Civil Engineering Notes PDF

Civil Engineering Parthenon (447 – 438 BC) a professional engineering discipline that deals  Is a former temple on the Athenian with the design, construction, and maintenance of Acropolis, Greece, that was dedicated to the physical and nat...

Civil Engineering Parthenon (447 – 438 BC) a professional engineering discipline that deals  Is a former temple on the Athenian with the design, construction, and maintenance of Acropolis, Greece, that was dedicated to the physical and naturally built environment, the goddess Athena during the fifth century including public works such as roads, bridges,  Architect - Iktinos and Callicrates canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and Appian way (By Roman Engineers) railways. was a Roman road used as a main route for ANCIENT HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING military supplies for its conquest of southern Italy in 312 BC and for improvements in and beginning of civil engineering, however, that communication. the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this earth. Great wall of China (220 BC)  21,196.18km  Man used the old shelter caves to protect  2,000 years of construction themselves of weather and harsh  It is not a wall but a series of fortifications environment (defensive wall)  Initiated by Emperor Qin Shi Huang  used a tree trunk to cross the river, which  General Meng T’ien who started the being the demonstration of ancient age civil construction engineering.  Longest man-made structure  Between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient The Stupas Egypt and Mesopotamia when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence,  Constructed in ancient Sri Lanka thus causing a need for the construction of  Semispherical monuments that house shelter. cremated remains or belongings of Buddha  no clear distinction between civil or Buddhist monks or nuns. engineering and architecture Vitruvius’ De Architectura  the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the  A treatise on Architecture, Book called same person, often used interchangeably Vitruvius’ De Architectura, was published at Circa 2700-2500 BC 1AD in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient times.  The construction of Pyramids in Egypt – first large structure constructions  It was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to Around 2550 BC his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus,  Imhotep (first documented engineer) built a as a guide for building projects. famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis One of the earliest examples of a scientific  His greatest contribution to engineering approach to physical and mathematical was his discovery of the art of building with problems applicable to civil engineering is the shaped stoned work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which Qanat water management system underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw.  consists of a network of underground canals that transport water from aquifers Brahmagupta in highlands to the surface at lower levels by gravity  an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in  the oldest, older than 3000 years the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic  longer than 71km numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.  CIVIL ENGINEERING IN MODERN TIMES 1794 - The Ecole Polytechnique was founded in Paris The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in the foundation in France 1799 - The Bauakademie was started in Berlin in 1716 of the Bridge and Highway Corps, out of which in 1747 grew the École Nationale des Ponts 1818 - The Institution of Civil Engineers was et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and founded in London and in Highways – first engineering school”).  It was established by Daniel –Charles  1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Trudine. Telford became its first president  Its teachers wrote books that became standard works on the mechanics of  1828 The institution received a Royal materials, machines, and hydraulics, and Charter, formally recognizing civil leading British engineers learned French engineering as a profession. to read them. Its charter defined civil engineering as: “Civil Talented, craftsmen, stonemasons, millwrights, engineering is the application of physical and toolmakers, and instrument makers became civil scientific principles, and its history is intricately engineers. linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil James Brindley began as a millwright and engineering is a wide ranging profession, including became the foremost canal builder of the century several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, John Rennie was millwright’s apprentice who material science, geography, geology, soil, eventually built the new London Bridge hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.” Thomas Telford, a stonemason, became Britain’s leading road builder. 1819 - The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was Norwich John Smeaton University founded by Captain Alden Partridge. the first man to call himself a civil engineer, began 1835 - The first degree in Civil Engineering in the as an instrument maker. His design of Eddystone United States was awarded by Rensselaer Lighthouse (1756–59), with its interlocking Polytechnic Institute masonry, was based on a craftsman’s experience.  Smeaton’s work was backed by thorough 1905 - The first such degree to be awarded to a research, and his services were much in woman was granted by Cornell University to demand. Nora Stanton Blatch  In 1771 he founded the Society of Civil Engineers (now known as the Smeatonian The History and Development of Civil Engineering Society). Its object was to bring together and its Profession in the Philippines experienced engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to promote the building of large DURING SPANISH TIME public works, such as canals (and later railways), and to secure the parliamentary There were no Filipino civil engineers. Social powers necessary to execute their prejudice constrained the repressed Indio builders schemes. to content themselves to be called mere ‘Maestro de Obras’ / Master builders (equivalent to EDUCATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY Construction Foreman as of today) In the 18th century the term civil engineering was During the 18th and 19th centuries, Filipino coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed engineers were assigned the task of maintaining, to military engineering. repairing and/or remodelling infrastructure systems in all 'pueblos' or towns including 1747 - National School of Bridges and Highways, churches, convents and government buildings. France was opened. 1771 - Smeatonian Society was formed. 1571 - Miguel Lopez de Legaspi founded the City They subdivided the lands in to four estates of Manila on June 24, 1571 namely:  Naic Estate The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago  Santa Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) Estate (Fuerte de Santiago) after the establishment of the  San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias) city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, 1571. Estate and  The fort served as a prison for national hero  Imus Estate, Jose Rizal before his execution in 1896. all of which are now popularly called as Cavite Friar 1577 - With the arrival of the Franciscan Order to Lands. Manila, they began with construction of wood and cane churches that succumbed to natural 1846 - The Pasig River Light House was the first catastrophes. In 1739 they constructed a stone lighthouse (masonry-built) erected in the church that was financed by the public charity and Philippines. became one of richest in Intramuros.  