Chapter 3-4 Medical Prefixes PDF

Chapter 3: Prefixes Prefixes: - World element placed at beginning of word - Changes the meaning of the word - Not contained in all medical terms - Most same as in English Types: I. Position II. Number & Measurement III. Direction...

Chapter 3: Prefixes Prefixes: - World element placed at beginning of word - Changes the meaning of the word - Not contained in all medical terms - Most same as in English Types: I. Position II. Number & Measurement III. Direction IV. Other common prefixes used to change word meaning I. Prefixes of Position: Prefix Meaning Example Endo In, within Endocrine: gland secretes Intra dirently into blood Intra Muscular: within muscle Epi Above, upon Epidermis: above skin Hypo Under, below, deficient Hypodermic: under skin Infra Under, below Infracostal: below ribs Sub Subcutaneous: under skin Inter Between Intercostal: between ribs Retro Backward, behind Retroversion: turning back II. Prefixes of Number & Measurement: Prefix Meaning Dipl Double Diplo Hemi, Semi Half Nulli None Mono One Uni Bi Two Tri Three Quadri Four Primi Before Hyper Excessive, above normal Macro large Micro small Multi Many, much Poly III. Prefixes of Direction Prefix Meaning Example Ab Away from Abduction: away from body Ad Towards Aduction: to body Circum/Peri Around Circumfrance (around circle) Perimeter (around shape) Dia/trans Through, across Diarrhea: flow through bowel Transverse plane: through body Ecto, Exo, Extra Outside, outward Para Near, beside, Parallel Super Upper, Above Superior Supra Above, excessive Suprarenal; above kidney Ultra Excess, beyond Ultrasonic: beyond human hear IV. Other Common Prefixes: Prefix Meaning Example A Without, not Anasthesia: not feeling An Anti Against Antibacterial Contra Contraceptive Auto Self, own Autograph Brady Slow Bradycardia: slow heart rate Dys Painful Dyspnea: shortness of breath Eu Good, normal Eupnea: normal breathing Chapter 4: Body Structure Levels of Organization: - Cell (cell membrane & cytoplasm, nucleus or kary/o nucle/o) (cyt/o) - Tissue (hist/o) → Organ → Organ System → Organism Body Planes: - Midsagittal (median) plane - Coronal (frontal) plane - Transverse (horizontal) plane Body Cavities: 1. Dorsal (posterior) - Cranial - Spinal 2. Ventral (anterior) - Thoracic - Abdominal - Pelvic Quadrants of Abdominalpelvic cavity Divided 4 quadrants & 9 regions provide: - Help describe location of organs - Used for clinical examination, reporting, charting - Locates abdominal pain - Locates surgical procedures (i.e. incision sites) - Locations of tumors - Operative & Physical Examinations Combining forms (color or chromo) - Red: erythr/o - White: Albin/o, leuk/o - Black: Melan/o - Blue: Cyan/o - Yellow: cirrh/o, jaund/o, xanth/o Others: - Dry: xer/o - Extremity: acr/o - Internal organs: viscer/o - Disease: path/o - Unknow, peculiar: idi/o Disease: - Pathological condition with signs, symptoms, clinical findings - Disrupts homeostasis (innner equilibrium): temp, hydration, acidity & salts (electrolytes) Signs: - Signs: objective indicator (i.e. rash, swelling, lumps) - Symtpoms: subjective indicator (i.e. diziness, nausea, pain) Causes: - Metabolic (diabetes) - Infectious (infleunza) - Congenital (cleft palate) - Hereditary (hemophelia) - Neoplastic (cancer) - Environmental (trauma, burns) Diseases Vocab: 1. Adhesion: fibrous binding of tissues that are separated 2. Inflamattion: body defense against injury/disease, aids healing 3. Febrile: feverish 4. Morbid: diseased, unhealthy 5. Sepsis: pathogens in blood or tissues 6. Suppurative/Supparation: pus 7. Edema: accumulated fluid (i.e. lipedema) 8. Gangrene: decay or death of tissue 9. Hernia: organs push through structure, like muscle, that contains it 10. Mycosis: fungal infection 11. Perforation: hole 12. Peritonitis: inflammation of perritoneum (serous membrane of abdominal vanity) 13. Rupture: bursting organ 14. Septicemia: bacterial infection of tissues spreading to blood (sepsis) Diagnostic & Surgical Procedures: Assessment techniques: - Asculation: listen with stethoscope heart, bowel, lungs - Inspection: general observation - Palpation: feeling structures - Percussion: tapping with hand or fingers to assess fluids Diagnostic Procdures: - Endoscopy: uses endoscope to see inside body (endo in, scopy visual exam) - Complete Blood Count (CBC): red, white cells, plateeres to determine anemias - Biopsy: removes sample of tissue, blood, body fluid for examination (Imaging) 1. Computer Tomogrophy (CT scan): x-ray around area 2. Fluoroscopy: xrays directed through body with fluorescent light 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): radio waves strong magnetic field for, better view of soft tissues & systems 4. Nuclear scan: tracer with gamma camera produces images of organs & structures 5. Position Emission Tomography (PET): metabolic activity of body tissues to determine disease a. Increased metabolism: possible tumor b. Decreased metabolism: alzheimers, parkinsons, epilepsy 6. Radiography: x-ray 7. Electrocardiography (ECG): heart electrical impulses, placed on skin 8. Spirometry: pulmonary function test to test volume & flow of air in lungs 9. Ultrasound: high frequency sound waves to produce image of body structure (transducer or probe) Surgical Procedures: - Anastamosis: surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, for flow from one to another - Ablation: removal of body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destuction, freezing, or radio frequency - Curretage: scrapes body cavity - Electrocauterization: electric instrument destroys diseases tissue - Incision & drainage: incision to flow fluids and pus out - Laser surgery - Revision: to correct a previously unsuccessful result from previous procedure