Science and Technology in Islam (CH1) PDF

College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Science and Technology in Islam 1 Chapt...

College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Science and Technology in Islam 1 Chapter 1 ( C ) Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Table of Contents: ▪ Introduction ▪ Definitions of Science and Technology ▪ Innovations, The World Thanks Muslims for ▪ Algebra ▪ Flying machine ▪ Map ▪ Toothbrush Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 2  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Introduction ▪ This chapter will provide a clear overview of the significance of science and technology in the Islamic World which was profound, not only for Islamic civilization but for the entire world. It played a crucial role in advancing human knowledge, improving societal infrastructure, and providing the foundation for modern science and technology. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 3  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Definitions ▪ Science is knowledge gained by a systematic methodology based on evidence. ▪ Science is a particular branch of knowledge such as physics, chemistry, mathematics and/or biology. ▪ Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical aims of life. ▪ Machinery and equipment which is developed from application of scientific knowledge. E.g. mobile phones, televisions, computers … etc. ▪ Innovation is a blend of creativity and practical application that drives progress in various fields, from technology to healthcare to the arts. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 4  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Innovations, The World Thanks Muslims For: 1. Algebra: Mathematical system that deals with symbols and rules. Algebra allows us to solve problems involving unknown values and understand relationships. The Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi who algorithms are named, he is known as the developer of modern algebra. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 5  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Chemistry and Alchemy 5. Jabir ibn Hayyan is considered as the father of chemistry. He developed processes like distillation, crystallization, and calcination, and wrote extensively on chemical compounds and their properties. His work laid the foundation for modern chemistry and laboratory techniques. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 6  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Philosophy and Logic 5. Islamic philosophers like Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) contributed to the development of philosophy, logic, ethics, and metaphysics, often synthesizing Aristotelian thought with Islamic theology. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 7  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Medicine Arab presence in medicine is significant, both within the Arab world and internationally, though it is shaped by factors such as migration, educational opportunities, and the varying development of healthcare systems across different countries. 8 Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) 6. Hospitals : First modern hospital with nurses and a training center was in Cairo. In Ahmed Ibn Tulun Hospital, which was established in 872, all patients received free health care. Slightly more basic hospitals had existed before this in Baghdad. But it was Cairo model which would later serve as template for hospitals all around the global. 7. Surgical Innovations : Andalusian-born doctor Al Zahrawi was one of the most significant medical figures of Middle Ages. He wrote more than 30 volumes. He also invented methods for surgically treating diseases, and was the first person to describe an ectopic pregnancy. 11 October 2024 9 Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Flying Machine 2. Abbas ibn Firnas (9th century) from Andalusia made a real attempt of controlled flight by constructing a glider. According to historical accounts, Ibn Firnas launched himself from a height using this device and reportedly glided for a short distance before a crash landing. 3. His design was undoubtedly an inspiration for famous Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 10 Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 11  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Optics 3. Ibn Al-Haytham: is a pioneering scientist of the Islamic Golden Age, born around 965 in Basra, Iraq. He is often referred to as the “father of modern optics” due to his groundbreaking work in the field of optics and visual perception. His most famous work, the “Book of Optics” (Kitab al- Manazir) where he described how light reflects and refracts, and he also explains the process of vision, proposing the intromission theory, which states that vision occurs when light rays enter the eye. 11 October 2024 12 Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Mechanical Engineering 3. Abu l-’Izz ibn Ismail Al-Jazari: (1136-1206) An engineer and inventor, he is famous for his “Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices,” which described various machines and automata, including water clocks and mechanisms for raising water. He is credited with creating some of the earliest form of robotics.. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 13  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Engineering and Architecture 5. Muslims scientists developed advanced techniques in civil engineering, including the construction of bridges, dams, and irrigation systems. Al-Jazari was also known for designing water-raising machines and automata. Architectural innovations included the use of complex geometrical patterns, domes, and arches, seen in iconic structures like the Alhambra and the Great Mosque in Cordoba. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 14  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Camera 5. Camera has evolved significantly over time, becoming an indispensable tool in modern life, used for everything from casual snapshots to complex scientific researches. Ibn Al-Haytham used a dark room with a pinhole on one side and a white sheet on the other. Light came through the hole and projected an inverted image of the objects outside the room on the sheet opposite. He called this “qomara”. It was the world’s first camera. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 15 16  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Maps 8. A Map: is a drawing of the earth’s surface, showing countries, town, rivers, etc. One of the earliest and most notable mapmakers in the Arab world was Al-Idrisi. He was a renowned geographer, cartographer, and scholar who lived in the 12th century. Al-Idrisi is best known for his work on the “Tabula Rogeriana” (The Book of Roger) which was a detailed world map commissioned by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily. 9. Al-Idrisi’s map was incredibly advanced for its time, incorporating knowledge from various cultures and regions, including the Islamic world, Europe, and Asia. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 17 Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 18  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Coffee 11. Coffee is the best known for Muslim world’s. While it originated in Ethiopia, it soon found its way over the Red Sea to Arabian peninsula, where it grew in popularity. It is thought that an Ottoman merchant brought it to London in the 17th century. Venice gained its first coffee house in 1645, while Germany got to know the drink following the retreat of Turks from Austria in 1683. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 19  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Coffee producing countries are: - Brazil - Colombia - Kenya - Ethiopia - Sumatra - Vietnam - Indonesia - India Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 20  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Toothbrush 12. Toothbrush: Islam was one of the first world religions to place particular emphasis on bodily hygiene. Qur’an includes instructions for ritual washing. Therefore, that dental hygiene also grew up in popularity as Islam did. Admittedly, ancient Egyptians thought to have chewed on twigs from “toothbrush tree.” However, twigs also known as “Miswak” only became known to a wider public when Prophet Muhammed (PBUOH) regularly used them to brush his teeth. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 21  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Toothbrush Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 22  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Choose the right answer: 1. Choose one example of technology. a) iPhone b) Poetry c) Recitation d) biology 2. Who is the mathematical system Algebra attributed to? a) Ibn al-Haitham b) Ibn Tulun c) Al Zahrawi d) Al-Khawarizmi 3. Who was the first person to make a real attempt of flying in the Arab World? a) Sumerians b) Egyptians c) Abbas ibn Firnas d) Al Khalil bin Ahmed 4. Where is scientist Ibn Al-Haytham from? a) Iraq b) Egypt c) Turkey. d) Lebanon 5. This scientist wrote important scholarly text on meteorology. a) Ibn Abbas b) Ibn Al-Haytham c) Ibn Khatir d) Ibn Rushid 6. Where was the first modern hospital? a) Baghdad b) Damascus c) Cairo d) Mecca Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024 23  College of Engineering Dep. Professional Development & Humanities Oman History and Islamic Culture-(UHS00102) Thank You 24 See you in the next class. Emended by Dr. Mubarak Al Quraini 11 October 2024