Cardiovascular System PDF

Bandar Almutairi ADON The cardiovascular system  Learning Outcomes 01 Understand Cardiovascular system 02 Component of cardiovascular system 03 Structure of the Heart 04 Heart and blood flow 05 Blood component and group 06 Medical terminology 07 Cardiovascular diso...

Bandar Almutairi ADON The cardiovascular system  Learning Outcomes 01 Understand Cardiovascular system 02 Component of cardiovascular system 03 Structure of the Heart 04 Heart and blood flow 05 Blood component and group 06 Medical terminology 07 Cardiovascular disorders treatment and procedures  Components of the Role of the Heart Cardiovascular System The heart acts as a pump, facilitating The cardiovascular system comprises the flow of blood through the network the heart and blood vessels, which are of vessels to all body parts. essential for transporting blood throughout the body. Pulmonary Circuit The pulmonary circuit involves the Types of Blood Vessels movement of blood from the right Cardiovascular Blood vessels include arteries (carrying ventricle to the lungs via pulmonary arteries and back to the left atrium blood away from the heart), veins System (returning blood to the heart), and through pulmonary veins. capillaries (linking arteries and veins). Systemic circuit Function of the Cardiovascular It is the circulation of blood the through System the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the This system delivers oxygen and general system nutrients to body cells while removing carbon dioxide and waste products, contributing to overall metabolic health. Pulmonary Circuit & Systemic circuit The Cardiovascular System Blood Flow and Circuits Oxygen-poor blood Blood that is low in oxygen leaves the right side of the heart and enters the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood Blood that is rich in oxygen leaves the lungs and is returned to the left side of the heart to be pumped out to the systemic circuit. Cardiovascular System Word Part Meaning 01 cardi/o heart 02 vas/o vessel 03 hem/o blood 04 hemat/o blood 05 -emia blood condition Cardiovascular System Word Meaning Part 06 angi/o vessel 07 aort/o aorta 08 arteri/o artery 9 ather/o fatty 10 atri/o atrium 11 brady- slow 12 cardi/o heart Cardiovascular System Word Meaning Part 12 cardi/o heart crown; encircling, such as in the coronary blood vessels 13 coron/o encircling the heart 14 -ectasis dilation, expansion 15 electr/o electricity 16 -emia blood 17 endo- within, inner Cardiovascular System Word Part Meaning 18 tachy- fast 19 thromb/o clot 20 valv/o valve 21 valvul/o valve 22 varic/o dilated 23 vas/o- vessel Cardiovascular System Word Part Meaning 24 ven/o vein 25 ventricul/o ventricle  Medical Terminology -gram hem/o hemat/o isch my/o Written record Blood Blood Restricting, Muscle thinning Component of cardiovascular system Component of cardiovascular system Structure of the Heart Four-Chambered Structure Apex of the Heart The heart consists of four chambers that The lowermost tip of the heart is referred to as facilitate blood circulation. the apex. 4 The Heart chamber Right atrium upper right chamber that receives blood from all body parts except the lungs. Right ventricle lower right chamber that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs Left atrium upper left chamber that receives oxygen-rich blood as it returns from the lungs. Left ventricle lower left chamber that pumps blood out the aorta (large artery) to all parts of the body. The Heart Septum interatrial septum separates the right and left atria interventricular septum separates the right and left ventricles The Heart Layers Three Layers of the Heart The heart is composed of three distinct layers: endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. Innermost Layer: Endocardium The innermost layer of the heart, known as the endocardium, lines the chambers. Middle Layer: Myocardium The myocardium is the thickest layer and is responsible for the heart's muscular contractions. Outer Layer: Epicardium The epicardium is the outer layer that protects the heart. Surrounding Sac: Pericardium The heart is encased in the pericardium, a protective sac. The atrioventricular (AV) valves : found at the entrance to the ventricles between the atria and ventricles which directed by one-way valves. The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) 3 cusps (flaps) that open and close. It controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle. Pulmonary valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries, the vessels that lead to the lungs. The left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral valve) 2 cusps that control blood flow, it located between the left atrium and left ventricle Aortic valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta, the vessel that leads to the rest of the body. Blood Flow Through the Heart Entry of Blood Deoxygenated Blood first enters the heart from either the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava then to drain into the right atrium. Exit of Blood Blood leaves the heart at the left ventricle by way of a large artery called the aorta to the rest of the body.. Blood flow through the heart Blood flow through the heart is directed by one-way valves located at the entrance and exit to each of the ventricles. The Heartbeat 01 Rhythmic Cycle of the Heartbeat To pump blood effectively throughout the body, the heart must contract and relax in a rhythmic cycle known as a heartbeat. 