A light station has been established on the site since 1642. 1599 - St. Augustine Church is the oldest stone  The first lighthouse structure was erected church in the Philippines. It was built in 1599: by the ruling Spanish government and lit on however, it was also destroyed and rebuilt many September 1,1846. times. It is an immense structure of thick walls of  It was then located on the north jetty at the Corinthian and Ionic designs. mouth of Pasig River, (San Nicolas, Manila) marking the entrance to the river for 1621 - Don Bernardino Castillo, a generous patron vessels around Manila Bay, looking to dock and a well-known devotee of St. Sebastian. Patron on the ports along the banks of the river in of Archers, donated his lot, which is now the Manila. present site of the San Sebastian Church. The  From its location at the mouth of the historic original church, which was made of wood, was river, which divides Manila into two burned in 1851 during a Chinese uprising. The sections, it was a welcoming beacon for succeeding structures were destroyed twice by fire over a century to all mariners of inter-island and an earthquake in 1859. 1883. and 1880 vessels when bringing their vessels up into respectively. the river for berthing along its busy  An example of the Gothic Revival wharves. architecture in the Philippines, it is the only  The lighthouse was demolished in 1992 steel building church in the Philippines. It and was replaced with an architecturally was designated as a National Historical simpler lighthouse with the new tower built Landmark in 1973 and as a National on the foundation of the old one. The Cultural Treasure in 2011. Philippine Coast Guard Station of Manila is located adjacent to the lighthouse and the 1645 - Manila was hit by an earthquake and was community that developed from the reconstructed reclaimed lands is now known as 'Parole (Filipino for "lighthouse"). 1686 - The first artesian wells were built in Bells,  The present tower is a white conical Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes. The water concrete structure with a height of 46 feet system in Manila (now MWSS) had its beginning (14.02 m) and a focal plane of 43 feet from the water works constructed by Fr. Juan (13.11 m). The old tower was taller at 49 Peguero in 1686. feet (14.94 m). Lighthouses in the  The first irrigation system was constructed Philippines are maintained by the in Tanay, Rizal by Fr. Jose Delgado. Philippine Coast Guard. 17th Century 1852 - Puente Colgante (which is the term for a Cavite Friar Land Irrigation System is one of the suspension bridge in Spanish: literally. hanging oldest irrigation systems in the Philippines. bridge) was the first suspension bridge built in Sometimes in the 17th century, the Spanish period Southeast Asia when it was started in 1849 and encomiendas or Spanish Royal lands grants were completed in 1852. implemented in Cavite. The priests were granted  It was built and owned by Ynchausti by the Spanish King, portions of the agricultural y Compaiiia, the business headed by Jose land in Cavite. Joaquin de Ynchausti. He commissioned the design from Basque engineer Mafias Menchacatorre.   The bridge was first named Puente de 1876 - The General Plan for Railways was drawn Claveria, likely in honor of the Governor- up in 1876 for the island of Luzon and included a General of the Philippines Narciso network totaling 1.730 kilometers. A 192 km Claveria, who served from 1844-1849. stretch of track was constructed between Manila  Puente Colgante was the first suspension and Dagupan. This operated a regular service as bridge, not only the Philippines but in South from 1892. East Asia as well, and probably the first toll bridge of its kind in the Philippines, a The most outstanding works carried out on the precursor of the modem Sky Way, albeit for railway system were the bridge over the great pedestrian use only. Pampanga River and the building of Tutuban  The suspension bridge measured 110 Station in the Tondo district. The tremendous metres (360 ft) long and 7 metres (23 ft) growth of the city of Manila led the administration wide, and had two lanes that allowed to contemplate in 1878 the setting up of a public passage of horses and carabao-drawn transport network. Five tramway lines would link carriages. It was also opened for the city with its outskirts. pedestrians traveling on foot between Quiapo and Intramuros and nearby areas. 1878 - The concession for constructing five tramways in Manila and its suburbs was 1867 - the town council decides to take on the approved. The plan included a main station at San challenge of a project to supply fresh water to the Gabriel and the crossing of the river via the whole of the city. "Puente de Espana"  In 1882 the first public water fountain gushed forth its waters, and shortly after 1880 - School for Maestro de Obras called this, the technology of the times was Escuela Practica y Artes Oficios de Manila was successful in providing Manila with a fresh founded. Its first Filipino graduates were water supply from sources upriver.  Julio Hernandez (1891)  Isidro Medina (1894) 1868 – the Bureau of Public Works and Highways  Arcadio Arellano (1894) and (Obras Publicas) and Bureau of Communications  Juan Carreon (1896). and Transportation (Communicationes y Meteologia) were organized under a civil engineer Puente de Convalecencia or better known as the known as 'Director General'. Ayala Bridge was completed in 1880. Originally it is composed of two separate spans connected by 1878-1918 the Isla de Convalecencia which is home to The founding of Carriedo Waterworks Manila didn't Hospisio de San Jose dropping point for get running water until 1878, when the municipal abandoned babies the bridge over this island was waterworks was established by Governor Domingo originally made of wooden arched trusses. Moriones, with money from a fund that by then had become legendary as the Carriedo Legacy. 1883 - On November 1. 1883. the study of the first railroad project between Manila A 'public-spirited citizen." Don Francisco and Dagupan done by Antonio dela Camara was Carriedo y Peredo was a Basque from Santander approved. who during his life conferred immense benefits on the Philippines, having migrated in the Philippines 1887 - On July 31. 1887. construction of the easy in the 18th century. Manila-Dagupan railroad was started. On November 24. 1892, the entire line from Manila to One of his 'obras pias“ (pious works), was a legacy Dagupan with a total length of 195.4 kms was he left in his will for the building of a Manila water completed and put into commercial operations. system. He died in 1743 and Manila was to be without running water for more than a century 18th and 19th Century longer. Thanks to Govemor Moriones who acted Two types of construction under Spanish regime on providing Manila with running water that the were practiced. Carriedo Legacy was finally fulfilled. First, pavement of cut Spanish road - Cut adobe 1875 - On June 25. 1875. King ALFONSO XII of stone pavement stone. This was usually of the Spain promulgates the Royal Decree directing the adobe quality, probably used because it is easily Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the quarried, Cut, and handled. Philippines to submit a general plan of railroad in  The size used called "ordinario" 20 by 20 Luzon. centimeters and 50 centimeters long.   