Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception PDF

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 1) The ability to detect external events through our sensory systems is known as ______________. a. accommodation b. perception c. sensation d. sensory adaptation Co...

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 1) The ability to detect external events through our sensory systems is known as ______________. a. accommodation b. perception c. sensation d. sensory adaptation Correct: Sensation is the process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those events into neural signals. In contrast, perception involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 132 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 2) Sensation is to _______ as perception is to _______. a. psychological; physical b. gathering; understanding c. understanding; gathering d. interpreting; detecting Correct: Sensation is the process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those events into neural signals. In contrast, perception involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 132 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 1 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 3) The organization and interpretation of olfactory information is one example of ____________. a. accommodation b. perception c. sensation d. transduction Correct: Sensation is the process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those events into neural signals. In contrast, perception involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 132 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 4) __________ involves the detection of energy by sense organs, whereas __________ involves interpreting sensory inputs. a. Perception; sensation b. Adaptation; perception c. Sensation; perception d. Sensation; adaptation Correct: Sensation is the process of detecting external events by sense organs and turning those events into neural signals. In contrast, perception involves attending to, organizing, and interpreting stimuli that we sense. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 132 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 2 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 5) The conversion of external energy into something that the nervous system can understand is known as _____________. a. accommodation b. perception c. sensation d. transduction Correct: Transduction is the process in which physical or chemical stimulation is converted into a nerve impulse that is relayed to the brain. It is part of the process of sensation. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 132 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 6) When Bethany steps on her digital scale, a mechanism in it measures the physical pressure pushing down on the scale and converts it into an electrical signal that can be read by the scale. The converting of the physical pressure on the scale caused by Bethany's weight into an electrical signal is similar to the process of ____________. a. transduction b. bottom-up processing c. top-down processing d. perception Correct: Transduction is the process in which physical or chemical stimulation is converted into a nerve impulse that is relayed to the brain. It is part of the process of sensation. Bottom-up and top-down processing are part of the perceptual process. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 132 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 3 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 7) When she walks into her mother's kitchen, Amelia doesn't know how long she will be able to stay in the room because of the overpowering smell of onions. But when her sister comes home an hour later and complains about the smell, Amelia realizes that she no longer smells the onions at all. This is an example of ________________. a. sensory adaptation b. just noticeable difference c. a correct rejection d. a false alarm Correct: Sensory adaptation is the reduction of activity in sensory receptors with continued exposure to a stimulus. In this example, Amelia smells the onions when she first walks into the kitchen. However, after being continuously exposed to the smell for a while, her olfactory receptors stop sending the signal to brain. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 133 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 8) When first exposed to a stimulus, our sensory receptors tend to respond strongly. However, if the stimulus remains unchanged, the activity of the receptors tends to decrease. This process is called ________________. a. selective attention b. top-down processing c. sensory adaptation d. transduction Correct: Sensory adaptation is the reduction of activity in sensory receptors with continued exposure to a stimulus. Answer: c Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 4 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 133 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 9) One reason sensory adaptation can be beneficial is that it allows us to a. ignore continuous stimuli and shift our focus and attention to other events. b. detect visual stimuli outside of the normal visual spectrum. c. locate the source of sounds in the environment. d. convert physical and chemical stimuli into nerve impulses. Correct: Sensory adaptation is the reduction of activity in sensory receptors with continued exposure to a stimulus. Because of sensory adaptation, we experience ongoing stimuli less intensely, which allows us to focus on other events that are possibly more important. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 133 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 10) The study of how physical energy such as light and sound and their intensities relate to psychological experience is called _________________. a. psychophysics b. Gestalt psychology c. signal detection theory d. haptics Correct: Physicist and philosopher William Gustav Fechner coined the term psychophysics to refer to the study of how physical energy such as light and sound and their intensity relate to psychological experience. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 5 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 11) The lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change half the time is called the ___________. a. difference threshold b. just noticeable difference c. sensory adaptation d. absolute threshold Correct: The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of energy, or quantity of a stimulus, required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented. In contrast, the difference threshold is the smallest detectable difference between stimuli. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 134 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand what stimulus thresholds are. 12) When Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones. The tones varied only along the loud-soft dimensions (from very loud to very soft). The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she heard a sound. The doctor was testing Ann's _____________. a. auditory convergence b. refractory threshold c. absolute threshold d. difference threshold Correct: The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of energy, or quantity of a stimulus, required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented. In this example, the doctor is trying to find the quietest sound Ann can reliably detect (i.e., Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 6 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception the absolute threshold). In contrast, to determine a difference threshold, the doctor would need to ask Ann if she perceived two sounds as being the same or different volumes. