1. Highway and its Development.pdf

Highway and its development NCE 3101  *Introduction: Highways have played a key role in the development and sustainability of human civilization from ancient times to the present. Today, in the U.S. and throughout the world, highways continue to dominate the transporta...

Highway and its development NCE 3101  *Introduction: Highways have played a key role in the development and sustainability of human civilization from ancient times to the present. Today, in the U.S. and throughout the world, highways continue to dominate the transportation systems – providing critical access for the acquisition of natural resources, industrial production, retail marketing and population mobility. The influence of highway transportation on the economic, social and political fabric of nations is far-reaching and, as a consequence, highways have been studied for decades as a cultural, political, and economic phenomenon. While industrial needs and economic forces have clearly played an important part in shaping highway networks, societies’ fundamental desire for access to activities and affordable land has generated significant highway demand, which has helped define and shape highway networks.  *Introduction: In the twenty-first century, the role of highways in the transportation system continues to evolve. In most nations, the enormous investment in highway-transportation infrastructure that occurred in the middle of the last century, which included the construction of the U.S. interstate highway system (the largest infrastructure project in human history), has now given way to infrastructure maintenance and rehabilitation, improvements in operational efficiency, various traffic-congestion relief measures, energy conservation, improved safety and environmental mitigation. This shift has forced a new emphasis in highway engineering and traffic analysis – one that requires a new skill set and a deeper understanding of the impact of highway decisions.  *Brief History of Roads: Early roads with hard surfaces were found in the land of Mesopotamia. These roads were constructed as early as 3,500B.C. Another stone surface roads were also found in the Mediterranean island of Crete, similarly constructed as those in the Western Hemisphere by the Mayans, Aztecs and the Incas of Central South Africa.  The early road systems were constructed primarily for the following purposes: 1. For the movement of armies in their conquest and for defense against invasion. 2. For transport of food and trade of goods between neighboring towns and cities. The Romans, who discovered cement, expanded their vast empire through extensive road networks radiating in many directions from the capital city of Rome. Many of the roads built by the Romans still exist even after 2,000 years.  Characteristically, Roman Roads were laid on three courses: 1. A layer of small broken stones. 2. Followed by layer of small stones mixed with mortar and then compacted firmly. 3. Wearing course of massive stone blocks properly set and bedded with cement mortar.  17th century: under the reign of Napoleon the Great, France made a great stride on road buildings.   Jerome Tresaguet (1716-1796): French Engineer, introduced new methods of construction and maintenance of stone roads. He improved the crown, the drainage, and the grade of the road, including the stone foundation by reducing the depth of broken stones to 25 centimeters. He was accredited the title “Father of Modern Road Building.”  Thomas Telford (1757-1834): Scottish Engineer born in Westminster Abbey; president and founder of Institute of Civil Engineer; introduced some improvements in the construction methods of Jerome Tresaguet. The road foundation course of Telford was made of stones having 3 inches minimum thickness, 5 inches breadth and 7 inches height. Smaller stones were driven by mauls on top voids and trued the surfaces by breaking the projecting points. Telford employed a flat sub-grade, providing slight crown using stones of varying sizes.   Louden Mac Adam (1755-1836): Macadam road concept; another famous Scottish Engineer road builder and contemporary of Telford, was developed and widely accepted. The invention of road building equipment enhances the development of roads in Europe.  Eli Blake (1858): invented the first stone crusher and at the same period, a steam road roller weighing 30 tons was introduced in France by its inventor, Aveling and Porter.  Highways in the Philippines 1900s-transportations relied on trails, waterways, railroad, earth roads and partially graveled roads American government initiated the development of roadways using the Macadam road type.  Post World War 2-Philippines continued to rehabilitate and construct roads paid by Japanese government and financial grants from US government 1950s-Major highways and expressways were constructed through loans from foreign banks  1960-1980s-Automobile Age Corazon Aquino, 1986-1994-inherited extensive public infrastructure supporting economic development.The political program of retribution against Ferdinand Marcos led her to dismantle part of that important legacy.  Fidel Ramos, 1995-2000. Much of the presidency of Fidel Ramos was spent addressing the electricity gap that was left by Mrs. Aquino and paved the way for the resurgence of the building of public infrastructure. He had, in his own words, “to hit the ground running.”  Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (and Estrada) years, 2001-2010. There being little by way of infrastructure investments in the short Estrada years before he was ousted by People Power II, the next substantial stage of development was during the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo years. The only major program of new road construction was the SCTEX – the road connecting Subic to Tarlac and the North Expressway in Luzon.  NoyNoy Aquino, 2010 to 2016-There were 3 public- private partnership projects completed before Aquino left office in June 2016. Aquino also approved at least 50 projects during his term. Duterte, 2016 to present -Build, Build, Build. Close to 10,000 kilometers of roads have been completed since President Rodrigo Duterte assumed in June 2016.  Planning difficulties Financial Political Technical  Highway Programming Economic Financial Political and Administration Direct effects of Highway Construction and its use Quantifiable market value Non-quantifiable market value Quantifiable non-market value  Quantifiable market value Cost of highways – Planning cost – Right of way appropriations – Construction cost – Maintenance cost – Operating costs Cost benefits to highway users – Vehicle operation costs – Travel savings time – Motorist’s safety  Non-quantifiable market value Cost benefits to highway user – Motorist’s safety – Comfort and conversion – Aesthetic from driving viewpoint  Quantifiable non-market value Cost benefits to highway user – Travel savings time  The Planner Provide technical and organizational support Receive input or information on the needs and goals of affected persons group or agencies Incorporate the above for planning and making decisions Functions of the Planners are Prepare preliminary design, scope of study and initial work program Exploration of alternatives Detailed analysis Secure formal ratification from local officials and have the results documented  Community involvement Solicit the cooperation and support of public officials, NGOs, influential persons and conservative groups Create special staff to carryout this function Community leadership opportunity to participate continuously in the planning stage Organize and developed skilled persons to conduct group meeting, workshops, hearing, etc  Highway Economy “A minimum of expenses is of course, highly desirable; but the road which is truly the cheapest is not the one which has cost the least money, but the one which makes the most profitable returns in proportion to the amount expended upon it.” -W.Gillespe, Union College Intent of expenditures for highways Augment country’s level of Benefit to motor vehicle users economy through lower cost of Provide easy access to working operations and maintenance place Benefit in time saving Facilitate public services Less road accident Facilitate medical care, Give maximum comfort and schooling and delivery of basic ease of travel services Give landowner benefits to transportation and increase property assessment  Computation and Survey Projections and statistical Pavement design and studies of traffic and transit maintenance passengers Pavement management Economic analysis Scheduling for design and Financial programming construction Geometric Computation of earthworks Bridges and other quantities both for planning and payment of contractors  Remote sensing/Photogrammetry Locations Soil classifications and Planning identifications Geometric design Earthwork Right of way measurements Traffic studies Material location Drainage Pavement condition survey Remote Sensing Location of the Proposed Highway 1. Reconnaissance survey of the entire area 2. Reconnaissance survey of feasible route 3. Preliminary survey of the best route 4. Location survey Location of Bridges The cost of a bridge and its full approach combined before the crossing site should be determined. Bridge survey report should be accompanied with accurate data on the waterway and the historical behavior of the water. The bridge survey data shall include the foundation conditions, stream characteristics, and the adjacent structure on the stream more particularly, their waterway opening. When the location of the bridge is approximately determined, the following requirements must be considered: 1. A complete data report and special survey of the site. 2. Prepare sketches and full scale map and profiles. 3. The survey report must contain accurate data of the waterway for all behavior of water. 4. There must be a complete report on the foundation condition and the stream characteristics. 5. A complete data of the adjacent structures particularly the waterway opening. 6. If possible, skewed bridge should be avoided.  Highway Plans and Specifications Geometric design Traffic Drainage Erosion control Roadside development Structure Soils Pavement Presentation of Road Plan  Partial list of subjects on standard drawing Pipe culverts Drainage inlets and outlet Concrete box culverts structures Guard rail and parapet Manholes Curbs Rip-rap and other devices Gutters used for bank protection Curb structures Fences and right of way Sidewalks Other survey markers  The Specifications Standard specifications Special provisions Applies to project Covers peculiar item of the implemented by project in question that administration which treat include additional modification the subject that repeatedly to standard specifications. This includes copies of all occurs in the agency work documents required in securing competitive bids and contracts.  Special Provisions General clause Specifying detail Bidding procedures Materials Award execution Work execution Control of work Measurement of payments Other legal matters