02 Conducting System of the Heart The conducting system of the heart generates and transmits signals that stimulate the myocardium of the heart to contract and relax in sequence.  Conducting System of the Heart Start of Electrical Stimulus Pathway to Atrioventricular Node Reaching Atrioventricular Node Electrical stimulus begins in the Moves through the internodal Reaches the atrioventricular node sinoatrial node pathways The stimulus reaches the atrioventricular node. The electrical stimulus initiates in the sinoatrial The electrical stimulus moves through the node. internodal pathways.  Conducting System of the Heart Travel through Atrioventricular Bundle Passing through Bundle Branches Excitation of Ventricles Travels through the atrioventricular Passes through the right and left Terminates in the Purkinje fibers bundle bundle branches The electrical stimulus terminates in the Purkinje The stimulus travels through the atrioventricular The stimulus passes through the right and left fibers where excitation of the ventricles occurs. bundle. bundle branches. Electrocardiogram Recording Heart Activity 01 Electrocardiogram The electrical activity of the heart can be recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG). The machine that performs the recording of the heart's electrical activity is called an electrocardiograph.  Cardiac Cycle The complete sequence of cardiac systole and diastole constitutes the cardiac cycle. Systole Diastole Heart Rate (HR) Systole refers to each heart Diastole is the relaxation Heart rate is defined as the contraction, where the heart phase that follows systole, number of times the heart pumps blood out into the allowing the heart to fill with beats per minute. vessels. blood. Common Pulse Arterial Pressure and Location Pulse The radial artery on the The contraction creates an thumb side of the anterior increase in arterial pressure, wrist is a common site for which can be felt as a pulse. palpating the arterial pulse. Cardiac Cycle 3 phases of the cardiac cycle.  Blood Vessels Blood vessels are tubular structures that convey blood. The types of blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Thick-walled, muscular, elastic blood vessels Branches of the arteries that carry blood to Blood vessels that connect the arterial and that carry blood away from the heart. With the capillaries. venous systems; they are only one cell thick the exception of pulmonary and umbilical and allow for the exchange of nutrients, arteries, arteries contain oxygenated blood. gases, and wastes. Venules Veins Vessels that are continuous with capillaries Blood vessels that carry blood toward the and transport blood to the veins. heart. With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical veins, veins contain deoxygenated blood. Blood Vessels Blood Vessel Lumen and Blood Pressure: The lumen of a blood vessel is the tubular space through which blood flows. The nervous system can stimulate the lumen to be opened, known as vasodilation, or closed, which is called vasoconstriction. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction each can have an effect on blood pressure (BP). Blood Pressure Measurement Blood pressure (BP) is measured as a fractional number, systolic over diastolic, such as 120/80. Composition of Blood  Plasma constitutes a significant Cells constitutes a significant portion of blood. portion of blood. 55% 45% Plasma makes up 55% of blood volume, red blood cells (RBCs), also called Composition of Blood serving as the medium for transporting erythrocytes; white blood cells (WBCs), also nutrients and waste. called leukocytes, and platelets, also called thrombocytes. Water accounts for 91% of plasma has essential role in maintaining blood fluidity and function.  01 RBCs The main function of RBCs is to transport oxygen. The oxygen binds to hemoglobin (Hb), a protein. Functions of Blood 02 WBCs WBCs are the body’s main defense against harmful organisms; there are five types of leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Elements lymphocytes, and monocytes. 03 Platelets These cell fragments play an important role in the blood-clotting process. Blood Groups and Compatibility The 4 major blood groups (types) are A, B, AB, and O. Blood type compatibility is an important consideration when blood is transfused from one person to another.  Blood Types as Donors and Recipients Blood Type Can Donate to Can Receive from A A or AB only A or O only B B or AB only B or O only AB (universal recipient) AB only A, B, AB, O O (universal donor) A, B, AB, O O only  Rh Factor Definition of Rh Factor Origin of the Name The Rh factor refers to the presence or absence of a protein on the surface The term 'Rh factor' is derived from the first two letters of 'rhesus,' of red blood cells (RBC). referencing the rhesus macaque, whose blood was used in early experiments. Rh Positive Rh Negative Individuals with blood that contains the Rh factor are classified as Rh Individuals whose blood does not contain the Rh factor are classified as Rh positive (Rh+). negative (Rh). Disorders Related to the Cardiovascular System An Overview of Heart Disease Heart disease includes numerous problems and is a leading cause of death. This section discusses disorders related to the cardiovascular system.  