Chapter 5: Science and Technology Across Civilizations PDF

CHAPTER 5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ACROSS CIVILIZATION DR. NOORHASYIMAH ISMAIL School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPACE) 1 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The emergence of sci...

CHAPTER 5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ACROSS CIVILIZATION DR. NOORHASYIMAH ISMAIL School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPACE) 1 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The emergence of science in the Arab world ; the tradition of Islamic scholarship The 6th century - Islam began to establish in Arab world. The Arab world is surrounded by the two superpowers: Byzantine Empire and the Neo-Persian (Sassanian) Empire. The Byzantine Empire - Christian is based in Constantinople While Persia - Sassanian society - the worshippers of the sun god (Majusi) and follower of Zoroastrian teachings. Islam spread rapidly which eventually became a challenge to the two superpowers. The spread of Islam to the east and west also has an impact on the development of knowledge (science and technology). 2 The phenomenon of Islamic Science Emergence of the Early Age The basis of the emergence of Science in Islamic world can be deduced as a result of: 1. Science and knowledge culture from the races around the Arab world including Sumerian, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, Persia, and India. 2. Inspiration from the Quran and al-Hadith 3. Intellectuality of scientists, philosophers, Islamic thinkers during the 500 years of the glory Islamic history (7-11 AD). This phenomenon enables achievement in various branches of science. 3  The continuity of science development Science across borders and civilizations. The following civilization affects the development of science in the Arab / Islamic world; 1. Mesopotamia - The Sumerians, including Ur (found around 4000 BCE), Uruk, and Babylon. 2. Ancient Egypt - Ancient Egyptian Civilization (ca 3000 BCE to 300 CE). 3. Greek Legation - The Greek civilization that shined in 600 BCE-529 CE. 4. Civilization around the Arabian Peninsula before the onset of Islam such as Mada'in Salih in Saudi Arabia and the Ma'arib 4 Dam in Yemen. Mada’ in salih, Madinah, arab saudi Mada'in Saleh (Arabic: ‫ ﻣﺪاﺋﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬, City of Saleh a.s), also called Al-Hijr (sandy hill), is an ancient city located in the northern region of Hijaz (currently Saudi Arabia), located about 25 km from the north city of Al-'Ula. In ancient times, the city was inhabited by Thamud and Nabatea and was known as Hijr. 5 The Dam Of Ma’ arib , Yaman This dam was built by the ancient Yemeni architects who expertise in civil science. It is a giant dam that can hold water between two mountains with an average capacity of millions of gallons a day. The water is used for necessities such as cropping and daily use. With these dams, all villages, gardens and crops located on the lowlands can be protected from flood hazards that often occur in the rainy season. 6 The dam of ma’ rib, yaman  The weakness experienced by Saba Kingdom leads to incapability of maintaining and repairing the dam. Ultimately, these giant dams have been damaged and can no longer hold flood and reserve rain water especially the flood called "Sailul Arim" (the great flood) described in the Holy Qur'an (surah Saba verse 16)  Sailul Arim has caused life in Yemen to experience tremendous changes. The Yemeni people had to share the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula, as the huge flood had hit and drowned their state. This is what caused the collapse of the Kingdom of Saba 'and the rise of the Kingdom of Himyar. 7 Science period during Mesopotamian age Sumerian, including Ur (founded on 4000 BCE). Whereas Uruk and Babylon were founded in 600 BCE and was the largest city of the time ruled by King Nebuchadnezzar II. Science and technology achievement:  Ship Cruises  Wheel Creation  Standard Use Size in scales Hamurabi Code Interesting videos about Mesopotamia: https://bit.ly/2w4m3MX 8 MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION 9  Also known as the Semiramis HANGING Hanging Gardens and is one of GARDENS OF the Seven Wonders of the World. Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II BABYLON (604-562 BC), son of Nabopolassar who had dominated the Babylonian Empire and resulted in the end of Mesopotamian civilization under the leadership of King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC). Located about 50 kilometers south of Baghdad, Iraq on the east bank of the Euphrates River. 