis that stress in early childhood is positively related to heart disease in adulthood. b. Bina would like to find whether there is a correlation between stress in early childhood and learning difficulties in school.  c. Jonathan would like to develop a hypothesis regarding the role of parental expression of affection in reducing toxic stress in early childhood. d. Heather is conducting data analysis regarding health disparities and depression among children from different socio-economic and racial groups. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 35. Dr. Crane is studying patients who are in the residual phase of schizophrenia. His colleague, Dr. Mellus, takes detailed notes during a series of interviews and interactions that Dr. Crane has with one such patient for later analysis. What research method are these doctors employing? a. experimental study b. case study c. correlational study d. experiential study ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 36. Professor Scott conducts research on teenage risk-taking behavior. He would like to develop a hypothesis on the parental influence on teenage risk-taking at the extreme end of the spectrum, with a focus on teenagers who sail around the world alone. Would a case study be an appropriate first step, and why or why not? a. Yes, because Professor Scott already knows that parents are the driving influence behind teenage circumnavigation. b. No, because it will not generate a sufficient amount of data to be tested statistically. c. Yes, because teenage circumnavigators are rare and the data will help generate new, or possibly falsify existing, hypotheses. d. No, because case studies are too idiosyncratic and lack scientific rigor. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 37. You decide to study weekend dorm life for a sociology term paper. In order to do this, you attend several fraternity parties at a large university, week after week. What method of research are you employing? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. survey d. experiential observation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 38. What is one advantage of using naturalistic observation over the case study method? a. Looking at a much larger group supports application of the results to the general population. b. Observing individuals in their natural setting without their knowledge is the most accepted form of research. c. Observing individuals outside of their everyday circumstances encourages candor. d. Looking at a much larger group supports hypothesis testing as well as hypothesis generation. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 39. Seth, a psychologist, would like to conduct research in the form of naturalistic observation of drug sales and use among teenagers in his city’s poorest neighborhood without their knowledge. What problem does this raise? a. The research may be unethical. b. People often behave differently when they know they are being observed. c. His sample is insufficiently representative for naturalistic observation. d. Study participants tend to want to appear socially appropriate. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 40. Naturalistic observation is best suited for ____. a. testing hypotheses b. determining a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables c. developing hypotheses d. establishing whether the relationship between two concepts is positive or negative ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 41. A survey is a descriptive method in which the participants are asked ____. a. open-ended questions b. to journal their own thoughts c. the same questions d. to converse with other survey members ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 42. Which of the following is an advantage of survey research? a. Survey participants are easy to recruit since the typical sample is small. b. Survey participants are more likely to be truthful than participants of other research methods. c. Surveys provide insight into real-world behaviors in their natural setting.  d. Surveys provide large amounts of data quickly and relatively inexpensively. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 43. A subset of a population being studied is called a ____. a. sample b. cohort c. demographic d. cluster ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 44. Surveys results can be influenced by people’s natural tendency to want to appear socially appropriate because surveys rely on ____. a. later publication b. public funding c. peer review d. self-report ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 45. Participants in the following surveys are guaranteed that their answers will remain confidential and anonymous. In which case are survey respondents least likely to shade the truth? a. A survey regarding personal displays of racial prejudice b. A survey regarding sexual infidelity c. A survey regarding preferences as to online news sources d. A survey regarding the purchase, sale, or use of illegal drugs ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 46. The text described a survey that asked a representative sample of middle school students to respond to 17 motives for playing violent video games on a four-point scale. Surprisingly, around 20% of boys indicated that they liked to play these games in order to ____. a. compete and win b. help get their anger out c. reduce boredom d. make friends and teach others ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 47. A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables is called ____. a. statistical power b. its distribution c. standard deviation d. a correlation ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 48. A factor that has a range of values is called a ____. a. measure b. variable c. set d. parameter ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 49. A measure is a method for describing a variable’s ____. a. quantity b. reliability c. fluctuation d. deviation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 50. A newspaper headline states, “Autism spectrum disorder correlation to wealth affirmed.” Researchers found that affluent youngsters were almost twice as likely as the poorest children in the study to have autism spectrum disorder. This is a ____. a. positive correlation b. reciprocal correlation c. negative correlation d. zero correlation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 51. A correlational study found that wealthy children were almost twice as likely as the poorest children in the study to have autism spectrum disorder. What is the likely reason? a. Autism and the traits of high achievers lie on the same continuum. b. The reason is impossible to determine from this correlation. c. Wealthier parents tend to put off child-bearing until they're older, which increases the risk of autism. d. Poorer children have less access to diagnosis and services for autism. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 52. Consider the following pairs of variables. Which pair is most likely to have a weak correlation? a. hair color and intelligence b. height and weight c. salary and educational level d. age and verbal ability up to age 20 ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 53. Consider the observation that many school shootings have been perpetrated by people with a history of playing violent video games. In this scenario, what could the third variable be? a. the school shootings b. the shooter’s history of being bullied. c. the age of the shooter d. the type of violence in the video games ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 54. In his study of American cities, Professor Smith finds a strong positive correlation between the number of preschools and the number of bars. What is the most likely explanation of this relationship? a. Parents of small children need to take an occasional break. b. The relationship is due to a third variable, population size. c. Confounding variables explain the relationship. d. People who regularly frequent bars often meet their life partner and procreate. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 55. A newspaper headline reads, “Are intellectual pursuits the key to preventing Alzheimer’s disease?” The researchers scanned the brains of healthy seniors with no memory loss and asked the seniors to recall how much reading, writing, and game-playing they did in childhood. Those who reported doing daily brain activities from a young age had very low levels of amyloid plaques, which are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following best describes this study’s findings? a. Intellectual pursuits and presence of amyloid plaque are positively correlated. b. Amyloid plaques are the main cause of Alzheimer’s disease. c. Intellectual pursuits prevent Alzheimer’s disease. d. There is a negative correlation between intellectual pursuits and the presence of amyloid plaques. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 56. Which of the following is the most appropriate research method for studying the effects of moderate to heavy parental smoking on infants from birth to 1 year of age? a. experimental study b. naturalistic observation c. correlational study d. case study ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 57. In their study, Anderson and Dill found that the physical aggression score was positively correlated with the amount of recently recorded video playing time. Based on these results, we know that ____. a. having an aggressive personality leads to spending more time playing violent video games b. a third variable contributes to both physical aggression and continued violent video game play c. playing violent video games leads to more physical aggression d. both relationships are possible: An aggressive personality may lead to more video game time or playing violent video games may lead to more aggression ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 58. A research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality is called a(n) ____. a. case study b. experiment c. descriptive method d. correlational study ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 59. An experimental study is conducted examining the relationship between sleep deprivation and depression. Participants are kept awake by the experimenters for different amounts of time, and then are assessed on various symptoms of depression. In this study, the number of hours that a participant stays awake is the ____. a. random variable b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control variable ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 60. An experimental study focuses on the effects that the amount of exercise has on the number of calories consumed per day. The number of calories that a participant consumes is represented by the ____. a. independent variable b. confounding variable c. continuous variable d. dependent variable ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 61. A group that experiences all experimental procedures with the exception of exposure to the independent variable is called a ____. a. control group b. random group c. variable group d. dynamic group ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 62. A group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable is called a(n) ____. a. control group b. experimental group c. random group d. non-experimental group ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 63. Random assignment is the procedure in which each participant’s chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment is ____. a. dependent on their relevant personal qualities b. hypothetical c. equal d. dependent on the size of the control group ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 64. A variable that is irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested and can alter a researcher’s conclusions is called a(n) ____. a. confounding variable b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. third variable ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 65. Participants in an experiment on stress management are given stress reduction techniques and then measured for the effect. What is the role of the control group in this experiment? a. They receive no stress management techniques, and they are not measured. b. They receive a random stress management technique. c. They receive no stress management techniques, but they are measured. d. They receive the same stress management techniques as the experimental group, but they are not measured. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 66. Dr. Segal is testing the hypothesis that television watching in children under the age of two enhances the development of language skills. In her study, the use of random assignment ____. a. ensures that the dependent variable reflects the personal qualities of the participants b. addresses situational confounding variables, such as the time of day or weather conditions c. ensures that the independent variable reflects the outcomes of the dependent variables d. tends to cancel out individual differences among participants in the experimental group and the control group ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 67. Dr. Segal is studying the effects of television watching on the language development of children under the age of two. Because of room scheduling issues, the children in the experimental group underwent testing in the morning and the children in the control group underwent testing in the afternoon. This is an example of ____. a. random assignment b. a situational confounding factor c. a confounding factor due to individual differences d. randomization error ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 68. A limitation of the experimental method is that ____. a. participants know that they are in a research study and may vary their behavior accordingly b. causation cannot be established c. the results are rarely accepted by scientific peers d. experiments involving fear, panic, and stress may be so realistic that participants are harmed ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 69. Defining variables in practical terms is called ____. a. regression b. validity c. operationalization d. variability ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 70. In Dr. Segal’s study of the effects of television watching on the language development of children under the age of two, which of the following would you recommend to operationalize the dependent variable? a. The cumulative amount of time spent watching television during the study b. A count of the number of words each child knows at the end of the study c. The amount of time per session spent watching television d. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 71. A statistical analysis of many previous experiments on a single topic is called a ____. a. meta-analysis  b. modal analysis c. deviation analysis d. regression analysis ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 72. Conducting a meta-analysis often provides a ____. a. clearer picture of a phenomenon than single experiments observed in isolation b. narrow view of a phenomenon c. random sampling of a phenomenon d. less discrete picture of a phenomenon than that of single experiments ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? 73. What is an experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages? a. longitudinal study b. mixed longitudinal study c. cross-sectional study d. correlational study ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Study the Effects of Time? 74. The cross-sectional method is subject to the generational effects of having been born at a particular point in history, which is called the ____. a. generational correlation b. cohort effect c. historical bias d. age-related differences ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Study the Effects of Time? 75. An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period is called a ____. a. cross-sectional study b. longitudinal study c. correlational study  d. mixed longitudinal study ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Study the Effects of Time? 76. Which of the following is a drawback of longitudinal studies? a. They are subject to cohort effects. b. They cannot be used to discuss causality. c. Participants may drop out of the study over time. d. They have limited generalizability. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Study the Effects of Time? 77. Which of the following is not a significant drawback of conducting a longitudinal study? a. Participants may drop out of the study for a variety of reasons. b. Participants may come to no longer comprise a representative sample of a population. c. It can take a long time and cost a lot of money. d. It is highly susceptible to the cohort effect. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Study the Effects of Time? 78. A method for assessing age-related changes that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing a cross-section of participants over a relatively limited period of time is called a ____. a. mixed longitudinal study b. longitudinal study c. cohort study d. limited longitudinal study ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Study the Effects of Time? 79. A quality of a measure that leads to meaningful conclusions (i.e., the measure measures the concept it was designed to measure) is called ____. a. reliability b. variability c. statistical significance d. validity ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 80. Which of the following term is most synonymous with “reliability”? a. consistency b. uniformity c. meaningful d. repeatability ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 81. The SAT II single subject achievement test shows the highest positive correlation with first-year college grades compared to both the SAT I aptitude test and high school grade point average. This indicates that of the three tests, it is the most ____. a. valid b. generalizable c. reliable d. operational ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 82. The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, inter-method, and internal consistency, is called ____. a. significance b. reliability c. validity d. testability ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 83. Tomoko is developing a survey regarding anger management. Respondents rate their level of agreement with each item on a scale of one to five. Item 4 states: “Given enough provocation, I may swear at a friend or family member.” Item 12 states: “I can think of no good reason for ever swearing at a friend or family member.” These questions seek to determine ____. a. inter-rater consistency b. internal consistency c. inter-method consistency d. test-retest consistency ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 84. Which of the following term is most synonymous with “reliability”? a. consistency b. uniformity c. meaningful d. repeatability ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 85. Which of the following is true? a. A measure cannot be reliable without being valid. b. Numerical measures are rarely valid. c. A measure cannot be valid without being reliable. d. Numerical measures are always reliable. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 86. Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value, are called ____. a. inferential statistics b. measures c. descriptive statistics d. modes ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 87. Callie has gathered extensive data regarding the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers in five U.S. cities, including their annual income. She arranges the data from low to high and notes how many workers are in each category using a bar chart. This is called a ____. a. standard deviation b. frequency distribution c. normal distribution d. median ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 88. The mean, median, and mode are all measures of a data set’s ____. a. frequency distribution b. numerical average c. variability d. central tendency ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 89. The numerical average of a set of scores is the ____. a. mean b. median c. mode d. norm ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 90. The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above and half below, is the ____. a. norm b. mode c. median d. mean ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 91. The most frequently occurring score in a set of data is the ____. a. mean b. norm c. median d. mode ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 92. Callie’s data set regarding the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers contains housing expenses. The average is surprisingly low, but then she realizes that many workers are live-in employees and report zero housing expense. A more useful measure of central tendency that would not be as impacted by these extreme, outlying scores would be the ____.  a. median b. frequency c. normal distribution d. mean ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 93. Neil has gathered data regarding self-report of successful smoking cessation. He finds that one of the eight methods used by study participants accounts for a high proportion of the successes. The most useful measure of central tendency to report would be the ____. a. distribution b. mode c. frequency d. mean ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Think Critically REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 94. In statistics, the extent to which scores differ from one another or from their mean; often measured using the standard deviation, is called ____. a. variability b. frequency c. distribution d. correlation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 95. A measure of how tightly clustered a group of scores is around their mean is called the ____. a. variability b. mode c. standard deviation d. frequency ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 96. Using her data set regarding the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers, Callie has calculated the standard deviation of their housing expenses in two ways, with and without the workers who have zero housing expense. When she includes all workers, the standard deviation is ____.  a. smaller b. larger c. the same d. scattered ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 97. A model of a data set that indicates symmetrical probability of different values is called a ____. a. standard deviation b. cumulative distribution c. frequency distribution d. normal distribution ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 98. In the ideal normal curve, 95% of the population falls within _____ standard deviation(s) of the mean. a. one b. two c. three d. four ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 99. To illustrate the relationship between two variables, one can use a ____. a. normal curve b. histogram c. scatter plot d. bar graph ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 100. Which correlational coefficient represents the strongest relationship? a. -.95 b. -.75 c..75 d. 1.25 ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 101. Statistical methods that allow experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger populations are called ____. a. descriptive statistics b. probability distributions c. representative samples d. inferential statistics ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 102. Dr. Jonas wants to know whether men or women are better drivers. He designs a study to examine this question, and before he begins to collect data he writes up the plan for the research, including his hypothesis. Which of the following would represent a null hypothesis for this study? a. Women will demonstrate better driving ability than men. b. There will be no differences between the driving abilities of men and women. c. Age, not sex, will predict the driving ability of the participants. d. Men will demonstrate better driving ability than women. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Apply REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 103. A standard for deciding whether an observed result is due to chance is called ____. a. randomization b. statistical significance c. the null hypothesis d. reasonable doubt ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 104. Like most sciences, psychology has accepted as a standard for statistical significance the odds of 5 out of 100 that an observed result is ____. a. true b. due to error c. due to chance d. false ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 105. Analysis of SAT test data shows that the differences on the mathematics portion of the SAT test between male and female test-takers are ____. a. attributable to chance b. precisely correlated with performance in college mathematics courses c. unreliable d. statistically significant ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 106. One critique of Professor Bem’s recent study of extrasensory perception (ESP) is that ____. a. he exposed undergraduates to erotic photographs without their consent b. he changed his research methods in the middle of the experiment without explanation c. he coerced students into participating by implying that he would lower their grades d. he failed to compensate the students for their participation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? 107. Researchers working in universities and other agencies must receive the approval of institutional review boards (IRBs) for human participant research and institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) before conducting research, ____. a. if their institution receives federal funding b. if their institution receives private funding c. only if their research involves vulnerable populations d. only if their research has a questionable purpose ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Understand REFERENCES: How Can We Conduct Ethical Research