This makes a very smooth and pretty  From January 21. 1899 to May 7. 1899. with pavement but when an ordinary amount of Apolinario Mabini as President of the Cabinet traffic is encountered, wears very rapidly. (i.e. Prime Minister). Gracio Gonzaga served Had a hard stone been used. the result as the Secretary of Public Welfare. which would have been of a permanent nature. included the transportation and communications portfolio. Second is Spanish road rubble-stone pavement  When Mabini was replaced by Pedro cobblestones. The pavement of cobblestone Paterno as President of the Cabinet, consisted of boulders probably taken from river among the seven departments set up was beds varying in size from 10 to 30 centimeters in the Communicaciones y Obras Publicas diameter. (i.e. the Communications and Public Works  This type was very durable and lasting. so Department). Maximo Paterno was long as the individual stones retained their appointed as Secretary of Public Works position in a bed of earth. and Communications. Since then, public  Owing to the size used there was no bond works, transportation, and communications and stones were easily displaced. unless have been grouped into one department. covered with earth sand or gravel. This pavement was very rough and had a During the American Regime second or top course of small gravel been used and bound together with a binding The coming of the Americans brought material. would have been in use to-day. about drastic changes in our engineering culture. Attention is often The new colonizers pursued -benevolent' policies  called to the good roads that existed during that focused on English education, public health, the Spanish regime. free enterprise, and representative governance thus bringing with them were military engineers, 1898 First Philippine Republic Thomasite teachers, doctors and evangelist.  In June 12. 1898, Gen Emilio Aguinaldo Under the civil government established in declared the Philippine Independence in July 1901, such 'assimilation’ manifested itself Kawit, Cavite, The Organic Decree of the physically in the form of infrastructures, highways, Philippine Revolutionary Government on bridges, schools, hospitals, and government June 23, 1898 issued by Gen. Emilio buildings steadily transformed the Philippine Aguinaldo provided for the creation of four (4) landscape. Departments in the government. One of which was the DEPARTMENT OF WAR AND 1900 PUBLIC WORKS.  Though once included in the Department of Foundation of the Liceo de Manila. a private War, now Department of National Defense, institution offering academic course for maestro de its functions as builder and maintainer of obras and headed by Leon Ma. Guerrero. The first roads, bridges and other public works private school to offer an academic title for Maestro structures are inherent in the present de Obras. (the forerunner of formal education in Department - The inclusion of public works in architecture/engineering) the War and Department can be explained by the exigencies of the revolutionary period. The introduction of reinforced concrete in the The construction of fortifications and Philippines was in the 1900s and its use in the trenches was needed in the cause for construction of the Masonic Temple (Grand Lodge freedom which our heroes had fought for. of the Philippines), the first multi-structure in  When Spain ceded the Philippines to the Escotta. Manila. United States in 1898, the public works and activities were placed under the U.S. Army Early 1900’s engineers. Transportation in the Philippines was depended 1899 largely on trails, waterways Railroad, earth roads  The Malolos Constitution was ratified during and partially-gravelled roads. Highway in the a general assembly of Congress and the first Philippines at that time is nothing more than a Council of Government of the First Philippine dream to most Filipinos. Republic was created.  The US government initiated the development of roadways in the Philippines connecting towns, cities and provinces.   The popular Macadam road type was operation and maintenance of irrigation introduced. It gained acceptance because systems. It also regulated the appropriation of abundant supply of stones and gravel. of public waters, prescribed rules on water rights and provided for the securing of 1907 - The Faculty of Engineering of the University payments for irrigation services from the of Santo Tomas (UST) is the oldest engineering beneficiaries. school in the Philippines. It was established on May 18, 1907, as School of Civil Engineering with 1914 one program offering leading to the degree of Communal irrigation systems (CIS) were simple  Master of Science in Civil Engineering structures. The earliest on record is as far back as (MSCE). From faculty records, it appeals 1914, mostly located in the Ilocos area of northern that it was only in 1912 when the earliest Philippines and known as the zanjera. batch of students was conferred their  The term zanjera is derived from the MSCE degrees. Spanish term for turnout and used locally to  Don Ramon Irureta-Goyena headed the refer to a co-operative irrigation society the UST-COE. During the early years of U.S. function of which was to secure a stable occupation, most of the civil engineers in and reliable supply of water for its our country came from America. The members. College was patterned after the University  Most zanjeras may have two or more sittios of Havana in Cuba and was fast set up at or barrios. Membership may comprise of all the second floor of the old UST building in land owner or tenants or a combination of Intramuros. both. Water from these systems were usually obtained from river diversions by 1908 - The above-named Escuela was bamboo and rock structures-the brush reorganized and reopened its doors to students but dam. Being temporary structures, the this time offered a three-year course for community was brought together in its architecture, civil engineering and electrical reconstruction on a regular basis. engineering. 1921 1909 - Wawa Dam (also known as Montalban Metropolitan Water District was founded Dam) is a gravity dam constructed over the Marikina River in the municipality of Rodriguez in The Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. 2985) Rizal province. was passed on February 23. 1921. The law  The slightly arched dam is situated in the created separate Board of Examiners for civil 360-metre high Montalban Gorge or Wawa engineering and architecture. They were schooled Gorge, a water gap in the Sierra Madre abroad as civil engineers and architects. Due to Mountains, and east of Manila. the Engineers and Architects Law of 1921.  It was built in 1909 during the American Filipinos were allowed to practice as Architects and colonial era to provide the water needs for Engineers because of their experience as Maestro Metro Manila. de Obras in the Spanish Period.  It used to be the only source of water for Manila until Angat Dam was built and 1928 Wawa was abandoned. Due to A group of civil engineers from the government insufficiency of water supply for Metro sector formed the Philippine Society of Civil Manila, there was a strong clamor to reuse Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil the dam. engineering organization in the Philippines with Engr. Marcia Kasilag as its first president. 