10 The primitive egypt Ancient Egypt (ca 3000 BCE to 300 CE) was founded by the Mesopotamians. Achievement of Science and Technology:  365 day solar calendar  Sun Clock (Sundial)  Water Clock  Medicine  Papyrus as a writing material (paper)  Number System  Pyramid 11 Greek as the successor of science legacy of Mesopotamian Civilization The legacy of the Greek Civilization has The appearance of Significant and a tremendous impact philosophers and Important on Islam especially scientist. Achievements during the expanding of Islam. Institution's Construction: Academy, the Lyceum and the A result of curiosity Museum. Scientific based reasoning Water is the essence of and observation methods. natural phenomena Science is defined as 'an Embryology organized body of thought' Mathematics - a very important element in science Geometry Idea of element (Water, Air, Land, and Fire) Astronomy - The work of Ptolemy "Almagest “ is among the famous 12 Peninggalan Greek civilization peaked at 600 Tamadun Greek BCE-529 CE 13 The knowledge transmission from the Ancient Civilization to the Arab world The development of Islam in Arabia - its location adjacent to ancient civilizations that prior in the achievement of science and technology. The knowledge such as the arts, literature, science and technology of these ancient civilizations, has been transferred to Arab / Muslim populations through lawmakers ‘ (hukuma’ ), and experienced and influential people 14 The knowledge transmission from the Ancient Civilization to the Arab world Society names the sciences derived from previous civilizations as' ulum al-awa'il ("sciences of the ancients"). These sciences develop and become more civilized by blending them with Islamic principles. 15  (sciences of the ancients) Also called Old Wisdom Islam expanded -> to the cities previously the city of civilization before Islam such as Greek, Persian, Indian, Egypt etc. Alexandria / Alexandria in Egypt Edessa in Turkey Jundishapur / Gondeshapur in Persia (Iran) The officials among Muslims who dominate these cities began to reform and to re-establish the tradition of science. Greek science was later developed by Muslims 16  Islam as an inspiration in the development of Science & knowledge The rise of Islam and the birth of the Muslim Intellectuals are the consequences of; ¸intellectual activity is driven by incentives and motivation by Prophet Muhammad S.A.W to seek / gain knowledge in various disciplines including science and philosophy. ¸intellectual and cultural transformation among Arabs. Integration of Science: Religion, Rationale and Experiment. "There is no contradiction between religion and science". 17 Translation as a source of knowledge Achieving the peak during the era of the Caliph al-Ma'mun (813-33 CE) and subsequent caliphs. High fees for translators. Paid in gold, especially the works from Greek. Among the great masters of this era were Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Qusta bin Luqa, Thabit ibn Qurrah, Yahya ibn Masawayh etc. Establishment of libraries on the 2nd- 4th Hijrah / 8 - 10 M libraries known as Bayt al-Hikmah, Khizanat al-Hikmah, Dar al-Hikmah, Dar al- 'ilm, Dar al-Kutub, 18 Khizanat al-Kutub and Bayt al- Pole. THE CENTER for science development – facilitate the development of science in Islamic world 19 THE CENTER for science development – facilitate the development of science in Islamic world 20  1. BAGHDAD Baghdad emerged as a great cultural center under the Caliphate of Abu Ja'far al-Mansur (136-158H / 754-775M), the 2nd caliph of the Abbasid empire. Followed by three generations of successors especially the Caliph Muhammad al-Mahdi (775-785M), Harun al-Rashid (170-193H / 786-809M) and Abdullah al-Ma'mun (198-218H / 813-833M) (John 21 Freely, 2009)  THE SPECIALTY OF BAGHDAD AS THE CENTRE FOR SCIENCE DEVELOPEMENT The 900-1100M is the golden age and the peak advancement of Islamic civilization especially in science and technology. Medical science begins soon after the end of the Greek-based translation period, which is also reinforced with Persian and Indian science. At this time, Islamic science figures appear in various fields (Saidin Wan 22  The scientist of abbasiyyah Among them were Ibn Rushd, Ibn age al-Jazzar, Jabir ibn Hayyan, and Ibn Sina who were under the rule of Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son Abdullah al-Ma'mun. According to historian al-Mas'udi, Khalifah al-Mansur was the first caliph to have a translation of a foreign language into Arabic including Aristotle and old books from Classical Greek, Greek Byzantine, Pahlavi, Neo-Persian, and Syriac. Al-Mansur was also the first caliph who supported astrologers and acted upon astrological prognostics (John Freely, 2009). 23  BAITUL HIKMAH Means the 'Wisdom House'. It is the name of a public library founded by Caliph Harun al-Rashid. It is believed to be the most complete, efficient, and most systematic first ever library. The purpose of Baitul Hikmah was to promote the collection, translation, and compilation of old manuscripts as well as the new works of Islamic and non-Muslim scholars. Baitul Hikmah was placed under the auspices of the caliph himself because of his love for the knowledge while its expenditure was fully borne by the government. Baitul Hikmah reached its peak advancement during the era of Caliph al-Makmun where he directly involved in the intellectual activities of the Baitul Hikmah. 