Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science PDF

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 1) Psychologists use research techniques based on __________. a. inductive reasoning b. objective introspection c. deductive reasoning d. the scientific method...

Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 1) Psychologists use research techniques based on __________. a. inductive reasoning b. objective introspection c. deductive reasoning d. the scientific method Answer: d Page Reference: 3 2) The pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called _______. a. a trait b. an emotional profile c. personality d. the primary process Answer: c Page Reference: 13, 22, 26 3) Structuralism emphasizes __________. a. individual differences b. the application of biological principles to the mind c. the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behaviour d. the basic units of experience and their combinations Answer: d Page Reference: 20 4) The first psychology laboratory was founded by __________. a. Wundt b. James c. Titchener d. Watson Answer: a Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 1 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Page Reference: 20 5) Freud was the founder of __________. a. existential psychology b. behavioural psychology c. psychoanalysis d. behaviourism Answer: c Page Reference: 17 6) In the late 20th century, psychology __________. a. expanded dramatically b. stagnated c. contracted slightly d. contracted dramatically Answer: a Page Reference: 25–26 7) By general agreement, psychology was born in __________. a. 1642 b. 1853 c. 1879 d. 1906 Answer: c Page Reference: 20 8) Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of __________. a. his extensive use of laboratory research to support its claims b. the emphasis it placed on Eastern philosophies and culture c. the emphasis it placed on unconscious processes Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 2 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science d. his emphasis on environmental learning as the source for most personality characteristics Answer: c Page Reference: 22 9) Titchener was a member of the ___________ school of thought. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. behaviourist d. reductionist Answer: a Page Reference: 20 10) As a science, psychology is approximately how old? a. 50 years b. 100+ years c. 150 years d. 2500 years, since the field dates back to the ancient Greeks Answer: b Page Reference: 20 11) Modern psychology is said to have begun when a. Greek philosophers began studying the differences between people. b. Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to the scientific study of psychology. c. Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy. d. it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis. Answer: b Page Reference: 20 12) The psychological school that asks, ”What are mental processes for?” rather than ”What are mental processes?” is which of the following? a. structuralism Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 3 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science b. functionalism c. humanism d. Gestalt Answer: b Page Reference: 21 13) What word describes the method of investigation used by Wundt? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. functionalism d. introspection Answer: d Page Reference: 20 14) Studying the elements of sensations, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. humanism Answer: a Page Reference: 20 15) The primary method of investigation used by structuralists was a. natural observation. b. dream interpretation. c. introspection. d. experimentation. Answer: c Page Reference: 20 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 4 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 16) Psychology is said to have begun when a. medicine was seen to be ineffective in treating neurosis. b. Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory. c. Sigmund Freud opened his private practice in Vienna. d. it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis. Answer: b Page Reference: 20 17) Psychologists stopped relying on the method of introspection as their primary research tool because a. they wanted to study mental processes rather than observable behaviour. b. results were inconsistent across labs. c. laboratory research was replaced by field research. d. the technique did not provide useful information for therapists. Answer: b Page Reference: 20 18) A psychologist bases his/her theories completely on measuring observable behaviours. This psychologist is probably a __________. a. humanist b. behaviourist c. structuralist d. functionalist Answer: b Page Reference: 21 19) Psychology: a. has an applied side. b. is a science of behaviour. c. has goals of describing, predicting, and explaining events. d. all of the above Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 5 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Answer: d Page Reference: 19–26 20) Cognitive psychologists are a subgroup of experimental psychologists who are concerned primarily with a. neurobiological events that underlie behaviour. b. the function of age on behaviour. c. mental events that intervene between stimuli and responses. d. how people are affected by social situations. Answer: c Page Reference: 24–26 21) Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of __________. a. reinforcement b. alienation and apathy c. mental processes d. self-actualization Answer: c Page Reference: 25 22) Psychologists use techniques based on ___________. a. cultural ethnocentrism b. objective introspection c. philosophical logic d. the scientific method Answer: d Page Reference: 3 23) An individual's personality, as well as situational variables, will determine that person's _______. a. behaviour b. predispositions Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 6 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science c. uniqueness d. all of the above Answer: a Page Reference: 26 24) Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud? a. the preconscious mind b. the conscious area c. suppressions d. the unconscious Answer: d Page Reference: 17–18 25) ___________________ emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning. a. Humanistic psychology b. Psychoanalytic theory c. Social learning theory d. Trait theory Answer: a Page Reference: 23 26) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are _______. a. behaviourists b. psychoanalysts c. humanists d. cognitivists Answer: c Page Reference: 23 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 7 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 27) Who of the following believes humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest potential? a. Maslow b. Skinner c. Adler d. Jung Answer: a Page Reference: 23 28) _______ is the name of the theory that emphasizes the concept that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning. a. Humanism b. Psychoanalysis c. Social learning d. Traitism Answer: a Page Reference: 23 29) A therapist is interested in interpreting dreams and in having clients relate their thoughts without modifying them. This therapist is most likely to be a a. client-centred therapist. b. psychoanalyst. c. cognitive therapist. d. behaviour therapist. Answer: b Page Reference: 18 30) Client-centred therapy was founded by __________. a. Rogers b. Wolpe c. Adler d. Jung Answer: a Page Reference: 15 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 8 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 31) Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by __________. a. Fritz Perls b. Sigmund Freud c. Carl Rogers d. Alfred Adler Answer: b Page Reference: 17 32) Genuineness, empathy, unconditional positive regard, and self-growth are all associated with ________ therapy. a. gestalt b. humanistic c. cognitive d. behavioural Answer: b Page Reference: 22–23 33) Freud believed that many psychological problems were the result of: a. feelings and emotions repressed during childhood. b. genetic factors. c. organic disturbances. d. the identity crises. Answer: a Page Reference: 18 34) Person-centred therapy has its roots in a. humanistic psychology. b. the medical model. c. psychoanalysis. d. the cognitive model. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 9 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Answer: a Page Reference: 22–23 35) Psychoanalytic theory was developed by a. Freud. b. Perls. c. Erikson. d. Rogers. Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 36) Of the following, which type of therapist would be more interested in a client's past rather than the current situation? a. psychoanalytic b. rational-emotive c. behavioural d. Gestalt Answer: a Page Reference: 17–18 37) Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that people naturally strive to reach their potential and lead a fulfilling life? a. psychoanalytic b. behavioural c. humanistic d. biomedical Answer: c Page Reference: 22–23 38) In Gestalt psychology, the focus is on: a. changing overt behaviour. b. becoming more aware of the self. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 10 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science c. resolving repressed conflicts. d. fulfilling personal potential. Answer: b Page Reference: 25 39) The belief that anxiety results from feelings and emotions repressed during childhood was proposed by _______. a. Perls b. Moniz c. Pinel d. Freud Answer: d Page Reference: 18 40) Which of the following types of psychologists is most prepared to help a person who hears voices and believes she is Joan of Arc? a. forensic b. counselling c. school d. clinical Answer: d Page Reference: 1.3 41) Steve, a college student, is seeing a psychologist because of his intense fear of people. His counsellor feels that Steve's fear is a product of unresolved conflicts about his parents and his childhood experiences with them. Steve's therapist is most characteristic of which school of psychology? a. behaviourism b. psychoanalytic c. humanistic d. Gestalt Answer: b Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 11 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Page Reference: 1.3 42) Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. A psychologist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances. b. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances. c. Clinical psychologists treat severe psychological disturbances and psychiatrists treat mild disorders. d. Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can prescribe medications to their patients. Answer: b Page Reference: 1.3 43) Political polls taken before major elections are examples of __________ research. a. correlational b. experimental c. case study d. survey Answer: d Page Reference: 1.3 44) Physiological psychologists study __________. a. human mental and physical growth from the prenatal period through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age b. the biological basis for human behaviour c. the differences among individuals in such traits as anxiety, sociability, self-esteem, the need for achievement, and aggressiveness d. how people influence one another Answer: b Page Reference: 1.3 45) In keeping with scientific skepticism, upon what basis should scientific claims be accepted? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 12 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science a. upon the evidence b. upon unfalsifiable evidence c. upon the disconfirmation bias d. upon compatibilism Answer: a Correct: Taking a skeptical approach means basing beliefs on evidence. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 9, Module 1.1 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 46) Dr. Martian claims that aliens are real and have been performing mind experiments on humans for years. Which principle of critical thinking is most important to consider when evaluating this claim? a. being curious b. avoiding emotional reasoning c. examining the nature of the source of the evidence d. tolerating ambiguity Answer: c Correct: There is no real evidence to support the claim regarding aliens. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 9, Module 1.1 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the steps in critical thinking. 47) Dr. Siela claims that all humans have invisible souls that guide their behaviour. Which principle of a good scientific theory is most important to consider when evaluating this claim? a. replicability b. Occam’s razor c. ruling out rival hypotheses d. falsifiability Answer: d Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 13 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science Correct: It is not possible to prove this theory wrong; a theory must be falsifiable to be a valid theory. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 4, Module 1.1 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the steps in the scientific method. 48) Which claim is falsifiable? a. Men are more physically aggressive than women. b. A weak superego is at the root of psychopathy. c. Bad things happen to bad people because of karma. d. Introspection is a valid approach to studying sensation. Answer: a Correct: This hypothesis can be falsified by measuring aggression in men and women. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 4, Module 1.1 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the steps in the scientific method. 49) Researchers who have questioned the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy argue that supporters have failed to consider that patients are being administered exposure therapy at the same time as EMDR. Furthermore, the apparent effectiveness of EMDR is due to this exposure and not the eye movements. Which principle of critical thinking is best exemplified? a. considering other viewpoints b. falsifiability c. correlation versus causation d. Occam’s razor Answer: a Correct: Statement of fact Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 9, Module 1.1 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply the steps of critical thinking. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 14 of 15  Krause, Corts, Dolderman, Smith, Psychological Science, Canadian Edition, Chapter 1: Introducing Psychological Science 50) Proponents of speed-reading courses hold stubbornly to their beliefs, despite contradictory evidence. Which aspect of pseudoscience is being characterized? a. intolerance of ambiguity b. reliance on emotional evdience c. lack of self-correction d. absence of connectivity Answer: c Correct: A scientific theory is modified when a hypothesis is disproven; this does not occur with pseudoscience. Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 4, Module 1.1 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand the steps of the scientific method. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. Page 15 of 15