1912 The Irrigation Act of 1912: Under the American  Engr. Kasilag thereupon received the regime, the government initiated policies to honor of holding PRC Registration Number stimulate national economic growth through 1 for Civil Engineers. He then occupied a irrigation development. high-ranking position in the government  The Irrigation Division under the Bureau of and the early members of PSCE were Public Works (BPW) was established in government engineers. There were 1908 (the friar lands were sold to govt. relatively few civil engineers in private which in turn were sold to the tenants in practice during that time as most of the 1902). early graduates were readily engaged by  The Irrigation Act was passed in 1912. This the various government agencies. regulated the appropriation of public waters, investigation, construction, 1930 - Puente Colgante Bridge was replaced by a  But in 1959, by virtue of Republic Act 2140, modern steel arch bridge during early 1930's. It the highway was renamed in honor of was renamed Quezon Bridge after Manuel L Epifanio de los Santos, a famous statesman Quezon, the president of the Philippines at that of the province of Rizal. time. 1941 During Japanese Occupation (WW2) 1937 The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers The tides of war in the Pacific came in (PACE) was formed from a group of civil engineers December 1941 and thereby interrupted the in the private sector with Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas normal operations of the schools and colleges. By Cortes as its first president order of the President of the Philippines, all schools were closed. When the Japanese forces  The objectives of both organizations were entered Manila in January 1942, they occupied the similar with each other in which both of College/School buildings. them wants to: "elevate the standards of the profession, encourage research and December 24, 1941- August 1, 1944 engineering knowledge and technology, foster fellowship among members, and During the Japanese occupation, the exiled promote interrelation with other Commonwealth government of President Manuel technological and scientific societies". Quezon issued Executive Order 396, which reorganized and grouped the cabinet. The  The PACE being the most active than the Department of Public Works and Communication PSCE led to the transfer of many PSCE became the Department of National Defense. members to PACE. Public Works. Communications and Labor with Basilio Valdes as Secretary. 1938 In 1938, statutes for practice of architecture from 1942 engineering separated by law —National Assembly Bill No. 1850 On Philippine soil, to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese,  On January 31. 1938, the first Bicol train the Philippine Executive Commission was was put into operation established. Under President Jose P. Laurel's  On May 8. 1938, the unified system of administration. Quintin Paredes served as Minister railroad from San Fernando. La Union in of Public Works and Communications. the North to Legazpi in the South was formally inaugurated  Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province of 1940 Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range  Highway 54 was the former name of the of the Philippines. The reservoir created by Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA). the dam. Lake Caliraya, initially supplied one Stretching some 54 kilometers. Highway 54 of the oldest hydroelectric plants in the serves as a lifeline for hundreds of thousands Philippines, and later became a popular of Filipinos passing or doing business in recreational area for numerous water sports Metro Manila. and fishing. The dam construction was started in 1939 and a small hydroelectric  It formed a major part of the circumferential plant was operated in 1942. roads in Metro Manila. From the south. it passes through five cities Pasay. Makati. 1944 (After the War) Mandaluyong. Quezon City, and Caloocan. Its endpoint is at the rotunda near the SM  After the Second World War, the new Mall of Asia in Pasay City while its northern independent Philippine government point is at Monumento in Caloocan City near continued the rehabilitation and construction the Andres Bonifacio monument. of roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures, through the reparations and  When the avenue was constructed in 1940 war damages paid by the Japanese by engineers led by Florencio Moreno and government. Other financial grants and aids Osmundo L. Monsod. it was first named as received from the US government were used North and South Circumferential Road. But at in the construction and rehabilitation of the end of World War II, the American roads, bridges, buildings and other occupiers changed the name to Highway 54. infrastructures.   President Sergio Osmena issued  With the abolition of National Airport Executive Order 15-W on August 8. 1944 Corporation in 1951, ownership and reorganizing and consolidating the management of the airport fell to the Civil Executive Departments of the Aeronautics Administration (CAA) under Commonwealth government with the Department of Commerce & Industry. Secretary Basilio Valdes as Secretary of In 1956, the CAA was transferred to the National Defense and Communications. Department of Public Works, Transportation & Communications. 1948 - The country's premiere airport. Manila 1954 International Airport Authority was originally a US Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was created and Air Force base until 1948, when it was turned over placed under The Department of Public Works, to the Philippine government's National Airport Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) Corporation. The fledgling civil aviation airport's facilities were nothing more than the current  R.A. No. 1192, AN ACT TO CREATE THE domestic runway and a small building as its only BUREAU OF PUBLIC HIGHWAYS, passenger terminal. ABOLISHING THE DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC 1950-1956 WORKS Approved, August 25, 1954. The Ambuklao dam was the highest and biggest in  R.A. No. 1080 was enacted on June 15, 1954 the Far East. — making bar and board exam (passers) are  It is made of earth and rockfull which equivalent to First-Grade Civil Service measures 129 meters in height and 452 eligibility. meters in length.  The elevation of its crest is 758 meters and 1955 the roadway that runs through the top of the  REPUBLIC ACT No. 1383 was approved on dam has an elevation of 756 meters. June 18. 1955 "AN ACT CREATING A  There are 8 Tainter radial gates at the PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN clam's spillway. Each spillway measures AS THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND 12.5 meters by 12.5 meters and is 127 SEWERAGE AUTHORITY' meters in length.  The first road classification system in the  The gross storage capacity of the dam's country was established through Republic reservoir is 327,170,000 cubic meters and Act No. 917, known as the Philippine it has a usable storage capacity of Highway Act, enacted in 1953 and Executive 258,000,000 cubic meters. Order 113, series of 1955 which classified  The drainage area is 686 square kilometers roads into national roads (national primary and is 11 km long with a maximum width of and national secondary), 'national aid' roads 1 km. (roads of sufficient importance for eventual  Construction began on July 1950 and reclassification at a later stage) and opened on December 23, 1956. provincial/city/municipal/barangay roads. 