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 134 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand what stimulus thresholds are. 13) A single eyelash lands on Neil's hand, but because the pressure is __________________, he does not notice it. a. above the difference threshold b. below the difference threshold c. above the absolute threshold d. below the absolute threshold Correct: The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of energy, or quantity of a stimulus, required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented. In contrast, a difference threshold is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 134 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand what stimulus thresholds are. 14) The difference threshold is a. the minimum amount of energy, or quantity of a stimulus, required for it to be reliably detected at least 50% of the time it is presented. b. the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared. c. the difference in absolute thresholds between individuals with normal sensory abilities and those who have limitations in one or more senses. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 7 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception d. the smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected after sensory adaptation. Correct: A difference threshold is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 134 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand what stimulus thresholds are. 15) Keegan notices that his favorite 55-cent candy bar seems lighter than usual and so he checks the label to find that it is lighter by 10 g than it used to be. He decides to buy a larger candy bar instead and doesn't notice that the 99-cent candy bar is also 10 g lighter. Keegan's behaviour illustrates the fact that a. the just noticeable difference is not a reliable measure of psychophysiological judgment. b. sensory adaptation may occur in the short time between holding one candy bar and then the other. c. difference thresholds are unpredictable because sometimes he can and sometimes he can't detect a 10 g change. d. the larger a weight is, the greater the change must be before one can detect a difference. Correct: A difference threshold is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. Whether you detect a difference, known as a just noticeable difference, depends on the intensity of the original stimulus. The more intense the original stimulus is, the more of it that must be added in order for the difference threshold to be reached. In this example, Keegan was able to notice the 10 g difference in the 55-cent bar because the original bar was relatively light. Because the 99-cent bar was heavier to begin with however, Keegan was not able to detect a change of only 10 grams. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 134 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand what stimulus thresholds are. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 8 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 16) ___________ was developed to isolate separate measures of sensory experience and the decision process of the person being tested. a. The absolute threshold b. The difference threshold c. Signal detection theory d. Psychophysics Correct: Signal detection theory states that whether a stimulus is perceived depends on both sensory experience and judgment made by the subject. Thus, the theory requires us to examine two processes: a sensory process and a decision process. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 135 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the methods of signal detection theory. 17) In a signal detection task, the participant says that he detects a signal when no signal is present. This is called a __________. a. hit b. false alarm c. miss d. correct rejection Correct: In signal detection theory experiments, if a subject thinks he or she detected a stimulus when none is present is referred to as a false alarm. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 135 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of signal detection theory to identify hits, misses, and correct responses in examples. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 9 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 18) In a signal detection task, the participant says that he detected a signal and a signal was present. This is called a ____________. a. hit b. false alarm c. miss d. correct rejection Correct: In signal detection theory experiments, if a subject correctly detects a signal on a trial when it is present, it is called a hit. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 135 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of signal detection theory to identify hits, misses, and correct responses in examples. 19) In a signal detection task, the participant says that she doesn't detect a signal but a signal was present. This is called a _____________. a. hit b. false alarm c. miss d. correct rejection Correct: In signal detection theory experiments, if a subject fails to detect a stimulus it is called a miss. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 135 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge of signal detection theory to identify hits, misses, and correct responses in examples. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 10 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 20) The processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness is called ____________. a. selective attention b. top-down processing c. subliminal perception d. bottom-up processing. Correct: Subliminal perception refers to perception below conscious thresholds. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 136 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 21) Miley is concerned that advertisers are using subliminal messages to make her buy their products. Based on the information in your textbook, what should you tell her? a. You're right, subliminal messages are very powerful. b. It's unclear; almost no research has been done on subliminal perception. c. Don't worry; people cannot perceive subliminal stimuli at all. d. There is little evidence that subliminal messages can be used to persuade people to do anything. Correct: Many studies have demonstrated that people can be affected by subliminal stimuli. However, there is no evidence that such messages have much effect, and certainly not to the extent that many people fear. At best, flashing a brief message on a screen can have a very temporary effect on thought. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 136 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 11 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Objective: Analyze claims that subliminal advertising and backward messages can influence your behaviour. 22) According to your textbook, subliminal advertising a. is a form of "mind control." b. can lead people to purchase items they otherwise would not. c. at most can have only a very temporary effect on thought. d. are pointless, because humans are not affected by subliminal stimuli. Correct: Many studies have demonstrated that people can be affected by subliminal stimuli. However, there is no evidence that such messages have much effect, and certainly not to the extent that many people fear. At best, flashing a brief message on a screen can have a very temporary effect on thought. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 136 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze claims that subliminal advertising and backward messages can influence your behaviour. 23) Which psychological school first identified that visual perception occurs in terms of whole objects rather than individual component parts? a. behaviourism b. Gestalt c. humanistic d. osychoanalytic Correct: Gestalt psychology is an approach to perception that emphasizes "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." In other words, the individual parts of an image may have little meaning on their own, but when combined, the whole takes on a significant, perceived form. Answer: b Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 12 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Type: MC Page Reference: 137 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 24) Which saying captures the principle emphasized by the Gestalt psychologists? a. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. b. Perception is based more on what we do not see than on what we do see. c. Perception is part sensory experience and part judgment. d. No two people will perceive a stimulus in the exact same way. Correct: Gestalt psychology is an approach to perception that emphasizes "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." In other words, the individual parts of an image may have little meaning on their own, but when combined, the whole takes on a significant, perceived form. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 137 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 25) As we listen to music on the radio or on our iPods, we often are more aware of the arrangement of tones into melodies rather than just focusing on the individual notes. This auditory perception is compatible with the principles established by _____________. a. behavioural psychologists b. Gestalt psychologists c. humanistic psychologists d. psychodynamic psychologists Correct: According to Gestalt psychology, individual parts of an image may have little meaning on their own, but when combined, the whole takes on a significant, perceived form. When listening to music, our experience is based on the combination of notes, and cannot be understood by examining each note individually. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 13 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 137–138 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 26) According to the ________________ principle, when we look at an image, we tend to perceive some parts as standing out and other parts as being part of the background. a. figure-ground b. closure c. proximity d. continutiy Correct: One basic Gestalt principle is that objects or "figures" in our environment tend to stand out against a background. Gestalt psychologists refer to this basic perceptual rule as the figure-ground principle. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 137–138 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 27) As she watches her granddaughter's dance recital, Patty perceives two separate groups of dancers. Her granddaughter's group wears bright turquoise costumes with gold accents and the other group wears bright gold costumes with turquoise accents. Patty perceives the girls as belonging to two different groups due to the Gestalt principle of ____________. a. proximity b. continuity c. similarity d. closure Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 14 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Correct: According to the Gestalt principle of similarity, we tend to group objects based on similarity of properties such as colouration, shape, and orientation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 138 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 28) Elements that share common features such as size, shape, or colour are viewed as a set. This defines which Gestalt law of organization? a. figure-ground b. similarity c. proximity d. closure Correct: According to the Gestalt principle of similarity, we tend to group objects based on similarity of properties such as colouration, shape, and orientation. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 138 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 29) Two or more objects that are close together are viewed as belonging to the same a set. This defines which Gestalt law of organization? a. figure-ground b. similarity c. proximity d. closure Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 15 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Correct: According to the Gestalt principle of proximity, we tend to treat two or more objects that are in close proximity to each other as a group. Because of their proximity, a dozen eggs in a carton look like two rows of six eggs, rather than six rows of two. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 138 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 30) ______________ refers to the perceptual rule that lines and other objects tend to be continuous, rather than abruptly changing direction. a. Figure-ground b. Continuity c. Proximity d. Closure Correct: Continuity or "good continuation" refers to the perceptual rule that lines and other objects tend to be continuous, rather than abruptly changing direction. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 138 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 31) When you look at the drawing below, your brain fills in the gaps so that you perceive a complete form—in this case, a square. This occurs due to the principle of ___________. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 16 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception a. proximity b. continuity c. similarity d. closure Correct: The Gestalt principle of closure refers to the tendency to fill in gaps to complete a whole object. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 138 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 32) In __________ processing, we construct a whole stimulus from its parts. a. parallel b. bottom-up c. perceptual set d. top-down Correct: Bottom-up processing involves constructing a whole perception or concept from bits of raw sensory information, for example, identifying a whole word by first identifying each letter. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 139 Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 17 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 33) __________ processing is conceptually driven and influenced by our beliefs and expectations. a. Bottom-up b. Parallel c. Top-down d. Sensory Correct: Top-down processing occurs when prior knowledge and expectations guide what is perceived. For example, an ambiguous character that could be either a "5" or an "S" will be perceived differently depending on whether you expect it to be a number or a letter. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 139 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 34) Lidia visits an art exhibit of abstract paintings. One painting is composed of seemingly random lines and shapes. However, because Lidia knows the painting is supposed to be a portrait, she perceives the various lines and shapes as forming a face. Which type of perceptual processing is Lidia most likely using? a. Top-down b. Parallel c. Bottom-up d. Sensory Correct: Top-down processing occurs when prior knowledge and expectations guide what is perceived. In this example, Lidia's expectation that the painting is of a person influences how she perceives the painting. Answer: a Diff: 3 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 18 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Type: MC Page Reference: 139 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 35) Which of the following accurately describes how we perceive and interpret the visual world? a. We always start with small details and use them to build a recognizable whole. b. We always start with our expectations of what we are looking at, which guides how we will perceive it. c. Perception involves neither top-down nor bottom-up processing. d. Perception is a combination of both top-down and bottom-up processing. Correct: We perceive the world is a combination of both top-down and bottom-up processing—it is hard to imagine not having some kind of expectation about an experience, and even harder to imagine perception without some kind of raw sensation. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 139 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 36) The process of selecting one stimulus or task to focus on and ignoring or minimizing others is called ____________. a. selective perception b. selective attention c. perceptual set d. selective processing Correct: Selective attention involves focusing on one particular event or task, such as focused studying, driving without distraction, attentively listening to music, or watching a movie. Answer: b Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 19 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 140 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 37) Clay has played professional soccer for seven years and is easily able to tune out the sound of the crowd and all other irrelevant sensory information during the game. Bruce is a rookie and is often distracted by what his opponents are saying and the mood of the crowd. Clay and Bruce are showing differing levels of ______________. a. absolute thresholds b. parallel processing c. selective attention d. top-down processing Correct: Selective attention involves focusing on one particular event or task, such as focused studying, driving without distraction, attentively listening to music, or watching a movie. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 140 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 38) During a break from his job as a waiter, Barnardo begins to read Hamlet and is so engrossed in the play that he fails to notice the clattering of dishes all around him. This is an example of _______________. a. feature detection b. absolute threshold c. bottom-up processing d. selective attention Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 20 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Correct: Selective attention involves focusing on one particular event or task, such as focused studying, driving without distraction, attentively listening to music, or watching a movie. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 140 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 39) Failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because your attention is directed elsewhere is called ___________. a. sensory overload b. selective attention c. inattentional blindness d. divided attention Correct: Missing the obvious can be surprisingly easy—especially if you are focused on just one particular aspect of your environment. This phenomenon is called inattentional blindness. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 141 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 40) Freddy is looking for his girlfriend in a large crowd of people. Because he is so focused on finding her, he fails to notice when a man in a clown costume walks right up next to him. This is an example of ______________. a. a feature detection failure b. sensory overload c. sensory adaptation Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 21 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception d. inattentional blindness Correct: Missing the obvious can be surprisingly easy—especially if you are focused on just one particular aspect of your environment. This phenomenon is called inattentional blindness. This example is very similar to a classic experiment in which participants fail to notice a man in a gorilla costume because their attention is focused on another task. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 141 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology of sensation and perception. 41) Light, a central player in our visual perception of the world, is a form of _____________. a. chemical energy b. mechanical energy c. vibration d. electromagnetic energy Correct: The term light actually refers to radiation that occupies a relatively narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 144 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 42) Visible light with a short wavelength and a high amplitude would be perceived as _____________. a. reddish and dim b. bluish and dim c. reddish and bright Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 22 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception d. bluish and bright Correct: Long wavelengths correspond with reddish colours and short wavelengths with bluish colours. Low amplitude waves correspond with dim colours, and high amplitude waves with bright colours. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 144–145 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 43) Visible light with a long wavelength and a low amplitude would be perceived as ______________. a. reddish and dim b. bluish and dim c. reddish and bright d. bluish and bright Correct: Long wavelengths correspond with reddish colours and short wavelengths with bluish colours. Low amplitude waves correspond with dim colours, and high amplitude waves with bright colours. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 144 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 44) When scuba divers take red objects underwater, they appear to lose their colour, but this does not happen to bluish objects. This demonstrates that water filters out light waves that have a. long wavelengths. b. short wavelengths. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 23 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception c. a high amplitude. d. a low amplitude. Correct: Long wavelengths correspond with reddish colours and short wavelengths with bluish colours. Therefore, if red objects appear to lose their colour underwater, it is because the water filters out light with long wavelengths. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 144 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 45) Which animal can see ultraviolet light? a. humans b. whales c. bees d. snakes Correct: Some organisms, such as bees, can see in ultraviolet, and some reptiles can sense infrared light. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 144 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 46) The intensity of the reflected light that reaches our eyes is known as ____________. a. hue b. contrast c. brightness d. saturation Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 24 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Correct: How we perceive the light reflected off of an object depends on its hue (colours of the spectrum), intensity (brightness), and saturation (colourfulness, or density). Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 144–145 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 47) When light enters the eye, it first passes through what structure? a. cornea b. lens c. pupil d. sclera Correct: The cornea is the clear layer that covers the front portion of the eye and also contributes to our ability to focus. Light entering the eye first passes through the cornea. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 48) When you enter a dim room, the _______________ widens to let more light in. a. pupil b. lens c. cornea d. retina Correct: The pupil regulates the amount of light that enters by changing its size; it dilates to allow more light to enter and constricts to allow less. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 25 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 49) When Brett walks out of the theatre into the glare of the sun, his _______________ get smaller to let less light in. a. pupils b. lenses c. corneas d. retinas Correct: The pupils regulate the amount of light that enters by changing their size; they dilate to allow more light to enter and constrict to allow less. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 50) The pupil is the a. coloured part of the eye. b. opening in the centre of the iris. c. white of the eye. d. lining in the back of the eyeball. Correct: Light enters the eye through the cornea and passes through an opening called the pupil. The pupil regulates the amount of light that enters by changing its size; it dilates to allow more light to enter and constricts to allow less. The iris is actually a round muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil, and is also what gives your eyes their characteristic colour. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 26 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 51) The coloured part of the eye that contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the ____________. a. lens b. fovea c. iris d. cornea Correct: The iris is a round muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil, and is also what gives your eyes their characteristic colour. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 52) Which of the following is the correct order in which light passes through the structures of the eye? a. lens, pupil, cornea b. lens, cornea, pupil c. cornea, lens, pupil d. cornea, pupil, lens Correct: Light enters the eye through the cornea and passes through an opening called the pupil. Behind the pupil is the lens, a clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 27 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 53) The lens a. is the transparent outer membrane of the eye that covers the pupil and iris. b. allows one to focus on objects at different distances. c. allows light initially to enter the eye. d. controls the amount of light entering the eye. Correct: The lens is a clear structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye. Changing the shape of the lens allows you to focus on objects at different distances. This process is known as accommodation. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 54) What structure is primarily responsible for focusing light onto the back of the eye? a. cornea b. fovea c. lens d. retina Correct: While the cornea does contribute somewhat to our ability to focus, the lens is the primary structure that focuses light onto the back of the eye. Answer: c Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 28 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 145 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 55) Our visual sensory receptor cells are located in the ___________. a. cornea b. fovea c. optic nerve d. retina Correct: The retina lines the inner surface of the eye and contains specialized receptors called photoreceptors. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 56) Which structure in your eye is most like the film in a camera? a. the retina b. the lens c. the cornea d. the pupil Correct: While the visual system is not a camera, some parts perform similar functions. In a camera, the light is "detected" when it comes into contact with the film. In the eye, light is not detected until it reaches the retina. Answer: a Diff: 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 29 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 57) Rods and cones are both types of _________. a. foveas b. lenses c. retinas d. photoreceptors Correct: The specialized receptors of the retina are called photoreceptors, There are two general types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, and each responds to different characteristics of light. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 58) The central portion of the retina is the ____________. a. fovea b. lens c. cornea d. cones Correct: The fovea is the central region of the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones; this is why objects upon which we centre our vision are the clearest and most colourful relative to objects in the periphery. Answer: a Diff: 1 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 30 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 59) _____________ are sensitive to the different wavelengths of light, which is what allows us to detect colour. ______________ do not detect colour, but can work under low light conditions. a. Foveae; Retinas b. Retinas; Foveae c. Cones; Rods d. Rods; Cones Correct: Cones are photoreceptors that are sensitive to the different wavelengths of light that we perceive as colour. Rods are photoreceptors that occupy peripheral regions of the retina, and are highly sensitive under low light levels. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 60) Which of the following is true of the fovea? a. It contains only rods. b. It contains the highest concentration of cones. c. It is located around the periphery of the retina. d. It works best in low light conditions. Correct: The fovea is the central region of the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones; this is why objects upon which we centre our vision are the clearest and most colourful relative to objects in the periphery. Because cones do not work well in low light conditions, the fovea does not function efficiently in low light. Answer: b Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 31 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 61) Light receptors that help us to see best at night are the __________. a. foveae b. cones c. shafts d. rods Correct: Rods are photoreceptors that occupy peripheral regions of the retina, and are highly sensitive under low light levels. We do not see colour at night or in darkness because rods do not detect colour and they are more active under low light levels than cones. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 147 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 62) The process by which rods and cones become more sensitive to light in response to lowered levels of illumination is called ______________. a. afterimage resolution b. light adaptation c. dark adaptation d. afterimage adaptation Correct: Dark adaptation is the process by which the rods and cones becomes increasingly sensitive to light under low levels of illumination. This process explains why we can gradually see more objects at very low light levels. Answer: c Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 32 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 147 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 63) The ______________ carries sensory information from the retina to the brain areas where visual perception will occur. a. fovea b. lens c. optic nerve d. retina Correct: Each eye has an optic nerve, a cluster of neurons that gathers sensory information, exits at the back of the eye, and connects with the brain. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 64) A blind spot is a part of the visual field we can't see, where the _____________ connects to the_____________. a. retina; pupil b. cornea; iris c. optic nerve; retina d. optic nerve; sclera Correct: Each eye has an optic nerve, a cluster of neurons that gather sensory information, exits at the back of the eye, and connect with the brain. This nerve presents a challenge to the brain. Because it travels through the back of the eye it creates an area in the retina with no rods or cones, called the optic disc. The result is a blind spot—a space in the retina that lacks photoreceptors. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 33 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 65) Although she is normally not aware of its existence, Ingrid discovers that she has a blind spot in her vision by closing one eye and focusing on a fixed point. What explains why Ingrid has this blind spot in her vision? a. She suffers from retinal degeneration. b. She is experiencing sensory adaptation. c. No photoreceptors are located where the optic nerve leaves the eye. d. There is insufficient light to activate her rods. Correct: Each eye has an optic nerve, a cluster of neurons that gathers sensory information, exits at the back of the eye, and connects with the brain. This nerve presents a challenge to the brain. Because it travels through the back of the eye it creates an area in the retina with no rods or cones, called the optic disc. The result is a blind spot—a space in the retina that lacks photoreceptors. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 66) Why are we normally unaware of the blind spot in our vision? a. Light does not normally fall on the blind spot. b. Our brains "fill in" the missing visual information for us. c. Despite the name, the blind spot does not actually prevent light in our visual field from being detected. d. The blind spot is only an issue in very low light conditions. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 34 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Correct: Because the optic nerve connects to the back of the eye it creates an area in the retina with no rods or cones, called the optic disc. The result is a blind spot—a space in the retina that lacks photoreceptors. The brain however, "fills in" the missing part of the visual field with what it expects to be there. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 146 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 67) Jan can see objects well up close, but they appear blurry from afar. She is probably ____________. a. colour blind b. nearsighted c. farsighted d. developing a cataract Correct: Nearsightedness occurs when the eyeball is slightly elongated, causing the image that the cornea and lens focus on to fall short of the retina. People who are nearsighted can see objects that are relatively close up but have difficulty focusing on distant objects. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 148 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology relating to the eye and vision. 68) The visual information from each eye is split at the __________________, with half of the nerve fibres from each eye projecting to each half of the brain. a. fovea b. optic chiasm Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 35 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception c. lateral geniculate nucleus d. visual cortex Correct: The first major destination of visual information sent from the eyes is the optic chiasm, the point at which the optic nerves cross at the midline of the brain. Roughly half of the nerve fibres travel to the same side of the brain, and half of them travel to the opposite side. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 149 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 69) Visual information is sent to a part of the thalamus called the ______. a. LGN b. MLN c. MGN d. LMN Correct: Fibres from the optic nerve first connect with the visual area of the thalamus at a region called the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The LGN then sends messages to the visual cortex, located on the occipital lobe, where the process of visual perception begins. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 150 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 70) Which is the correct order of structures as visual information travels from the eye to the visual cortex? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 36 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception a. LGN; optic chiasm; occipital lobe b. optic chiasm; occipital lobe; LGN c. LGN; occipital lobe; optic chiasm d. optic chiasm; LGN; occipital lobe Correct: Visual information travels first through the optic chiasm. It is then sent to the thalamus before finally being sent to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 149–150 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 71) Feature detection cells in the visual cortex respond primarily to features such as a. colour and brightness. b. size and distance. c. angles and edges. d. eyes, noses, and mouths. Correct: One set of cells in the visual cortex are referred to as a feature detection cells, which respond selectively to simple and specific aspects of a stimulus, such as angles and edges. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 150 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 37 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 72) The ventral stream is a pathway extending from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe and is where ______________occurs. In contrast, the dorsal stream extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe of the cortex and is where ________________ occurs. a. object recognition; depth and movement perception b. depth and movement perception; object recognition c. colour perception; control of eye movements d. control of eye movements; colour perception Correct: The ventral stream is a pathway extending from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe and is where object recognition occurs. The dorsal stream extends from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe of the cortex and is where depth and motion are perceived. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 150 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how visual information travels from the eye through the brain to give us the experience of sight. 