24  1) Collection and compilation of manuscripts 2) Validating the Intellectual translation from the past activities in civilization baitul hikmah 3) Translation activities 4) Copying of books 25  baitul hikmah as the gathering centre for Islamic and non-muslim scholars The incentives and facilities available at Baitul Hikmah make Baghdad as the center of attention and attraction of Islamic and non-Muslim scholars. Many Muslim philosophers and scientists, Jews, Christians and others came to Baitul Hikmah. For example, Hunayn bin Ishaq was rewarded with gold which weighed equals to the translated book by the caliph. Among the science and philosophers who served in Baitul Hikmah were Ishaq bin Hunayn, Yuhanna bin Masawaih, Muhammad bin Musa al-Khawarizmi, Said bin Harun, Thabit bin Qurrah, and Umar bin Farakkhan. In addition to being a hub of gathering for the scientists from 26  the role of baitul hikmah 1. Produce skilled translators and experts in various fields 2. Strengthen the authentication of the translation material from the original author 3. Involving the palace in scientific activities 4. Assemble translators from different races and religions 5. Become a cultural exchange agent and technology transfer 6. Fostering translation to the masses 7. Functioned as the best library 8. Createad a culture of library 27  2. DIMASHQ/DAMSYIK After the reign of Khulafa 'al-Rasyidin ended, the ruling of the Islamic kingdom was held by the Umayyad (40-132H / 661-750M). The central government moved from Medina to Damascus. In the context of science and technology, this era is seen as a wider era of connectivity with Greek, Roman, Indian, and Chinese civilizations. At this time, Muslims are introduced with more advanced science and technology such as shipbuilding technology, naval tools, and agricultural techniques. 28 continued… The development of Islamic countries in this period involves the conquest of knowledge centers of various civilizations. Science and philosophy are derived from Byzantine and Persia. Likewise with science from India and China. This era is also the beginning of translation works from other languages to Arabic in line with the ruling of Caliph's al-Walid bin Abdul Malik (705-715M) which makes Arabic as the official language of the Umawiyyah Government. 29 continued… The leader of the Ayubiyyah government has succeeded in making Damascus as a center of education. This is evidenced by the establishment of Madrasah al-Shauhiyyah in 1239M as the center of teaching of four law schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i & Hambali). During the leadership of Salahuddin al-Ayyubi, the Ayyubiyya Empire had established 20 schools, 100 baths, and a number of gathering places of the Sufi in Damascus. 30  3. KAHERAH Cairo emerged as the center of Islamic culture shortly after its establishment in 965M as the new capital of the Fatimid government. The Fatimid Kingdom in Egypt emerged as the most powerful Islamic state in the world. The symbol of pride of the Fatimid Dynasty is the al-Azhar Mosque executed by Mu'izz caliphate in 972M and became a continuing Islamic university until now (John Freely, 2009). 31  During the caliphate of al-Aziz (976-996M), the functiom of al-Azhar mosque was enhanced from solely a place of worship to a university. At the time of Caliph al-Hakim (996-1021M), an academy called 'Dar al-Hikmah' was founded which comparable to the institutions of science in Cordova, Baghdad and others. 32  Knowledge Development During The Fatimid Dynasty The success of the Fatimid Dynasty began since the transfer from Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mu'izz li Dinillah (952-975M). It reached its peak during the reign of al-Mansur Nizar al-Aziz (975-996M). Success can be seen in the field of religion with high tolerance, education with university development and libraries. From the aspect of culture and civilization, the city of Cairo became the architectural proof with al-Azhar mosque and the arts as well as textile, woven, ceramics, and binding products. 33  AL-AZHAR university Originally, it was built as the al-Azhar Mosque. A well known Egyptian university of higher education and world-renowned as a center of scholarship and education. It was built in 969M and is the second university to be established after the al-Qarawiyin university which is still operating until now. The al-Azhar University is built by the Fatimid Kingdom (909-1171M) which makes Cairo as the center of government. 