1951  1955-1970 - National Waterworks and President Elpidio Quirino under Executive Order Sewerage System Authority (NAWASA) was No. 392 in 1951, the DPWC was again created through RA 1383 reconstituted to Department of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) to 1956 include the Bureaus of Public Works, Posts,  On June 16. 1956, the Civil Engineering law Telecommunications, Motor Vehicles Office, was further amended by Republic Act No. Irrigation Council, Flood Control Commission, 1582. On the same year, the Architecture law Radio Control Board, National Transportation was further amended by Republic Act No. Board and Government Quarters Committee. 1581.  Ambuklao Dam began its construction on  Taking cognizance of the social impact of the July 1950 and opened on December 23. road network to national growth, the 1956. Philippine Highway Act of 1953 or Republic Act No. 917 providing for an effective 1957 highway administration modified  Agusan Dam started construction on May apportionment of highway funds and gave 1956 and it opened on December 29. 1957. aid to provinces and cities for the improvement and maintenance of roads and bridges. 1960  and its installed capacity of 100 MW is Philippines had created one of the top countries in being upgraded to 120 MW. the world that produces architects and engineers since the 60’s In 1960, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures prepared a system of units designated  Private and infrastructure developments the 'Systeme Internationale d' Unites' with the were not in existence in the country to make abbreviation SI for worldwide adoption. It has been use of these new architects and engineers adopted and used by most of the over 160 countries in the world, with the exception of  Shortage of projects in the country have Borneo, the Sultanate of Brunei, Liberia and resulted to an influx of Filipino architects and notably the United States. engineers migration to the US and Europe which started in the 60’s 1961 The first thirteen years of the airport were marked  The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or by the building of infrastructure dedicated to NLEx), and which is formerly called the North international flights. The international runway and Diversion Road and Manila North associated taxiway were built in 1953, and 1961 Expressway (MNEX), and officially known as saw the completion of a control tower and a Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access terminal building for the exclusive use of toll expressway that connects Metro Manila international passengers at the southwest to the provinces of the Central Luzon region intersection of the runways. This system came to in the Philippines. It is one of the two be officially known as the Manila International branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Airport (MIA). Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was  The Association of Structural Engineers of built in the 1960s. the Philippines (ASEP) was founded. The expressway begins in Quezon City at a 1961-1967 cloverleaf interchange with EDSA: a continuation Angat Dam located at Norzagaray. Bulacan started of Andres Bonifacio Avenue. It then passes its construction on November 1961 and opened on through Quezon City, Caloocan, and Valenzuela in October 16. 1967 with height of 131 meters, length Metro Manila, Meycauayan, Marilao, Bocaue, of 568 meters and base width of 550 meters. The Balagtas, Guiguinto, Malolos, Plaridel, and Pulilan source of darn is the Angat River, with a capacity in Bulacan, San Simon, San Fernando, Mexico of 850 million cubic meters. and Angeles in Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at Mabalacat and merges with the 1963 MacArthur Highway, which continues northward REPUBLIC ACT No. 3597 was approved on June into the rest of Central and Northern Luzon. 22. 1963 (NAWASA Act) Presently, it was maintained by Tollways  AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN Management Corporaion with a total length of PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT 84km. NUMBERED THIRTEEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE. ENTITLED "AN ACT 1960-1980’s CREATING A PUBLIC CORPORATION The automobile age. It was during the decade that TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL road construction becomes a matter of priority of WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE the government under the slogan: “This nation is AUTHORITY' on Wheels."  The National Irrigation Administration is a 1960 government-owned and controlled Binga Dam is a dam connected to a hydroelectric corporation tasked with the development power plant situated at Barrio Binga, Barangay and operation of Irrigation Systems all over Tinongdan in Itogon, Benguet, Philippines. The the country. It was created under RA 3601 plant was constructed in 1956 and was opened in which was signed on June 22. 1963 by then 1960, three years after Ambuklao Dam was President Diosdado P. Macapagal. opened.  It is located 31 km southeast of Baguio City  Its forerunner was the Irrigation Division of and 19 km downstream of Ambuklao Dam. the defunct Bureau of Public Works. By Improvement of the dam is on-going for it virtue of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1 had received heavy damage during the issued by President Ferdinand Marcos, all 1990 Luzon earthquake irrigation activities were integrated under the NIA. The Agency's power was likewise  broadened and capitalization increased 1971-1997 from P300 M to 2 B by the issuance of PD 552 on September 11. 1072. Capitalization On 19 June 1971, Republic Act 6234 was enacted. was further increased to P10 B under PD It dissolved the National Waterworks and 1702 on July 17. 1980. Sewerage System (NAWASA) and created in its place the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage  NIA absorbed the functions of the Irrigation System (MWSS). MWSS was thus given the Division of the Bureau of Public Works and mandate 'to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate the Irrigation Unit of the Bureau of Lands supply and distribution of potable water for and Friar Lands Irrigation System. This domestic and other purposes at just and equitable hybrid nature of MA enabled it to use funds rates. The proper operation and maintenance of from the government treasury for sewerage systems was likewise part of its constructing and rehabilitating irrigation mandate. systems, the underlying premise being that irrigation benefited not only the farmers, but 1971 the broader society as well. On August 20, 1971, Republic Act No. 6366 was passed amending the PNR Charter. 1964 1973 On June 20, 1964. Republic Act No. 4156 is On June 1973. President Ferdinand E. Marcos enacted. It changes the corporate name of Manila issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Railroad Company (MRRCo) to Philippine National Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) Railways (PNR) regulating all professions and accrediting only one organization to represent each profession. R.A No. 4566 was enacted on June 19. 1965 — regulating constructions or The Contractor's On December 11, 1973, the Securities and License Law' Exchange Commission (SEC) issued Registration Certificate No.53896 to the PHILIPPINE 1967 INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. INC. (PICE). Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir This was the culmination and fulfilment of a vision embankment hydroelectric dam that supplies the to merge two separate organizations of civil Manila metropolitan area water. It was a part of the engineers in the country, the Philippine Society of Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine  The reservoir supplies about 90 percent of Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). raw water requirements for Metro Manila through the facilities of the Metropolitan Presidential Decree No. 198, also known as The Waterworks and Sewerage System and it Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973.' was signed irrigates about 28.000 hectares of farmland into law on May 25, 1973. That law created the in the provinces of Bulacan and Local Water Utilities Administration or LWUA in the Pampanga. national level and provided for the establishment of  Construction began on November 1961 Water Districts in provincial cities and and it opened on October 16, 1967. municipalities. 1965-1973 (During Martial Law) 1975 The first International convention was held in the President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Manuel Philippines on May 20 to 24. 1975 with the theme Syquio as Acting Secretary of Public Works and 'Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control." Communications. (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers) 1970’s On August 13. 1975, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) recognized the PICE as the The 70's is commonly known as the Martial Law only official organization of civil engineers in the years. Declared in 1972. the first few years of its Philippines with Accreditation No. 007 implementation brought about good things to our country. But its later years proved to be the most  PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 693 trying times of our country. Incidentally. the (Construction of Magat Dam) was enacted on construction industry in the Middle East was at its May 7. 1975 peak and civil engineers and architects were in demand.   PD No. 693 - Authorizing the Construction of others arrived for a ground breaking the Magat River Multi-Purpose Project in ceremony in Palayupay. Pantabangan. Isabela. Providing for the Financing Thereof, Nueva Ecija, to signal the beginning of the and for Other Purposes. construction of Pantabangan Dam. The dam  National Housing Authority (NHA) was went into operation in February 1977 and created under PD 757 to oversee housing was completed later in May. Approximately development on a national level. 1.300 people were relocated from the dam's  The Philippine Ports Authority was created reservoir zone. under Presidential Decree No. 505 which was subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 1978 in December 1975. The National Engineering Center (NEC) was  In 1975, President Ferdinand Marcos, by a established as per P.D. No. 1295. It is an agency Presidential Decree, the System supported by the National Government and by the International (SI) system of units was UNDP. The NEC will be an umbrella body under mandated in the Philippines. which the non-teaching activities of the college will be administered. These units include: The National 1976 Hydraulics Research Center (NHRC), the Training With the shift in the form of government, national Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry agencies were renamed from Departments to (TCAGP), the UP Industrial Research Center Ministries. In 1976. Department of Public Works. (UPIRC), and the Transport Training Center (ITC), Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) and the Building Research Services (BRS). became Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (MPWTC) & Department of  On June 11, 1978. Presidential Decree Public Highways (DPH) as Ministry of Public Number 1594 or The Prescribing Policies. Highways. Guidelines. Rules and Regulations for Government Infrastructure Contracts' was  In 1976, the National Water Resources promulgated. Board (NWRB) was created through the National Water Code of the Philippines Mater  Presidential Decree No. 1350 was Code of the Philippines) to coordinate promulgated on April 7, 1978 — allowing policies concerning water resources. applicants for citizenship to take the board exam pending the approval of their petition. 1977  PD 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the Philippines (the 'NBCP") 1978-1983 signed by then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on  The construction and appurtenant structures 19 February 1977 and its Implementing was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7. Rules and Regulations ('IRR'): 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed in  Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. embankment dam on the Pampanga River Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27. 1982 located in Pantabangan in Nueva Ecija and started operations in 1983. province of the Philippines. The multipurpose dam provides water for irrigation and  Implementation of this multipurpose project hydroelectric power generation while its was based on the preliminary study reservoir. Pantabangan Lake, affords flood conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation control. The reservoir is considered one of Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the largest in Southeast Asia and also one of the United States Bureau of Reclamation the cleanest in the Philippines. Construction (USBR) and the United States Agency for on the dam began in 1971 and it was International Development (USAID). completed in 1977.  Magat Dam is a Rock-fill dam with a  In May 1969, the Congress of the Philippines height of 114 meters and length of 4,160 authorized the development of the meters. Pampanga Basin with Republic Act No. 5499. 1979 In October of that year, detailed studies of the On July 23, 1979 under Executive Order No. 546. Pantabangan site were carried out and lasted MPWTC was again restructured into two (2) two years. By June 11. 1971. Pantabangan Ministries — the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) was an old town of around 300 years old. and the Ministry of Transportation and President Ferdinand Marcos and many Communications (MOTC), integrating all bureaus and offices concerned with public works functions and activities under the Ministry of Public Works. designed as a public utility rather than as a The same went true with all offices involved in profit center. transportation and communications which were placed under the supervision and administration of  Construction of the line started in October the Ministry of Transportation and 1981, and was the responsibility of CDCP Communications. Minister Jose P. Dans served as (Construction and Development head of the MOTC. Corporation of the Philippines), with assistance from the Swiss firm of Losinger On July 23. 