Chapter 01 Main Bank Multiple Choice Questions PDF

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 1) According to your authors, the discipline of psychology is best thought of as a. a field of self-help principles to eliminate mental problems. b. a mixture o...

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 1) According to your authors, the discipline of psychology is best thought of as a. a field of self-help principles to eliminate mental problems. b. a mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behaviour and mental processes. c. a process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potential. d. the scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience. Correct: Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals, but the two qualities shared by all psychological fields are the use of the scientific method and the study of behaviour (including perceptions, thoughts and emotions). Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 3 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 2) Liam mentions to a friend that he is currently taking an introduction to psychology course. "Why would you want to do that?" asks his friend. "Psychology is mostly therapists analyzing people's problems and self-help gurus selling books." What should Liam's response be? a. "No, psychology has nothing to do with helping people." b. "Actually, psychology is a vast discipline that covers much more than mental health and self-help." c. "Ok, those self-help gurus usually aren't real psychologists, but all real psychologists are trained to really help people improve their lives." d. "Psychology is actually about studying how chemicals in the brain interact." Correct: Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals. While some psychologists try to help people with mental health and well-being issues, many psychologists work in other areas including learning, memory, animal behaviour, sensation and perception, and many others. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 3 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 1 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 3) Psychology can be considered a collection of many related fields of study. What is one feature that all of these fields have in common? a. the use of the scientific method b. the study of mental illness c. the belief that the unconscious mind determines human behaviour d. the use of introspection Correct: Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals, but the two qualities shared by all psychological fields are the use of the scientific method and the study of behaviour (including perceptions, thoughts, and emotions). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of this module. 4) All types of psychology involve a. interactions between patients and therapists. b. replicating what is already known via common sense. c. treating people's behavioural and emotional problems. d. the use of scientific method. Correct: All types of modern psychology rely on the scientific method (which often yields results that conflict with "common sense" explanations). Not all psychologists work with patients and treat psychological problems. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 3 Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 2 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 5) Caroline is interested in determining how squirrels find the caches of nuts they buried several months earlier. She watches the squirrels in a park and notices that they tend to bury food near landmarks, such as trees or benches. She predicts that moving these landmarks after the squirrels have buried their food will prevent them from finding it later on, and designs an experiment to test her prediction. Caroline's approach is an example of a. pseudoscience. b. the scientific method. c. the psychoanalytic model. d. the biopsychological model. Correct: Caroline is clearly using the scientific method, which involves collecting observations, making predictions, and then testing the predictions. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 6) Collecting observations, testing predictions about how to best explain the observations, and developing theories are all part of a. the scientific method. b. pseudoscience. c. the biopsychosocial model. d. the psychoanalytic model. Correct: The scientific method is a way of learning about the world through collecting observations, stating predictions about how to best explain the observations, developing theories to explain the observations, and using the theories to make predictions about future events. It involves a dynamic interaction between hypothesis testing and the construction of theories. Answer: a Diff: 1 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 3 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Type: MC Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 7) "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a(n) a. theory. b. untestable statement. c. hypothesis. d. fact. Correct: A hypothesis is a testable prediction that can be confirmed or rejected. In this example, an experiment could be designed to test whether children who watch violent cartoons do or do not become more violent. The statement is not a theory, because a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 8) As part of the scientific method, scientists form testable predictions that can be observed and measured. These are called a. theories. b. proofs. c. hypotheses. d. models. Correct: A hypothesis is a testable prediction that can be confirmed or rejected. In contrast, a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 3–4 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 4 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 9) In order to be considered scientific, a hypothesis must be a. testable. b. believed true by a majority of experts. c. proven. d. stated in very general terms. Correct: Scientific hypotheses should be precise, and must be testable (i.e., it must be possible to demonstrate if they are false). Hypotheses that withstand testing are said to be "confirmed," not "proven." Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 10) Which of the following is a good scientific hypothesis? a. Everything happens for a reason. b. Happiness is the meaning of life. c. People born with the zodiac sign Taurus have higher IQ scores on average than others. d. All humans are connected by an unseen force that cannot be measured or observed. Correct: Scientific hypotheses must be testable (i.e., it must be possible to demonstrate if they are false). Although it would probably be shown to be false, "people born with the zodiac sign Taurus have higher IQ scores on average than others" is the only option that would be testable. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 5 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 11) Randi is a practitioner of crystal healing: the use of different crystals to treat medical disorders ranging from headaches to cancer. Crystal healers like Randi use scientific terminology (e.g., energy, vibrations, etc.) when explaining the technique to patients, but do not use the scientific method to develop or test their treatments. This makes crystal healing a a. metascience. b. pseudoscience. c. episcience. d. protoscience. Correct: Ideas that are presented as science, but do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure, are called pseudoscience. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 12) The term pseudoscience refers to a. the scientific study of psychology and related phenomena. b. hypotheses that have been rejected through observation and testing. c. ideas that are presented as science but in fact do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure. d. the belief that the mind is separate from the body. Correct: Ideas that are presented as science, but do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure, are called pseudoscience. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 6 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 13) __________ refers to a claim or statement that superficially appears to be scientific but is not. a. Misinformation b. Hypothesis c. Pseudoscience d. Theory Correct: Ideas that are presented as science, but do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure, are called pseudoscience. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 14) In science, a theory can be defined as a. an educated guess. b. an explanation that explains and integrates numerous findings and observations into a coherent whole. c. a personal understanding of natural laws. d. a testable prediction. Correct: While nonscientists often use the word theory to describe a guess or a prediction, in science, a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 7 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 15) __________ are built from __________ that are repeatedly tested and confirmed. a. Theories; hypotheses b. Hypotheses; theories c. Predictions; observations d. Observations; predictions Correct: Theories are built from hypotheses that are repeatedly tested and confirmed. While theories can also lead to new hypotheses, in the scientific method, hypotheses, not theories, are directly tested and confirmed. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 3–4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. 16) What property do hypotheses and theories share? a. They are both types of educated guesses. b. They both integrate numerous findings and observations. c. They are both types of opinions or beliefs. d. In order to be scientific, they both must be capable of being proven false. Correct: Hypotheses are specific predictions, while theories are explanations for a broad range of observations. In order to be scientific, both hypotheses and theories must be falsifiable (i.e., it must be possible to demonstrate that they are not true). Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 8 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 17) When a psychologist uses the term scientific theory, he or she is referring to something that a. is guaranteed to be true. b. explains a wide range of observations. c. is no more or less plausible than any other theory. d. is an educated guess. Correct: While nonscientists often use the word theory to describe a guess or a prediction, in science, a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 18) Which of the following is true about scientific theories? a. All theories are equally plausible. b. The quality of a theory cannot be measured by the number of people who believe it to be true. c. Theories are the same thing as opinions or beliefs. d. A theory is only valid if it has been proven to be true. Correct: There are many misconceptions about theories. The textbook specifically addresses three common issues: theories are not the same thing as opinions or beliefs, all theories are not equally plausible, and a measure of a good theory is not the number of people who believe it to be true. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 9 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 19) Lidia gives a talk at a psychology conference in which she presents her new theory about the causes of autism. At one point, an audience member interrupts and says, "But that's just your theory." What is the problem with this statement? a. A theory is not the same thing as an opinion or belief. b. If Lidia is presenting the theory at a psychology conference it must be true. c. If most of the psychologists in the audience agree with Lidia, then the theory is likely to be true. d. The audience member should have used the term hypothesis, not theory. Correct: Theories are not the same thing as opinions or beliefs, which is implied by the audience member's critique. The validity of a theory is measured by scientific testing, not by who believes in it or where it is presented. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 4 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze the use of the term scientific theory. 20) Dr. Preston is a psychologist studying why some people develop depression while others do not. She realizes that the reasons are probably complicated, and include factors such as genetics, brain chemistry, how individuals might experience events differently, and how family members and others influence each other. Dr. Preston's approach is an example of a. pseudoscience. b. the biopyschosocial model. c. the psychoanalytic model. d. gestalt psychology. Correct: The biopsychosocial model is a means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Psychologists who use the biopsychosocial model believe that many behaviours can only be fully explained by combining these multiple perspectives. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 10 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 21) A perennial question for educational psychologists is, "Why do some students in a class succeed while others perform poorly?" According to the biopsychosocial model, which of the following is a possible explanation for this phenomenon? a. biological differences in brain structures and chemistry b. social and cultural differences among students c. cognitive, emotional, and personality differences among students d. each student's biological makeup, social and cultural background, and their cognitive abilities, emotional state, and personality combine to make them different from any other student in the class Correct: The biopsychosocial model is a means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Psychologists who use the biopsychosocial model believe that many behaviours can only be fully explained by combining these multiple perspectives. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 5 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 22) The biopsychosocial model assumes that a. behaviour often can only be fully explained by combining multiple perspectives. b. biological factors are more important than social factors in determining behaviour. c. all living organisms form social groups, based on their physical and psychological needs. d. the simplest explanation for behaviour is usually best. Correct: The biopsychosocial model is a means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Psychologists who use the Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 11 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science biopsychosocial model believe that many behaviours can only be fully explained by combining these multiple perspectives. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 5 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the biopsychosocial model to behaviour. 23) Which of the following is true about the concept of scientific literacy? a. Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate. b. Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking up the answers. c. A person who can understand, analyze, and apply scientific information is demonstrating scientific literacy. d. Knowledge of scientific terminology is the most important part of scientific literacy. Correct: Scientific literacy is the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information. A person does not need to be an expert or a scientist to be scientifically literate, but should be able to read and interpret scientific information, or know where to go to find out more. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 24) The ability to understand. analyze, and apply scientific information is called a. the biopsychosocial model. b. scientific literacy. c. skepticism. d. empiricism. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 12 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Correct: Scientific literacy is the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 6 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 25) Ms. Patel is a third-grade teacher. Several children in her class have been having trouble concentrating and sitting still in her class, so she finds several articles from psychology journals on hyperactivity and attention in young children. Although she is not a scientist, Ms. Patel is able to understand the articles and then use the information to redesign her classroom schedule to help improve attention. This is an example of a. the scientific method. b. the biopsychosocial model. c. scientific literacy. d. empiricism. Correct: Scientific literacy is the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information. A person does not need to be an expert or a scientist or even use the scientific method to be scientifically literate, but should be able to read and interpret scientific information, and be able to apply it to real-world situations. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 6–7 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 26) Which of the following techniques could be described as massed learning? a. Studying for a test by breaking up your lecture notes into sections and mastering each section before moving on to the next. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 13 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science b. Studying for a chapter test by reading through the entire chapter before going back to the beginning and starting over again. c. Studying each flash card in a large pile before starting over again. d. A football player learning the playbook by reviewing each play once before starting over again. Correct: Massed learning involves concentrating all of the studying of a single piece of information into a short period of time. In contrast, spacing spreads the studying of a single piece of information out over a longer period of time. Studying for a test by breaking up lecture notes into sections and mastering each section by itself is a form of massed learning because the studying of each section is concentrated into a short period of time. In contrast, all of the other examples involve spacing. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 7 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 27) A friend of yours has 30 Spanish vocabulary words to learn by tomorrow. Which of the following is the best way for her to use flashcards to study? a. Study each card only once. b. Divide the cards into five piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile. c. Go through the entire pile of 30 cards four times. d. Divide the cards into 10 piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile. Correct: Going through the entire pile of 30 cards four times involves spacing, because there is a relatively long period of time before each card is reviewed again. All of the other options involve massing the studying of each card into a shorter period of time, which has been demonstrated to be less effective. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 14 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 28) Which of the following is the best conclusion to draw from the massed learning versus spacing experiment discussed in the textbook? a. Massing is better than spacing for all types of learning. b. Massing is better than spacing for studying vocabulary. c. Spacing is better than massing for all types of learning. d. Spacing is better than massing for studying vocabulary. Correct: The 2009 study discussed in the textbook showed that spacing was better than massing when studying vocabulary flashcards. The study did not, however, provide enough evidence that spacing works for all types of learning. More research would be needed to support this conclusion. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 29) Jose reads in an article from a psychology journal that people tend to remember the first and last few items in long lists of information, but have the most trouble remembering the items in the middle. He immediately starts thinking of how he can use this information to change the way he studies the long list of vocabulary terms for his upcoming exam. Which part of the scientific literacy model does this demonstrate? a. application b. scientific explanation c. knowledge gathering d. critical thinking Correct: Scientific literacy is the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information. In this example, Jose is specifically applying psychological information to his own life and a specific situation. Answer: a Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 15 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Type: MC Page Reference: 7–8 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the concept of scientific literacy. 30) Caroline's best friend tells her that eating a chili pepper with each meal will increase her metabolism and help her burn more calories. "That sounds interesting," says Caroline, "but is there any evidence to back up this claim?" Caroline's question illustrates what element of critical thinking? a. the principle of parsimony b. cynicism c. tolerating ambiguity d. skepticism Correct: Skepticism involves not automatically accepting statements as fact, and instead asking to see the evidence behind it. This is not the same as being cynical or scornful of other people's beliefs. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 9 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of this module. 31) Being skeptical about a claim means a. asking if there is sound evidence to support it. b. realizing that most complex issues do not have easy answers. c. not believing the claim, no matter what. d. believing the claim unless evidence to the contrary is presented. Correct: Skepticism involves not automatically excepting statements as fact, and instead asking to see the evidence behind it. This is not the same as being cynical or scornful of other people's beliefs. Answer: a Diff: 1 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 16 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Type: MC Page Reference: 9 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 32) As a critical thinker, what habit is most likely to keep you from basing your conclusions on poor research? a. examine assumptions and biases b. examine the nature and source of the evidence c. tolerate ambiguity d. avoid overly emotional thinking Correct: While all of the options are important skills, the reason critical thinkers are encouraged to examine the nature and source of evidence is specifically to avoid basing conclusions on unreliable or poor evidence. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 9 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 33) For a class project, Brenda read about the results of several studies investigating the causes of schizophrenia. Some of the studies seemed to indicate that schizophrenia is genetic, while others indicated that schizophrenia could be triggered by environmental factors. Eventually, Brenda had to accept that schizophrenia is a complicated disease, and that there probably is not a clear-cut reason why some people develop it. This illustrates what critical thinking habit? a. examine assumptions and biases b. examine the nature and source of the evidence c. tolerate ambiguity d. consider alternatives Correct: Tolerating ambiguity refers to the ability to accept situations where there is not a clearly defined answer. People who tolerate ambiguity recognize that most complex issues do not have clear-cut answers. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 17 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 9 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 34) Which of the following is true about critical thinking? a. If used properly, everyone who uses it will come to the same conclusion. b. It forces us to break persistent mental habits that almost everyone uses. c. It often requires being negative or arbitrarily critical of other people's ideas. d. It always guarantees a correct answer. Correct: Truly engaging in critical thinking can be challenging. One thing it asks us to do is break some persistent mental habits employed by nearly everyone, even the best scientists and most rational thinkers. It does not, however, guarantee a correct answer, nor is it meant to make everyone come up with the same answer. Critical thinking means respecting other viewpoints, while at the same time recognizing that some ideas can be incorrect. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 9 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 35) ____________ holds that, when dealing with competing theories, the simplest one should be chosen. a. Skepticism b. Ambiguity c. The principle of parsimony d. Critical thinking Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 18 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Correct: Scientific and critical thinking involves the use of the principle of parsimony, which means that the simplest of all competing explanations (the most "parsimonious") of a phenomenon should be the one we accept. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 10 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of the scientific method. 36) Leonard is missing a sock. His sister suggests that a friend of his may have snuck into his room while he was sleeping and taken the sock as a practical joke; however, Leonard decides it is much more likely that the sock was simply lost when he last did the laundry. What element of critical thinking most likely influenced his decision? a. skepticism b. the principle of parsimony c. tolerance of ambiguity d. avoiding overly emotional thinking Correct: Leonard is demonstrating the principle of parsimony: the simplest of all competing explanations should be the one we accept. While both explanations for the missing sock are possible, Leonard's is simpler than his sister's, and should therefore be favoured. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 10 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 37) According to the principle of parsimony, reports of alien abduction are unlikely to be true because a. there are several other explanations that are much simpler. b. aliens do not really exist. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 19 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science c. eyewitness reports should never be believed. d. people who think they were abducted by aliens are clearly mentally unstable. Correct: According to the principle of parsimony: the simplest of all competing explanations should be the one we accept. Because there are several alternative explanations for reports of abductions that are simpler than the explanation that real aliens travelled to Earth, evaded detection, and secretly kidnapped people before returning them, this idea should be rejected. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 10 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 38) ______________ is the belief that knowledge comes through observation and experience. a. Determinism b. Parsimony c. Skepticism d. Empiricism Correct: Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge about the world comes from careful observation, not commonsense or speculation. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 39) A research psychologist is interested in whether children who play violent videogames display above average violent behaviour in real life. Which approach to this question could the psychologist take that would be consistent with the principles of empiricism? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 20 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science a. Use common sense to determine if there is a connection. b. Ask children to speculate about the connection. c. Carefully measure the type and amount of videogame play in children and observe their behaviour. d. Ask parents and teachers to speculate about the connection. Correct: Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge about the world comes from careful observation, not common sense or speculation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 40) Which of the following questions represents the concept of empiricism? a. Would Martin Luther King, Jr., have been a good president? b. What is the meaning of life? c. Was the Civil War necessary? d. Is there life on other planets? Correct: Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge about the world comes from careful observation, not commonsense or speculation. The question of life on other planets could be answered by observation (data from space probes, receiving radio signals from another planet, etc.), whereas the other questions can only be addressed by speculating. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 21 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 41) Dr. Patel is a school psychologist who has noticed that a fifth-grade student has recently begun to misbehave and fall behind academically. He decides there must be a reason for the student's sudden problems and decides to try to figure out what it is. Dr. Patel's belief that the student's behaviour is the result of some unknown cause is an example of a. determinism. b. parsimony. c. skepticism. d. empiricism. Correct: Determinism is the belief in cause-and-effect relationships, for example, if you do X, then Y will be the result. In this example, Dr. Patel assumes that the student's behaviour did not change spontaneously, and that it must be the result of one or more factors. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 42) According to the principle of _______________, human behaviour is the result of factors that influence us is predictable ways. a. free will b. materialism c. determinism d. empiricism Correct: Determinism is the belief in lawful, cause-and-effect relationships. As it relates to psychology, determinism means that behaviour is determined or influenced by many factors and natural laws. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 22 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 43) The belief that behaviour follows lawful, cause-and-effect relationships is known as a. free will. b. materialism. c. empiricism. d. determinism. Correct: Determinism is the belief in lawful, cause-and-effect relationships. As it relates to psychology, determinism means that behaviour is determined or influenced by many factors and natural laws. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 44) The concept of free will—the idea that we are in charge of our own behaviour—is often in conflict with the concept of a. empiricism. b. determinism. c. parsimony. d. materialism. Correct: Determinism is the belief in lawful, cause-and-effect relationships. The debate about whether we are in charge of our own behaviour or whether human behaviour is determined is often referred to as free will vs. determinism. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 23 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 45) Psychological science is a. both empirical and deterministic. b. empirical but not deterministic. c. deterministic but not empirical. d. neither empirical nor deterministic. Correct: Psychological science is both empirical and deterministic. Our understanding of behaviour comes from observing what we can see and measure, and behaviour is caused by a multitude of factors. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 13 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behaviour. 46) Psychology has been a science since a. around 470 BCE. b. the early 1600s. c. the late 1800s. d. the mid 1900s. Correct: Although the scientific method started to take hold around 1600, psychology didn't become a science until the late 1800s due to zeitgeist. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 24 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 47) During the Victorian period in Europe, sexuality of any kind was considered taboo. Today of course, most adults are more open about their sexuality. This is an example of how the ____________ of different periods can affect the way people behave and think. a. psychophysics b. zeitgeist c. dualism d. materialism Correct: Zeitgeist refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history. In this example, the zeitgeist of Victorian Europe was extremely conservative about sex, which greatly affected the way people thought about the body and relationships between the sexes. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 48) In a given culture, certain periods of its history are dominated by a general set of beliefs and attitudes known as a. zeitgeist. b. metaperspective. c. parsimony. d. gestalt. Correct: Zeitgeist refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history. For example, the zeitgeist of Victorian Europe was extremely conservative about sex. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 25 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 49) According to the authors of the textbook, what is a key reason why psychology took almost 300 years longer than physics, biology, and chemistry to become scientific? a. Early scientific methodology was too primitive to use to study the mind. b. Laws were passed in the 1600s that made studying the mind illegal. c. Few people were interested in the mind and behaviour prior to the 20th century. d. The zeitgeist of the 1600s prevented people from believing that science could be applied to the study of the mind. Correct: The power of zeitgeist can be very strong and there are several ways it prevented psychological science from emerging in the 1600s. Perhaps most important is that people were not ready to accept a science that could be applied to minds. To the average person of the 1600s, viewing human behaviour as the result of predictable physical laws was troubling. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 50) According to the authors of the textbook, scholars in the 1600s did not apply scientific methodology to the study of the mind and human behaviour because of what belief? a. that scientific methodology did not work b. that science needed more time to develop c. that humans were not just physical machines, and could not be studied using science d. that it was a religious sin to try to understand the nature of the mind Correct: A likely reason why the science of psychology did not develop in the 1600s is that people were not ready to accept a science that could be applied to minds. To the Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 26 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science average person then, viewing human behaviour as the result of predictable physical laws was troubling. Doing so would seem to imply the philosophy of materialism: the belief that humans, and other living beings, are comprised exclusively of physical matter. This would mean that we are nothing more than complex machines that lack a self-conscious, self-controlling soul. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 51) The belief that the mind or soul is separate from the physical body is known as ____________, whereas the belief that humans are completely physical beings is called _____________. a. determinism; empiricism b. empiricism; determinism c. dualism; materialism d. materialism; dualism Correct: Dualism refers to the belief that the mind or soul is not part of the material body. In contrast, materialism is the belief that humans are entirely made of physical matter, including our conscious minds. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 52) The philosopher and mathematician René Descartes famously believed that the mind was not made of physical matter, and could exist outside of the body. Descartes' belief in the relationship between mind and body could be described as a. determinism. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 27 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science b. empiricism. c. materialism. d. dualism. Correct: Dualism refers to the belief that the mind or soul is not part of the material body. In contrast, materialism is the belief that humans are entirely made of physical matter, including our conscious minds. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 53) How did physiologists and physicists, like Gustav Fechner, contribute to the development of psychology as a science? a. They studied the relationship between the physical world and mental representation of that world. b. They demonstrated that the brain was responsible for consciousness. c. They identified the locations of specific functions within the brain. d. They extended Darwin's theory of evolution to behaviour and cognitive abilities. Correct: Fechner researched psychophysics, which is the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 54) Brenda is a participant in an experiment. She is told to watch a series of lights and to identify which one is the brightest. It is likely that Brenda is participating in a(n) ________________ experiment. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 28 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science a. psychophysics b. anthropometric c. phrenology d. eugenics Correct: Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world. In this example, the experimenters appear to be studying how different physical stimuli (the lights) are perceived. The experiment is unlikely to involve anthropometry or phrenology, which both involve relating physical features to psychological characteristics, or eugenics, which is the discredited belief in the genetic superiority of some individuals. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 55) Psychophysics is the study of a. how the mind controls the body. b. the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world. c. the relationship between mental abilities and bumps on the head. d. how information is stored in the brain. Correct: Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world. It involves determining how physical stimuli (e.g., light, sound, pressure) are detected and represented by the nervous system. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 14 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 29 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 56) Which of the following is true regarding Darwin's theory of evolution? a. It applies to physical characteristics, but not to behaviour. b. It applies to behaviour, but not to physical characteristics. c. It applies to physical characteristics as well as to behaviours. d. It was discredited along with Francis Galton's concept of eugenics. Correct: Charles Darwin recognized that natural selection could shape behaviour as well as physical characteristics. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 57) Who proposed that emotions and other behaviours were the result of natural selection? a. Spurzheim b. Wernicke c. Freud d. Darwin Correct: Charles Darwin recognized that natural selection could shape behaviour as well as physical characteristics. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 30 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 58) Suppose a small number of geese are born with a genetic mutation that makes them spend more time caring for their eggs. As a result, more chicks hatch from these eggs that then survive to reproduce themselves. According to the principle of natural selection, which of the following would be the likely result? a. Other genetic mutations would start occurring at a faster rate. b. The genetically inherited behaviour would become more common after many generations. c. The genetically inherited behaviour would become less common after many generations. d. The rate of genetic mutations would slow drastically. Correct: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection states that genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to flourish within the breeding population. In this example, the genetically inherited trait improves the chance of survival for the chicks, many of which will inherit the gene from their parent. Therefore, the trait will become more common over time. This process generally does not affect the rate of genetic mutations. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 16 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 59) How would Charles Darwin likely explain maternal aggression when something or someone threatens a mother's children? a. Young girls learn to protect their children by watching their mothers. b. Maternal aggression is an inherited trait that is selected for because it contributes to the survival of the offspring. c. Mothers are rewarded for being protective of their children. d. Mothers learn to be protective of their children through trial and error. Correct: Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection states that genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to flourish within the breeding population. In this example, maternal aggression improves the chance of survival for the child, who may have inherited the trait from the mother. Therefore, the trait will become more common over time. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 31 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 16 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 60) "Brain localization" refers to the idea that a. the brain is wired for the spatial mapping of our surroundings. b. neurons in the brain only communicate with nearby neurons. c. the brain, and not the heart, is the seat of the human consciousness. d. certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities and personality characteristics. Correct: Brain localization is the idea that specific brain regions are associated with specific functions. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 16 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 61) Which two physicians developed phrenology? a. Gall and Spurzheim b. Broca and Wernicke c. Mesmer and Freud d. Galton and Wundt Correct: Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim developed the now discredited theory of phrenology. Answer: a Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 32 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 16–17 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 62) Which of the following is true regarding phrenology? a. It is still used by forensic psychologists. b. It was an early approach to brain localization. c. It was developed by Karl Wernicke and Paul Broca. d. It was developed in the 1950'. Correct: Phrenology, which is the study of how raised features on the surface of the skull correspond to mental traits, was developed primarily by Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim in the mid-1800s. Although considered a pseudoscience today, phrenology is still notable as an early approach to the localization of specific abilities within the brain. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 16–17 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 63) Kelly notices a bump on the side of Roger's head and points it out to him. He replies, "That means I'm a passionate person!" Roger's joke is based on the theory of a. phrenology. b. eugenics. c. parsimony. d. psychophysics. Correct: Phrenology is the study of how raised features on the surface of the skull correspond to mental traits. Roger's comment is clearly a joke, because phrenology was discredited long ago. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 33 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 16–17 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 64) Which early approach to brain localization was used by physicians like Paul Broca, and was more scientific than phrenology? a. using electricity to stimulate different brain regions b. surgically removing brain regions c. studying the behaviour of patients who had experienced brain injuries d. studying the shape and size of the human skull Correct: An early approach to studying brain localization was to study how specific brain injuries, such as strokes, affected behaviour. Paul Broca famously discovered that patients with damage to a specific brain region lost the ability to speak. He therefore concluded that language production was located in that region, which is known as Broca's area. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 65) Which two doctors were able to identify important language centres in the brain by studying their patients? a. Gall and Spurzheim b. Broca and Wernicke c. Mesmer and Freud d. Galton and Wundt Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 34 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Correct: Paul Broca and Karl Wernicke are well known for discovering brain regions that, when damaged, lead to difficulty speaking (Broca's area) and understanding (Wernicke's area) language. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 66) Who developed a now discredited medical treatment using magnets, and contributed to the development of hypnosis? a. Galton b. Wernicke c. Mesmer d. Freud Correct: Franz Mesmer, an 18th-century Austrian physician practising in Paris, believed that prolonged exposure to magnets could redirect the flow of metallic fluids in the body, thereby curing disease and insanity. Mesmer was able to put his patients into a trancelike state that became known as hypnosis. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 67) How did Franz Mesmer influence the early development of psychology? a. He developed the concept of brain localization. b. He discovered a brain region responsible for language. c. He developed psychoanalysis. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 35 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science d. He contributed to the development of hypnosis, which Freud began to use to treat his patients. Correct: Franz Mesmer was able to put his patients into a trancelike state that became known as hypnosis. This caught the attention of an Austrian physician named Sigmund Freud, who began to use hypnosis to treat his own patients. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 17 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 68) The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behaviour is part of what early approach to psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. psychoanalysis d. behaviourism Correct: Developed by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious processes. Structuralism, functionalism, and behaviourism do not share this focus on the unconscious mind. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 69) What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the psychosomatic conditions he observed? a. free will Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 36 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science b. brain physiology c. the unconscious mind d. external consequences Correct: Freud's work with his patients led him to conclude that their disorders were the result of unconscious thoughts, memories, and urges. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 70) Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients? a. drug therapy b. neuropsychology c. clinical psychology d. psychoanalysis Correct: Freud's work with his patients led him to conclude that their disorders were the result of unconscious thoughts, memories, and urges, and not physical ailments. This led Freud to develop his famous approach called psychoanalysis. Although psychoanalysis and clinical psychology are sometimes superficially similar, the field of clinical psychology was not developed until later. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 17–18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 71) Freud stressed the importance of Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 37 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science a. early life experiences. b. adolescence. c. early adulthood. d. middle adulthood. Correct: Freud placed great emphasis on how early life experiences influence our behaviour as adults. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 72) One of the lasting legacies of Freud's theories is the _____________ approach to scientific psychology. a. biological b. behavioural c. social d. medical model Correct: The use of medical ideas to treat disorders of emotions, thought, and behaviour, an approach known as the medical model, can be traced to Freud's influence. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 73) The question of nature and nurture relationships centres on how ____________ (nature) and ____________ (nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 38 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science a. environment; heredity b. heredity; environment c. emotion; logic d. logic; emotion Correct: The terms nature and nurture are used as shorthand when discussing the relative roles of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) in determining specific traits. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 74) Which of the following would be most difficult for Francis Galton to explain with his theories? a. Close family relatives often have similar traits. b. Sometimes children from very humble families become very successful. c. Successful parents often have successful children. d. In the United States, Whites are, on average, more successful than non-Whites. Correct: Galton believed that heredity (genetics) explained psychological differences among people. The idea of hereditary psychology fit Galton's beliefs about social class, specifically that the reason why some people, races, and families were more successful than others was because they had "better" genes. The idea that a child from humble beginnings—and therefore bad genes—could become successful conflicts with Galton's beliefs. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 18 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 39 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 75) Which of the following is true regarding the legacy of Francis Galton? a. Although his ideas have been discredited, his use of statistical methods to measure and study behaviour has had a lasting impact on scientific psychology. b. While many of his ideas are still considered valid, Galton failed to use scientific methodology. c. Both his ideas and methodology are still considered valid today. d. Although important in his time, Galton had almost no lasting impact on scientific psychology. Correct: Galton's excessive focus on the role of genetics in determining behaviour and his belief in the genetic superiority of some individuals are no longer accepted by mainstream psychologists. However, Galton's use of statistical methods to measure and study behaviour and mental processes has had a lasting impact on how psychological research is conducted. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 18 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 76) Which individual is usually credited with establishing the first scientific psychological laboratory? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt Correct: Most contemporary psychologists have agreed that Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour and was responsible for establishing psychology as an independent field of science. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 40 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 77) Wilhelm Wundt is best known for a. establishing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. b. writing books on ethics and logic. c. establishing phrenology as a science. d. training doctors to treat mental illness. Correct: Most contemporary psychologists have agreed that Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour, and was responsible for establishing psychology as an independent field of science. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 78) Introspection requires a. metaphysical experiences. b. self-skepticism about experiences. c. empiricism. d. examining one's own perceptions and thoughts. Correct: Introspection means to "look within," or to examine one's own perceptions and thoughts. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 41 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 79) The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ___________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences. a. intervention b. introspection c. insight inventory d. induction Correct: Introspection means to "look within," or to examine one's own perceptions and thoughts. William Wundt had his subjects use introspection to perform his research, which was continued by Edward Titchener and developed into structuralism. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 80) At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to a. analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements. b. determine the function or purpose of a particular human behaviour. c. listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness. d. carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine his or her character traits. Correct: Wundt believed that basic sensations are the "atoms" of more complicated experiences, an idea that later became known as structuralism. Structuralism was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together. This is in contrast to functionalism, which attempted to determine the function or purpose of behaviours. Answer: a Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 42 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 81) Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? a. They wanted to identify the major brain structures. b. Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind. c. They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system. d. Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience. Correct: Structuralism was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together. In this context, "structure" refers to the way in which conscious experiences were believed to be composed of basic elements, similar to how molecules are composed of atoms. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 82) Which school of thought in psychology tried to identify the basic elements of sensations, images, and feelings? a. structuralism b. phrenology c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis Correct: Structuralism was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 43 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 83) A person is asked to break down all the different components of taste when biting into an orange. This type of research would be typical in which of the following schools of psychology? a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. structuralism Correct: Using introspection to break down all the different components of a perception such as taste was the approach of structuralism. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 84) In America, Wilhelm Wundt's ideas were popularized by one of his students, _______________, who gave Wundt's approach the name "structuralism." a. Sigmund Freud b. John Watson c. William James d. Edward Titchener Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 44 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Correct: Wundt's ideas made their way to the U.S. through students who worked with him. One student, Edward Titchener, adopted the same method of introspection used by Wundt to devise an organized map of the structure of human consciousness. He called the approach structuralism. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 85) What early American psychologist yearned to create a periodic table of the elements of consciousness? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. B. F. Skinner d. Edward Titchener Correct: The only proponent of structuralism listed is Edward Titchener. Structuralists like Titchener believed that mental experiences were made up of a limited number of sensations, which were analogous to elements in physics and chemistry. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 20 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 86) Who was an early proponent of functionalism? a. Ivan Pavlov b. William James Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 45 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Max Wertheimer Correct: Influenced by Charles Darwin, William James developed functionalism, the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 87) How behaviours and mental processes help us adapt to the environment is a question addressed by which early movement of psychology? a. behaviourism b. cognitism c. functionalism d. structuralism Correct: Influenced by Charles Darwin, William James developed functionalism, the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 21 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 88) Which school of thought in psychology was heavily influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin? a. phrenology b. structuralism c. functionalism Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 46 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science d. psychoanalysis Correct: Influenced by Charles Darwin, William James developed functionalism, the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 21 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 89) Patricia believes that the purpose of jealousy in men is to prevent their mates from becoming impregnated by other men. The reason why it is so common, she argues, is that this is a very adaptive behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. Patricia's approach to jealousy is an example of a. structuralism. b. functionalism. c. empiricism. d. behaviourism. Correct: Functionalism is the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience. In this example, Patricia is arguing that the "function" of male jealousy is to avoid raising the offspring of another male. William James, who developed functionalism, was greatly influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 21 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 90) Suppose you were one of the early graduate students in the newly developed field of psychology. Your mentor is interested in discovering the answers to questions like, ”Why is the ability to forget helpful?” and ”How do emotions assist us in social situations?” Your mentor's approach is most consistent with the ___________ perspective. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 47 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science a. behaviourist b. functionalist c. psychoanalytic d. structuralist Correct: Functionalism is the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience. In this example, both questions centre on how specific behaviours and mental processes are adaptive, in other words, "What is their function?" Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 21 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychology's history. 91) John Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of a. behaviour. b. the mind. c. the brain. d. consciousness. Correct: John Watson argued that only changes in the environment and behaviour can be observed and measured, and that the mind and consciousness cannot be studied scientifically. While Watson's approach did not exclude studying the physical brain from the field of psychology, Watson believed that psychology should fundamentally be the study of behaviour. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 21–22 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 48 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 92) Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study mental processes? a. psychoanalysis b. behaviourism c. Gestalt psychology d. humanism Correct: Proponents of behaviourism—like John Watson—argued that only changes in the environment and behaviour can be observed and measured, and that mental events and processes cannot be studied scientifically. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 21–22 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 93) What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? a. "Focus on observable behaviour." b. "Life is an effort to overcome inferiority." c. "We cannot know others until we know ourselves." d. "Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes." Correct: Proponents of behaviourism—like John Watson—argued that only changes in the environment and behaviour can be observed and measured, and that mental events and processes cannot be studied scientifically. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 21–22 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 49 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 94) Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research? a. a survey of daydreams b. an analysis of how specific behaviours are acquired c. a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women d. an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items Correct: Proponents behaviourism—like John Watson—argued that only changes in the environment and behaviour can be observed and measured, and that mental events and processes cannot be studied scientifically. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 21–22 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 95) Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviourism? a. Gestalt and Wundt b. Freud and Watson c. Watson and Pavlov d. Pavlov and Wundt Correct: The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov contributed to the discovery of classical conditioning, which became central to behaviourism. John Watson popularized behaviourism in the United States. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 21–22 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 50 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 96) B. F. Skinner is most associated with which perspective? a. behaviourism b. cognitivism c. functionalism d. psychoanalysis Correct: Like John Watson before him, B.F. Skinner was also a behaviourist and had considerable influence over American psychology for several decades. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 22 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 97) Humanism developed, in part, as a reaction against which two perspectives? a. the cognitive and learning perspectives b. the behaviourist and psychoanalytic perspectives c. the sociocultural and cognitive perspectives d. the biological and behaviourist perspectives Correct: Prior to the development of humanistic psychology in the 1950s, the behaviourist and psychoanalytic perspectives left little room for the concept of free will in psychology. In contrast, humanistic psychology focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human and their freedom to act. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 22 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 51 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 98) You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and life's meaning. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented? a. behaviourism b. humanism c. functionalism d. psychodynamics Correct: Humanistic psychology focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, their freedom to act (i.e., free will), their rational thought, and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals. Humanistic psychologists generally seek to understand the meaning of personal experience. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 22–23 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 99) Early leaders in __________________ believed that people are generally motivated to personally grow and fulfill their potential. a. behaviourism b. cognitive psychology c. functionalism d. humanistic psychology Correct: Humanistic psychology focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, their freedom to act (i.e., free will), their rational thought, and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, two major figures of humanistic psychology, believed that humans strive to develop a sense of self and are motivated to personally grow and fulfill their potential. Answer: d Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 52 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Type: MC Page Reference: 22–23 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 100) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were two major figures in the development of which psychological perspective? a. humanistic psychology b. functionalism c. cognitive psychology d. behaviourism Correct: Among the many major figures of humanistic psychology were Carl Rogers (1902–1987) and Abraham Maslow (1908–1970). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 22–23 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 101) Memory researchers like Herman Ebbinghaus and Frederick Bartlett contributed to the beginning of the ____________ perspective. a. humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. cognitive d. behaviourist Correct: Unlike the behaviourists, Herman Ebbinghaus and Frederick Bartlett believed that mental processes like memory could be studied scientifically. Their work, and the work of other European psychologists studying the mind, marked the beginning of cognitive psychology. Answer: c Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 53 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 102) The origins of the cognitive perspective can be traced back to a handful of European psychologists who were studying a. memory. b. behaviour. c. computers. d. language. Correct: The European focus on thought flourished through the early 1900s, long before psychologists in the U.S. began to take seriously the idea that they could study the mind, even if they could not see it. Thus, it was the work of European psychologists that formed the basis of the cognitive perspective. Early evidence of an emerging cognitive perspective concerned the study of memory, and included the work of Herman Ebbinghaus and Frederick Bartlett. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 24–25 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 103) The early perspective called gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called a. psychoanalysis. b. cognitive psychology. c. behavioural psychology. d. social psychology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 54 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Correct: Gestalt psychology was a precursor to cognitive psychology. Gestalt psychology emphasized that psychologists need to focus on the whole of the perception and experience, rather than its parts. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 25 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 104) "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement that can be associated with the perspective of a. introspection. b. functionalism. c. psychoanalysis. d. gestalt psychology. Correct: Gestalt psychology was a precursor to cognitive psychology. Gestalt psychology emphasized that psychologists need to focus on the whole of the perception and experience, rather than its parts. In other words, the whole of a perceptual experience cannot be understood by simply examining individual elements or parts. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 25 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 105) Professor Ashmore approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes how people reason, remember, and understand language. It is most likely that she accepts the _____________ perspective. a. biological Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 55 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science b. behavioural c. cognitive d. sociocultural Correct: Cognitive psychology is a modern psychological perspective that focuses on processes such as memory, thinking, and language. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 25 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology. 106) ______________ psychologists are generally interested in how the behaviour of individuals can be influenced by other people. a. Social b. Gestalt c. Behavioural d. Humanistic Correct: Social psychologists are particularly interested in how the presence of other people influences behaviour. This is not a central theme of the other options listed. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 25 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 107) Kurt Lewin is often cited as the founder of which perspective? a. social psychology b. cognitive psychology Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 56 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science c. behaviourism d. humanistic psychology Correct: Although social psychology was born out of collaboration, Kurt Lewin is often cited as the founder of modern social psychology. Trained as a gestalt psychologist, Lewin shifted his attention to focus on race relations in the United States. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 26 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 108) A central theme in social psychology is that a. human behaviour can be best understood by studying individuals out of context. b. behaviour is a function of both the individual and the environment they are in. c. social situations generally have the same effect on everyone. d. individuals act similarly, no matter what context they are placed in. Correct: Kurt Lewin, the founder of modern social psychology, concluded that behaviour is a function of the individual and the environment. This means that behaviour is the result of an interaction between the individual and the social context they are in. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 26 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology. 109) Dr. Barnouti has a Ph.D. in psychology and works for the military. His goal is to find a way to keep soldiers alert and focused during long missions where they get little to no sleep. Dr. Barnouti would best be described as a _________ psychologist. a. basic Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 57 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science b. research c. forensic d. academic Correct: Research psychologists typically work at universities, corporations, in the military, and in governmental agencies. Many psychologists working in these different settings focus on applying basic principles of psychology to real-world settings. Dr. Barnouti's research would not be described as basic, because its goal is to solve a specific problem (i.e., sleep deprivation in soldiers). He also would not be considered an academic psychologist because he does not work at a university or college, nor a forensic psychologist because he does not deal with issues involving the law. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work. 110) The goal of ______________ is to use psychological knowledge to address problems and issues across various settings and professions, including law, education, clinical psychology, and business organization and management. a. basic psychology b. industrial and organizational psychology c. forensic psychology d. applied psychology Correct: Applied psychology uses psychological knowledge to address specific problems. In contrast, the goal of basic psychology is to acquire knowledge, not to solve specific problems. While I/O and forensic psychology are types of applied psychology, I/O psychologists work specifically with companies and other organizations, while forensic psychologists work specifically with issues involving the law. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 58 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Objective: Know the key terminology of psychological professions. 111) Dr. Fernwood is a research psychologist. The main focus of her research is to use psychological knowledge to find ways to reduce bullying in schools. Dr. Fernwood's research could be described as ____________ psychology. a. basic b. forensic c. applied d. I/O Correct: Applied psychology uses psychological knowledge to address specific problems, such as school bullying. In contrast, the goal of basic psychology is to acquire knowledge, not to solve specific problems. While I/O and forensic psychology are types of applied psychology, psychologists in these fields would be unlikely to study school bullying. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychological professions. 112) No matter what they specialize in, psychologists who teach and/or conduct research at universities can be referred to as ______________ psychologists. a. academic b. school c. forensic d. clinical Correct: Academic psychologists work at colleges and universities and most combine teaching with conducting research, although some do only one or the other. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 59 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of psychological professions. 113) Which of the following is true about psychiatrists and clinical psychologists? a. Psychiatrists have Psy.D. degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a Ph.D. b. Psychiatrists have Ph.D. degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a only a Master's degree. c. Psychiatrists have Ph.D. degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a Psy.D. d. Psychiatrists have medical degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a Ph.D. or Psy.D. Correct: Psychiatry is a branch of medicine and is practiced by physicians with medical degrees. Some states allow clinical psychologists to work with a master's degree, but many clinical psychologists have either a Ph.D. or a Psy.D. degree. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements. 114) What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists? a. They obtain the same graduate education. b. They have the same training experiences after college. c. They view abnormal behaviours as arising from the same causes. d. They diagnose and treat people experiencing psychological disorders. Correct: Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists diagnosis and treat individuals with mental and behavioural disorders. However, unlike clinical psychologists, psychiatrists are physicians with medical degrees and different training. As a result, the two types of mental health professionals tend to view the causes and treatment of abnormal behaviour differently. Answer: d Diff: 3 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 60 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements. 115) In general, _________________ are more likely to prescribe drugs when treating mental health concerns and problems, while _________________ are more likely to emphasize psychological approaches such as talk therapy. a. social workers; psychiatrists b. psychiatrists; clinical psychologists c. clinical psychologists; psychiatrists d. social workers; clinical psychologists Correct: As physicians, psychiatrists are likely to prescribe drugs such as antidepressants. Clinical and counselling psychologists are more likely to emphasize different approaches like talking therapies to treat mental health concerns and disorders. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements. 116) A friend of yours is interested in getting a graduate degree and eventually becoming a clinical psychologist. She wants her education to focus almost exclusively on the practice of clinical psychology, and to include very little research or scientific training. Which type of graduate degree programs should she apply to? a. Ph.D. b. Psy.D. c. M.D. d. Ed.D. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 61 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Correct: Clinical psychologists typically have a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or a Doctor of Psychology Psy.D. degree. Unlike the Ph.D., which combines science and practice, the Psy.D. degree focuses almost exclusively on the practice of psychology. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements. 117) Nico is meeting with his academic adviser. He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders. Nico aspires to be a(n) a. clinical psychologist. b. experimental psychologist. c. forensic psychologist. d. school psychologist. Correct: Clinical psychology is the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. The other types of psychologists listed do not typically diagnose or treat mental disorders. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work. 118) Because ______________ is a branch of medicine, it is usually practiced by a medical doctor (M.D.). a. psychiatry b. clinical psychology c. social work Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 62 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science d. forensic psychology Correct: Unlike clinical psychology, which is usually practised by someone with a Ph.D. or a Psy.D., psychiatrists are physicians (M.D.s). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements. 119) Vido has a Master's degree and has been studying how family dynamics and a person's socioeconomic situation can affect wellbeing and mental health. What type of professional is Vido most likely to become? a. human factors psychologist b. psychiatrist c. school psychologist d. social worker Correct: Social workers are likely to emphasize the social context of the individuals in treatment, such as the family's dynamics, socio-economic status, and community. Unlike many other jobs in psychology, which typically require a doctorate, social workers usually have a Master's in Social Work (MSW). Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements. 120) A __________ works in prisons, trains and evaluates police officers, assists with jury selection, and evaluates whether defendants are able to stand trial. a. clinical psychologist Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 63 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science b. school psychologist c. I/O psychologist d. forensic psychologist Correct: Forensic psychology encompasses work in the criminal justice system, including interactions with the legal system and its professionals. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work. 121) Which of the following is a forensic psychologist most likely to do? a. train and evaluate police officers b. profile criminals c. help detectives investigate a crime d. read the body language of suspects Correct: In contrast to the way it is usually portrayed on TV and in movies, few forensic psychologists are involved in criminal profiling or investigation. You would more likely see forensic psychologists working in prisons, training and evaluating police officers, or assisting with jury selections and evaluating whether defendants are able to stand trial. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: Module 1.3 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists. 122) What two things do most members of the helping profession (i.e., mental health professionals) have in common? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 64 of 68  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science a. They have graduate degrees and focus on improving the life of the patient and/or his/her family. b. They perform research and work at universities. c. They have a Ph.D. and a federal certificate to practise psychotherapy. d. They can prescribe medication and