34  4. CORDOVA After Islam was founded in Andalus / Spain, East Jews began to enter Andalus because Cordova has became their main focus and it was the center of economic, political, social and scientific activities. The tolerance of Islamic government towards Christians led to the assimilation of Christians with Arab / Islamic culture. The use of the Arabic term has become a habit to them and Arabic language studies take over Latin 35  CORDOVA PRIVILEGES as THE CENTER OF intellectual ACTIVITIES The supremacy of Islam in Andalus for almost eight centuries has had an enormous impact on the development of intellectual activity in various fields not only to the Andalus community, but also to the rest of the western and world societies. Cordova as the capital of Andalus at its peak has emerged as a city of great science. It became the focus of scholars and students from all the corners of the world. 36  Educational institutions grow extensively throughout Andalus. All major cities have a distinctive university while a small town has a school. The mosque also serves as a learning center. It was recorded that during the reign of al-Hakam II, there were a thousand universities equipped with a good library throughout Andalus (Kabir Ahmad Khan, 1982). 37  Thus, Cordova emerged as Europe's premier center of study and culture for Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Its students came from within and outside the country. They studied various fields of knowledge at any of the universities in Cordova. The University of Cordova emerged as one of the most famous institutions of higher learning during that time which also comparable to the al-Azhar University in Egypt and the University of Nizamiyyah in Baghdad. 38 Scientific Development by Early Muslim Scientist (Field & main figures) Four mai Medicine Astronomy n Mathematics / Algebra / Number System field Engineering technology s 39 Ilmu Merentasi Sempadan: Perkembangan Awal Sains MEDICAL SCIENCES FIELD 40 MEDICINE MESOPOTAM The Sumerian nation has succeeded in producing the IA world's oldest prescribed medication recorded on the clay CIVILISATION rectangular pieces about 4000 years ago. In the reign of Assyria, about 500 kinds of herbs and medicines were produced and catalogued. This is a turning point in the emergence of pharmaceutical science (Josephine A. Dolan, 1968) ANCIENT Among the contributions of this civilization in the medical PERSIA world is the discovery of Persian's Oldest Medical Record CIVILISATION found in the book 'Zoroaster'. 41  medicine during the ancient Egypt civilisation During this time, patients will visit the temple to receive treatment from medical practitioners as well as to seek help from God to obtain healing. Inside the temple, there is a medical area with the size of a outpatient clinic (modern day) where a priest who is also a physician or called as a priest-physician will act as a 'dentist' and 'pharmacist' (Dr. Saiyid Karim , 2006). 42 medical resources from Greek and Persia In Greek, the works of Hippocrates and Galen have been translated into Arabic by Hunayn bin Ishaq for medical reference purposes. The Greek civilization expanded about 300 years before AD and Greek medicine was also influenced by ancient Egyptian and Babylonian medicine. In Persia, there is a medical school in Jundi Shapur that existed before Islam and became the place for Muslims to study medicine. The Arabs had recognized Greek and Persian medicine before the advent of Islam. 43 Medical figures of the early age Medical Figure of The Ancient Imhotep - Personal physician to Fir'aun Djoser and Egypt: architect of pyramid construction in Sakkara. Medical Figures of The Greek: Hippocrates - the Greek 'Father of Medicine' Galen The writing of these two figures was studied by Islamic scientists after they have been translated from Greek to Arabic. 44  Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Al-Razi Ibn Sina Muslim Jabir bin Hayyan Ibn Rusyd medical Ibn Zuhr figures Ibn Khatimah Ibn Ridwan Ibn Khaldun 45  FIGURE CONTRIBUTION Hunayn Ibn Ishak -Translated over 100 books including Greek and Suryani books into Arabic (810-877M) -The director of Baitul Hikmah - The personal doctor of Caliph Bani Abbas -Wrote 100 books including al-Masa'il fi al-Tibb li al-Mu'allim, Qatighurus' ala ra'yi Thamastiyus and Ikhtiyar al-Adwiyah al-Muhriqah. Al-Razi - Wrote 200 medical books - Treatment of measles (865-925M) -Books: On Small-pox and Measles and al-Hawi (contains all Greek, Persian and Arabic medicine) 46 FIGURE CONTRIBUTION Abu al-Qasim -Known in the west as Abul Casis -Surgeon al-Zahrawi -Doctor in al-Hakam II palace (936-1013M) -Literature work: al-Tasrif (surgical related) - Wrote about the preparation of drugs from plants, minerals and animals (known as Liber Servitoris in Latin) Ibn Zuhr -Known as Avenzor -Expertise in pharmaceutical medicine -Literature work: Al-Iqtisab fi Islah al-Anful al-Ajsad dan Al-Taysir fi al-Mudaat al-Tadbir. Ibn Rusyd -Philosophers, chemists and biologists -Literature works: (known as Kulliyah fi al-Tibb (1126-1198M) (Colliget in Latin). 47 Figure Contribution Ibn Sina -Known as Avicenna in the West -Literature work: Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (Canon of (908-1037M) Medicine) - Became a doctor when he was 17 years old -Doktor to the Caliph in Gurgan, Hamadan, Isfahan etc. Yuhanna bin -Suryani Christian Doctor who grew up in Baghdad Musawaih -Optometrist -Translator leader of the doctoral books into Greek and Arabic during the reign of Harun al Rashid Ibn Yazzar -Student to Ishaq ibn Hunayn -Literature work: Viaticum (Latin) and Provision for the Traveler. 