1979. by Executive Order No. 546. and the American company Dravo, the PNR becomes one of the attached agencies of the latter, through its Philippine subsidiary. The Ministry of Transportation and Communications, government appointed Electrowatt now DOTC 1980's Major highways and Engineering Services of Zurich expressways were constructed through the (Switzerland) to manage and supervise the financial assistance and loans from foreign banks. project. Electrowatt set up offices in Manila and became responsible for extension 1980 studies of the system which eventually In 1980 President Marcos founded the Rural comprised 150 km of routes along all major Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC), corridors in about 20 years' time. responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS nor LWUA carries out the service or assists  Martial Law executed Letter of Instruction the LGUs, respectively. The RWDC was expected 1000 on March 20, 1980 — the to create rural water supply associations in order Malacanang edict of having just one to construct, operate, and maintain their own water organization for each profession to be supply systems in communities with fewer than 20, accredited by the Professional Regulations 000 inhabitants. Commission. On July 12, 1980, the country's president. Ferdinand E. Marcos, created the Light Rail Transit 1981 Authority (LRTA) as a government agency. The  MPW and MPH were merged to become The Chairman was the then First Lady and Governor of Ministry of Public Works and Highways Metro Manila. Imelda Romualdez Marcos. This (MPWH) LRTA confined its activities to determining policies, to the regulation and fixing of fares, and to the  Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July planning of extensions to the system. The project 27. 1981, the Ministries of Public Works and was called Metrorail and was operated by a sister Public Highways were merged for a more company of the former tramway company Meralco effective and sustained implementation of called Metro, Inc. infrastructure projects. Under the restructured set-up, the agency was known  Initial assistance for building the LRT project as the Ministry of Public Works and came from the Belgian government which Highways (MPWH) with 14 regional offices. granted a P300 million "soft" and interest-free 94 districts and 60 city engineering offices, loan with a repayment time of 30 years. The five (5) bureaus and six (6) service offices, in project was expected to pay for itself within a addition to corporations and councils period of 20 years out of revenue alone. A attached to the Ministry for administrative Belgian consortium consisting of ACEC supervision. (Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi, BN), (Constructions Ferroviaires,  In as early as 1981, the Philippine Board of et Metalliques, fomierly Brugeoise et Examiners for the Various Licensure Nivelles). TEI (Tractionnel Engineering Examinations for the Practice of Engineering International) and TC (Transurb Consult) and Architecture began to use the new provided an additional loan of P700 million. system of units. SI. The consortium provided the cars, signalling, power control, telecommunications, training 1982 and technical assistance. The entire system  Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam on the was expected to be financially "in the red- island of Luzon in the Philippines. The dam is well into 1993. Against an expected gross located on Magat River, a major tributary of revenue of P365 million for the first operating Cagayan River. Construction of the dam year, government losses were thought likely started in 1975 and completed in 1982. to reach P216 million. The system was Magat Dam is one of the largest dams in the Philippines and has two primary purposes: as  a source of irrigation water and as a provider into the Angat River from the eastern section of hydroelectric power. of the watershed.  Implementation of this multipurpose project 1987 was based on the preliminary study  Finally, by virtue of Executive Order No. 124, conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation dated January 30, 1987, the Ministry of Administration (NIA) with the assistance of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) is now the United States Bureau of Reclamation known as the Department of Public Works (USBR) and the United States Agency for and Highways (DPWH) with five (5) bureaus, International Development (USAID). six (6) services, 16 regional offices, 24 project management offices. 16 regional  Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site equipment services and 118 district investigation and engineering studies further engineering offices. confirmed the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most daring infrastructure  As the primary engineering and construction project and one of Asia's biggest dams today. arm of the government, the DPWH is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of  It was Southeast Asia's first large infrastructures such as roads and bridges multipurpose dam. The dam is pad of the flood control systems, water resource Magat River Multipurpose Project (MRMP) development projects and other public works which was financed by the World Bank and in accordance with national objectives. whose purpose is to improve on the existing Magat River Irrigation System (MARIS) and  On August 17, 1987. Republic Act No. 6639 to triple the production of rice in the Cagayan was enacted and the MIA was renamed the River basin. The project was jointly financed Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The MIA by the Philippine Govemment and the World Authority however, retained its corporate Bank which extended a USS150M loan to name since the law did not amend the finance the foreign exchange requirement. In original or revised charters of the MIAA. addition, a USS9M loan from Bahrain was obtained for the purchase of other equipment for the diversion tunnels, soils laboratory and 1989 model testing. The total project cost is The La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park consists of USS3.4B (yr. 1975). the La Mesa Dam and an ecological nature reserve site in Quezon City commissioned in 1929 in the Philippines. It is part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa 1984 water system, which supplies most of the water Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete water reservoir dam supply of Metro Manila. The La Mesa Dam is an found in the Philippines. The dam is located about earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 7.5 kilometres downstream of the Angat Dam in million cubic meters and occupying an area of 27 Norzagaray. Bulacan province. It was a pad of the square kilometers. Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. Its normal level is 110 m.  Earth-filled dams are a common type of  It was completed in January 1984 with a dam structure used worldwide for water maximum storage capacity of 7.5 million storage, flood control, and hydropower cubic metres, an increase of about 2,500 million litres per day (MLD) from the old Ipo generation. These dams are constructed Dam, which used to be located 200 metres by compacting layers of earth materials upstream of the new dam. such as soil, rock, and clay to form a barrier that retains water.  The spill level of the dam is at an elevation of The water collected in the reservoir is treated on- 101 metres and it has seven radial floodgates. The watershed topography is site by the Maynilad Water Services, and at the characterised by mountainous terrain similar Balara Treatment Plant further south by the Manila to the Angat Reservoir Watershed with Water. Both water companies are private moderate forest cover. The watershed has an concessionaires awarded by the Metropolitan area of about 70 square kilometers and Waterworks and Sewerage System, the receives an average annual rainfall of 3,500 government agency in charge of water supply. It is millimeters. Tributaries to the Angat River at a vital link to the water requirements of 12 million this section include the Ipo, Sapa Pako and residents of Metro Manila considering that 1.5 Sapa Anginon Rivers. These tributaries drain million liters of water pass through this reservoir every day. It is also the last forest of its size in the San Manuel and San Nicolas. Pangasinan and is metropolis. nearly 200 km north of Metro Manila. 