73) Our ability to see objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information is called perceptual ___________. a. closure b. constancy c. reversibility d. coherency Correct: Despite the diverse ways that an object can be sensed, it is still perceived as the same object. This observation highlights what is called perceptual constancy, the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 153 Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 38 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 74) When we look at a white house, we can recognize it as a white house by day or night and from any angle. This is due to perceptual _____________. a. closure b. constancy c. reversibility d. coherency Correct: Despite the diverse ways that an object can be sensed, it is still perceived as the same object. This observation highlights what is called perceptual constancy, the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 153 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 75) People with normal vision will perceive a pyramid whether they see the object from the side, top, or any other angle as long as the object is, in fact, a pyramid. This is an example of ________________. a. shape constancy b. size constancy c. figure-ground d. visual angle Correct: Perceptual constancy is the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective. In this example, shape constancy allows people to recognize a pyramid's shape from any angle. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 39 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Page Reference: 153 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 76) Stewart is sitting in his office, which is lighted with a bluish neon light, eating a red apple. Even though the apple is bathed in bluish light, he continues to perceive it as red. This illustrates: a. the trichromatic theory. b. retinal disparity. c. the opponent-process theory. d. colour constancy. Correct: Perceptual constancy is the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective. Colour constancy allows us to recognize an object's colour under varying levels of illumination. For example, a bright red car is recognized as bright red whether in the shade or in full sunlight. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 153 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 77) Kevin watches as his wife Denise walks toward the house. Even though Denise fills more and more of Kevin's visual field as she approaches, she does not appear to be growing larger as she moves closer to Kevin. This illustrates ______________. a. relative size b. size constancy c. retinal disparity d. linear perspective Correct: Perceptual constancy is the ability to perceive objects as having constant shape, size, and colour despite changes in perspective. In this example, size constancy prevents Kevin from thinking his wife is changing size. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 40 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 153 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 78) Prosopagnosia is the inability to a. see far-away objects. b. see objects in your peripheral vision. c. perceive depth or distance. d. recognize faces. Correct: Specific genetic problems or damage to this area can result in failure to recognize people's faces (a condition called prosopagnosia, or face blindness). People with face blindness are able to recognize voices and other defining features of individuals, but not faces. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 151–153 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 79) Caleb has good vision and can easily recognize common objects. However, he cannot recognize people by looking at their faces. For example, Caleb often relies on the sound of her voice to be certain he is talking to his wife and not another person. Caleb suffers from a rare disease called _______________. a. retinal disparity b. prosopagnosia c. parallaxia d. tactile agnosia Correct: Specific genetic problems or damage to this area can result in failure to recognize people's faces (a condition called prosopagnosia, or face blindness). People Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 41 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception with face blindness are able to recognize voices and other defining features of individuals, but not faces. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 51–153 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 80) Which of the following is true regarding the normal perception of faces? a. We rely most on the nose and ears to identify faces. b. The perception of faces is no different than the perception of any other object. c. Viewing a face upside down makes it much more difficult to recognize facial expressions. d. A part of the frontal lobe is specialized for facial recognition. Correct: When a face is presented upside down, our ability to recognize the face and facial expressions diminishes. In part, this is because we are especially attentive to the eyes and mouth when looking at faces. Our brains are actually specially wired to recognize faces, including a special region located in the lower part of the temporal lobe of that is specialized for facial recognition. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 151 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze how we perceive objects and faces. 81) Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called _______________. a. monocular cues b. diocular cues c. binocular cues Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 42 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception d. dichromatic cues Correct: Binocular depth cues are distance cues that are based on the differing perspectives of both eyes. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 154 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 82) When focusing on a close object that is directly in front of you, eye muscles contract to turn your eyes inward toward the nose. This is called _______________. a. convergence b. retinal disparity c. monocular depth d. binocular depth Correct: One type of binocular depth cue, called convergence, occurs when the eye muscles contract so that both eyes focus on a single object. The sensations that occur as these muscles contract to focus on a single object create the perception of depth. Convergence typically occurs for objects that are relatively close to you. For example, as you track an object that is moving toward you, such as your fingertip toward your nose, your eyes move inward toward the nose. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 154 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 83) When Bill looks at his lamp alternately with his left eye and right eye, the image seems to jump from one position to another. This phenomenon illustrates ______________. a. retinal disparity Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 43 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception b. convergence c. divergence d. interposition Correct: Retinal disparity (or binocular disparity) is the difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes, which provides information to the brain about depth. In this example, closing one eye and then the other allows Bill to notice the slight difference (disparity) in how each eye views the lamp. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 154 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 84) The fact that each one of our two eyes receives a slightly different image of an object we are looking at is known as ______________. a. retinal disparity b. binocular inversion c. convergence d. stereophonic vision Correct: Retinal disparity (or binocular disparity) is the difference in relative position of an object as seen by both eyes, which provides information to the brain about depth. It requires stereoscopic vision, not "stereophonic." Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 154–155 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 85) Which of the following is a binocular cue to depth? a. interposition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 44 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception b. height in plane c. retinal disparity d. linear perspective Correct: Retinal disparity is a binocular depth cue because it requires information from both eyes. The other depth cues listed are all monocular cues. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 154–155 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 86) While riding on a train, David notices that the trees and telephone poles close to the tracks seem to flash by, while the buildings, trees, and mountains that are farther away seem to move by more slowly. This phenomenon is called _______________. a. aerial perspective b. subliminal motion c. motion parallax d. motion differential Correct: Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue. This cue is used when you or your surroundings are in motion. For example, as you sit in a moving car and look out of the passenger window, you will notice objects closer to you, such as the roadside, parked cars, and nearby buildings appear to move rapidly in the opposite direction of your travel. However, the foothills and mountains in the distance appear to move much more slowly, indicating that they are further away. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 155 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 45 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 87) Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far is called a. convergance. b. accommodation. c. constriction. d. dilation. Correct: Accommodation takes place when the lens of your eye changes shape to allow you to focus on near or far objects. The degree of accommodation necessary to properly focus on an object can be used by the brain as a depth cue. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 155 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 88) As Shane stands between the railroad tracks, the rails appear to converge in the distance. This cue to inferring depth and distance is called _______________. a. linear perspective b. retinal disparity c. parallax d. relative size Correct: Parallel lines stretching to the horizon appear to move closer together as they travel further away. This is called linear perspective, and can be used by the brain as a cue to depth. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 156 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 46 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 89) The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called _________________. a. linear perspective b. aerial perspective c. shadowing d. motion parallax Correct: Parallel lines stretching to the horizon appear to move closer together as they travel further away. This is called linear perspective, and can be used by the brain as a cue to depth. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 156 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 90) The monocular cue of ___________ is being used when an artist places objects in front of other objects to create a sense of depth when the picture is viewed. a. interposition b. light and shadow c. linear perspective d. relative size Correct: Interposition is a simple depth cue where nearby objects block our view of far off objects, such as the umbrellas blocking the view of buildings behind them in Figure 4.26. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 156 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 47 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 91) Tom spent the morning taking pictures in the small coves of a local lake. What monocular cue is providing depth perception when the near objects in his photographs appear much larger than those on the opposite shore of the cove? a. height in plane b. interposition c. linear perspective d. relative size Correct: If two objects in an image are known to be of the same actual size, the larger of the two must be closer. This monocular depth cue is known as relative size. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 156 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to explain how we perceive depth in our visual field. 92) The trichromatic theory states that a. the visual system treats triads of colour as antagonistic to each other. b. three types of colour feature detectors in the visual cortex are responsible for colour perception. c. three types of cones exist, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths. d. species that detect ultraviolet light perceive three colours that are outside of the range of humans. Correct: The trichromatic theory (or Young-Helmholtz theory) maintains that colour vision is determined by three different cone types that are sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 147–148 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the theories of colour vision. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 48 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception 93) According to the opponent process theory of colour vision, the correct pairings of opposite colours are a. black versus white, red versus green, and blue versus yellow b. black versus gray and white versus coloured c. grayscales, blue versus red, and green versus yellow d. blue versus green and red versus yellow Correct: According to the opponent-process theory, we perceive colour in terms of opposite ends of the spectrum: red to green, yellow to blue, and white to black. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 148 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the theories of colour vision. 94) Sandra stares for about 30 seconds at a green square. After 30 seconds, she looks at a white sheet of paper. What will she "see"? a. a red square b. a blue square c. a yellow square d. a green square Correct: According to the opponent-process theory, we perceive colour in terms of opposite ends of the spectrum: red to green, yellow to blue, and white to black. This can be demonstrated by the phenomenon of negative afterimages, where we briefly see the opponent colour after the first colour is removed. In this example, the opponent colour of green is red, so Sandra will see a red afterimage. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 148 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 49 of 50  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Objective: Understand the theories of colour vision. 95) The trichromatic and opponent process theories of colour vision are not in conflict because each corresponds to a. a different portion of the spectrum. b. the opposite half of perceivable colours. c. one type of colour blindness. d. a different stage of visual processing. Correct: The trichromatic theory explains how colour is detected at the level of the cones. The opponent-process theory explains the activity of specialized neurons that transmit messages via the optic nerve to the brain. Both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are correct—they are both required to explain how we see colour. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 148 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the theories of colour vision. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 50 of 50