48 across the border: The Early Scientific Development ASTRONOMY 49 ASTRONOMY Astronomy is a star-related science This knowledge has involving positions, been recognized by movements, the Arabs since the arrangements and advent of Islam. interpretations related to the stars. 50  ASTRONOMY MESOPOTA MIA Mastery in astronomy allows them to use the CIVILISATION sea route and create a calendar that based on 12 months in a year. ANCIENT EGYPT Knowledge in astronomy and mathematics CIVILISATION enables the Ancient Egyptians to introduce a 365-day Calendar system based on 12 months of the year. GREEK AND INDIA There are works of Greek Falak, Sassan and CIVILISATION Hindi astronomy that have been translated and developed. 51  Astronomy figures of GREEK & PARSI 1. Claudius Ptolemaeus, known as Ptolemy in English, is a Greek astronomer. Works: Almagest 2. Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi also known as Azophi is an Islamic astronomer from Persia. He has done the task of translating and expanding the works of Greek astronomy especially Almagest by Ptolemy. 52 ASTRONOMY figures of ISLAM Al-Khawarizmi Al-Biruni Ibn Tufayl Ibn Rushd Ibn Kathir Al-Baghdadi Al-Farghani Al-Syatir Al-Tusi Al-Battani 53  Ma Sha’ala Abu Ma’syar Astronomy Ibn Abi Ubaydah figures Ibn Taimiyyah ISLAM Jabir Ibn al-Aflah Abu Ishak al-Bitruji 54 Figure Contribution Abdul Rahman al-Sufi -The first person wrote about (903-986M) astronomy -Catalogued the stars for more than 1000 types that has been used in the west Al-Battani -The astronomer -Set schedule on solar eclipse -Works: De Scenta and De Numeris Stellarum et Motibus (on science, numerals and movements) well-known during the Renaissance era. 55 Figure Contribution Al-Khawarizmi -The first person interpreted the astronomical table -Work: Mafatih al-Ulum (space and planet) Abu Ishak al-Bitruji -Known in the west with Alpetragius and Alpitrazius - Works: Al-Taijah (about forms) and Fi'al Hai'a (most important works on astronomy) A-Biruni -Great scientist of his day -Great masterpiece: Qanun al-Mas'udi Al-Zarqali -Known as Arzachd in the west -created many astronomical tools -Kept the water clock to show day and night -organized the names of days for each month 56 Knowledge across the border: The Early Scientific Development MATHEMATICS 57  Mathematics Developed and progressed based on the mathematics derived from the previous society or civilization (Greek, Indian, Persian & Chinese). Improvements took placed. The Islamic Mathematician focuses on the number system. ¸ Two Main Number System: i. An alphabetical system that uses Arabic letters to representing the numbers ii. The Indian-Nomenclature System and introduced the number '0'. ¸ The number system introduced by the Islamic Mathematician replaces the Roman number system. ¸ Adaptation of the Babylonian system number / calculation system based on 60 e.g., 60 Minutes and 60 Seconds. 58  Mathematics developement The numbering theory is influenced by Pythagoras, the Greek mathematician. Mathematicians see mathematics as having a noble relationship; as a symbol of the reality of all things created by God. The zero and infinite number systems = understanding of Quranic verses. - He is God * the One and Only; God the Eternal Absolute The number system is also important for practical business such as measuring and calculating money in trading. 59  continued… Introducing Algebra The Arabic word "al-jabr" means restoring the balance in the equation. Algebra allows mathematicians to form a common symbol representing a number. Introducing Geometry The study on lines, straight lines, shapes and spaces. Learnt from Greek sources. As a result of the developed geometry and trigonometry knowledge, Islamic scientists were able to study astronomy and other sciences such as Architectural Art, Architectural Technology, Design and Art for 60 example the building of a water wheel. Science DURING THE Golden Age – Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra Click: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAxWF_W6Q9w 61 Knowledge across the border: The early scientific development TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING 62 Contributions Of The Engineering Technology Towards The Islamic World 1. Measurement tools 2. Water-clock 3. Construction of Al-Jazari's water-conveying machine 4. Ibn Haytam's Mechanical Water Clock 5. Irrigation system Additional readings: http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/journey-of-a utomatic-machines 63 THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD The dry land of Arab, requires irrigation. Therefore, water irrigation system was built. Engineering tools and technologies such as water wheels, dams, and irrigation for plants were developed. New discoveries in agriculture. 64