1991 The dam impounds a reservoir with a surface area of about 12.8 square kilometers extending North And for the first time, a "Civil Engineering Week' for into the municipality of Itogon, Benguet. A gated the period November 3 to 9. 1991 was declared by spillway protects the dam from overtopping. Each Malacañang thru Proclamation No.799 issued on wet season, the run-off is stored for later release September 20. 1991 by President Corazon C. via water turbines to generate power and irrigate Aquino. The C.E. week was celebrated nationwide crops. thru coordinated activities of all PICE chapters and  Agno River is the third largest river in the the PICE National Board culminating in the most Philippines with a total length of 221 successful and well-attended '91 PICE Annual kilometers and a drainage basin at the Convention (1.400 plus registered participants). Project site of 1.225 square kilometers. The river originates in the Cordillera Mountains, 1993 initially flows from north to south, and divides into several channels in the flat The Board of Civil Engineering (at PRC) held its central plain of Luzon and meanders first fully computerized (board) examinations on westerly through the provinces of May 29. 1993 and released the results on Pangasinan and Tarlac before emptying November 9. 1993. into the Lingayen Gulf. 1997 San Roque Power Corporation (SRPC) financed  The privatization of MWSS and constructed the SRMP under a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the National  In 1997, the Legislature passed into law Power Corporation (NPC) on a Build-Operate- Republic Act 8041, also known as 'The Water Transfer (80T) basis. SRPC substantially Crisis Act.' The Act, which paved the way for completed the SRMP at midnight. the privatization of MWSS, had as its primary  February 14. 2003, at which time its objectives the following: peaking power, irrigation, flood control and  Transfer financial burden to the enhanced water quality benefits became private sector available to the surrounding regions, which  Improve service standards include the Northwest Luzon Economic  Increase operational efficiency Growth Quadrangle. In reality, all but its  Minimize tariff impact power benefits have been available since mid- 2002 when the dam and spillway were  In August that year, the Philippine completed. government entered into a 25-year  Ownership of the dam and spillway was Concession Agreement with two private transferred to NPC upon construction consortia comprised of local and international completion, as it contributed funds for the partners. This effectively transferred the non-power components on behalf of operational responsibilities of MWSS to several agencies. SRPC will own and Manila Water Company. Inc. (for the East operate the power generating facilities for Zone) and Maynilad Water Services. Inc. (for 25 years, after which their ownership the West Zone). transfers to NPC. 2000 - RA 8981 or Professional Regulations Republic Act Number 9184 or 'AN ACT Commission (PRC) Modernization Act of 2000 was PROVIDING FOR THE MODERNIZATION. enacted and signed into law on December 5. 2000 STANDARIZATION AND REGULATION OF THE by President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE GOVERNMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES' 2001 - Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers. Inc. was enacted by President Gloria Macapagal- (PICE) has been awarded by the Professional Arroyo on January 10. 2003. Regulation Commission (PRC) as the Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization. The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) 2003 - The San Roque Dam, operated under San signed a joint resolution supporting the passage of Roque Multipurpose Project (SRMP) is a 200 Architecture and Civil Engineering bills delineating meters tall. 1.2 kilometer long embankment dam their respective scope of practice and to on the Agno River. It spans the municipalities of strengthen their collaborative efforts in common goals. The two professional groups through their 2008 leaders stressed the need for the immediate After several court hearings at the Manila Regional passage of their respective bills, which would Trial Court, the PICE's motion was denied on benefit their hundreds of thousand members January 29, 2008 and the RTC ruled in favor of the nationwide. architects. [National Capital Judicial Region.  Regional Trial Court. Branch 22 Manila — 2004 Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers. Inc. Last March 17. 2004. RA 9266 or 'The Architecture and Leo Cleto Gamolo. Petitioners versus Act of 2004' was passed into law. Republic Act No. The Honorable Hermogenes Ebdane Jr., in 9275 was approved on March 22. 2004 'AN ACT his capacity as Secretary of Public Works PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER and Highways as Respondent, and United QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER Architects of the Philippines as Intervenor- PURPOSES’ Respondent for Civil Case Number 05- 112502 for: Declaratory Relief. Injunction 2005 with prayer for Writ of Preliminary In 2004, the Architecture Act was passed and Prohibition and/or Mandatory Injunction signed into law. But in 2005, a petition for and Temporary Restraining Order. declaratory relief filed on May 3 2005 by the PICE and Engr. Leo Cleto Gamolo to declare null and 2016 void Sections 302.3 and 302.4 of the Revised The Build! Build! Build! (BBB) Program is the Implementing Rules and Regulations ('Revised centerpiece program of the Duterte administration IRR") of Presidential Decree No. 1096 (the that aims to usher the “Golden age 'National Building Code). of infrastructure” in the Philippines. Lack of  The said provisions require that infrastructure has long been cited as the “Achilles’ architectural documents submitted in heel” of Philippine economic development. applications for building permits must be prepared, signed and sealed by architects.  The BBB Program seeks to accelerate public infrastructure expenditure from an average of  PICE claim that the said sections of the 2.9 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) Revised IRR, by effectively prohibiting Civil during the Aquino regime to about 7.3 Engineers from also preparing, signing and percent at the end of the Duterte sealing architectural documents, are administration. This will cost around P8 contrary to the National Building Code and trillion to P9 trillion from 2016 to 2022 to the Republic Act No. 544 (the 'Civil address the huge infrastructure backlog in Engineering Law'), which purportedly gave the country. Civil Engineers the said right. 2006 Since November 2006 CE Board Exam, the Professional Regulation Commission releases only Top 10 Board Exam Performers and stopped releasing the 11th to 20th places Executive Order No. 566 issued by President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo dated September 8, 2006 directing the Commission on Higher Education to regulate the establishment and operation of review centers and similar entities. 2007 November 2007 CE Board Exam was invalidated (retake last January 2008 for Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering)  Note: Results of retake exam (Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering) was released last January 2008 Commission on Higher Education makes Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) based on Executive Order No. 566