Coronary Artery Disease 01 CAD Coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to the narrowing of the lumen of one or more coronary arteries, typically due to atherosclerosis. 02 Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis occurs from a progressive buildup of plaque or fatty deposits on the inner arterial walls, leading to lumen narrowing. One primary cause of plaque buildup in coronary arteries is hyperlipidemia (increased blood fat levels). 03 Arteriosclerosis When arteries harden and lose elasticity, impeding blood flow to the heart muscle, this condition is known as arteriosclerosis. 04 Types of Lipids Common lipids involved in hyperlipidemia include high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis  Thrombosis, Embolism and ischemia Thrombus Definition Impact on Blood Flow A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a blood vessel, potentially The presence of a thrombus can lead to ischemia, which is a deficiency obstructing blood flow to the myocardium. in blood supply to tissues. Thrombosis Process Embolus Definition Thrombosis refers to the process of thrombus formation within blood An embolus is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream, which vessels. can also cause blockages.  Cardiovascular System Disorders & test Myocardial infarction (MI) Blood test for troponin presence A myocardial infarction, commonly called a heart attack, results from a A simple blood test can confirm a diagnosis of MI by detecting the lack of oxygen supply to the myocardium. presence of troponin. Congestive heart failure (CHF) Troponin CHF occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the Troponin is a muscle protein released into the bloodstream when an MI body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients, leading to edema in the legs and occurs. fluid buildup in the lungs. Cardiac catheterization This procedure involves inserting a catheter and contrast dye into the coronary arteries to detect blockage. Stress test A stress test evaluates the heart's performance under physical stress.  Arrhythmias Understanding Heart Rhythm Irregularities Normal heart rhythm: sinus rhythm Fibrillation: rapid, random contractions The term 'sinus rhythm' refers to the normal rhythm of the heart. Fibrillation involves rapid, random, and ineffective contractions of the heart muscle. Arrhythmia: irregularity of heart rhythm An arrhythmia is defined as any irregularity in the heart's rhythm, which Atrial fibrillation: atria beat faster than ventricles may include slow or fast rates or extra beats. Atrial fibrillation, or 'A-fib,' occurs when the atria contract faster than the ventricles, leading to a quivering motion. Bradycardia: less than 50 beats/minute Bradycardia indicates a slower than normal heart rate, specifically less ventricular fibrillation: can be fatal than 50 beats per minute. Sustained ventricular fibrillation is a serious condition where the ventricles do not effectively pump blood, which can be fatal. Tachycardia: more than 90 beats/minute Tachycardia refers to a faster than normal heart rate, specifically more than 90 beats per minute.  Definition of Hypertension 01 Hypertension (HTN) refers to high blood pressure, characterized by a systolic reading exceeding 140 mm Hg or a diastolic reading greater than 90 mm Hg. Consequences of Hypertension Hypertension 02 Over time, untreated hypertension can lead to serious health issues, including arteriosclerosisand left ventricular hypertrophy, which is an enlargement of the left ventricle.  Anemia Anemia is a condition marked by a deficiency of RBCs or a low level of Hb. Leukemia Leukemia is characterized by an increased number of WBCs. Blood Disorders Clotting Disorders Hemophilia (hereditary bleeding disorder) Thrombocytopenia (an insufficient number of thrombocytes) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (extreme clotting caused by trauma or disease).  Lifestyle Changes Incorporating diet and exercise modifications to improve cardiovascular health. Medications Cardiovascular Utilizing drugs such as beta-blockers or anticoagulants to manage cardiovascular disorders. Treatments Surgical Procedures Implementing surgeries like angioplasty or bypass surgery to address severe cardiovascular issues.  Surgical Procedures for Blockages 01 02 03 04 Percutaneous Arterial stent Coronary artery bypass Endarterectomy transluminal coronary graft (CABG) angioplasty (PTCA) Includes the implantation of a The removal of the inner lining of a stent, which is a mesh tube that is A surgical procedure in which a blocked artery. Involves the insertion of a balloon- implanted into an artery to provide damaged section of a coronary tipped catheter to open a blocked support. artery is replaced or bypassed with coronary artery. a graft vessel. Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)  Arterial Stent Procedure When the stent is in the proper position of the narrowed artery, the balloon is inflated, causing the stent to open. Step A Step C Stent Inflation Catheter Placement Catheter Removal Step B A balloon-tipped catheter is placed into the artery The catheter is removed, and the stent remains in with the balloon deflated and the stent closed. place. Arterial Stent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)  Cardiologists 01 Cardiologists diagnose and treat heart disorders. Practice and 02 Cardiovascular Surgeons Practitioners Cardiovascular surgeons surgically correct disorders of the cardiovascular system. Hematologists 03 Hematologists treat disorders of the blood.  Terms and Pronunciations TERM AND PRONUNCIATION ANALYSIS MEANING from the Greek word aeirein (to lift up or to be aorta (ay-OR-tah) the main trunk of the systemic arterial system hung) from the Greek word aeirein (to lift up or to be valve between the left ventricle to the aorta; also aortic valve (ay-ORT-ikvalv) hung); from the Latin word valva (that which called aortic semilunar valve turns) apex (A-peks) from the Latin for summit or tip the pointed inferior portion of the heart the largest of the blood vessels that carry blood away arteries (AR-tuh-rees) from the Greek word arteria (windpipe) from the heart arterioles (ar-TEER-ee-oles) from the Greek word arteria (windpipe) the smallest arteries that connect with the capillaries  Continued Terms and Pronunciations TERM AND PRONUNCIATION ANALYSIS MEANING atrioventricular valve (ay-tree-oh-ven- from the Greek word arteria (windpipe); from the a valve between an atria and a ventricle; there are two AV TRIK-yoo-ler valv) Latin word venter (belly) valves, a right and a left basophil (BAY-soh-fil) from the Greek basis and philein (to love) a WBC with granules that stain with basic dyes bi-(two); from the Latin cuspidem (cusp or point); flap (valve) between the left atrium and left ventricle; also bicuspid valve (by-KUSS-pidvalv) from the Latin word valva (that which turns) called mitral valve named for Swiss cardiologist Wilhelm His, Jr., who located at the top of the interventricular septum; carries bundle of His (BUHN-dl ov-His) discovered the function of these cells in 1893 electrical impulses from the AV node to Purkinje fibers the smallest of the blood vessels where gas and nutrient capillaries (KAP-ih-layr-ees) from the Latin word capillus (hair) exchange occurs cardiac cycle (KAR-dee-ak SIGH-kuhl) cardi/o (heart); -ac (adjective ending) a complete round of systole and diastole  Continued Terms and Pronunciations TERM AND ANALYSIS MEANING PRONUNCIATION conducting system of the The system of muscle fibers comprising the SA node, internodal pathways, AV node and common English words heart bundle, right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers from the Greek word diastole diastole (dye-AS-toh-lee) relaxation phase of the heart (dilation) endocardium (en-doh-KAR- endo- (within); cardi/o (heart) the inner lining of the heart dee-uhm) from the Greek words eos (dawn); eosinophil (ee-oh-SIHN-oh-fil) a WBC that stains with certain dyes philein (to love) epicardium (ep-ih-KAR-dee- epi- (on, upon); cardi/o (heart) the outer covering of the heart uhm) erythrocytes (er-RITH-ro-sites) erythr/o (red); -cyte (cell) RBCs that carry oxygen  Continued Terms and Pronunciations TERM AND PRONUNCIATION ANALYSIS MEANING a complete cycle of heart contraction and heartbeat (HART-beet) common English word relaxation the number of times per minute the heart heart rate (HART REYT) common English words contracts hemoglobin (Hb) (hee-mo-GLO-bihn) hem- (blood); from the Latin globus (globe) the protein that gives blood its red color inferior vena cava (in-FEER-ee-er VEE- inferior, a Latin word meaning “lower”; from the Latin words large vein that collects blood from the smaller veins nah KAV-ah) vena (vein); cava (hollow) of the lower body left atrium (left AY-tree-uhm) a Latin word meaning “entry hall” upper left heart chamber  Continued Terms and Pronunciations TERM AND ANALYSIS MEANING PRONUNCIATION left ventricle (left VEN-tri-kul) from the Latin word venter (belly) lower left heart chamber leukocytes (LUKE-o-sytes) leuk/o (white); -cyte (cell) WBCs that play a role in immunity Latin for “light”; in anatomy used to describe an the space in the interior of a hollow tubular structure lumen (LOO-muhn) opening or passageway like an artery one of five types of WBC; distributed throughout lymphocyte (LIM-foh-site) from the Latin lympho- (lymph); -cyte (cell) lymphatic tissue from the Latin word mitra (turban); from the Latin flap (valve) between the left atrium and the left mitral valve (MY-trahlvalv) word valva (that which turns) ventricle; also called bicuspid valve  Continued Terms and Pronunciations TERM AND ANALYSIS MEANING PRONUNCIATION monocyte (MON-oh-site) mon/o (single); -cyte (cell) a relatively large WBC myocardium (my-oh-KAR-dee- my/o (muscle); cardi/o (heart) the heart muscle, which includes nerves and blood vessels uhm) from the Latin word neuter (neither); from the a mature WBC normally constituting more than half of the neutrophil (NU-troh-fil) Greek word philein (to love) total number of leukocytes pericardium (pehr-ih-KAR- peri- (surrounding); cardi/o (heart) sac that surrounds the heart dee-uhm) a Greek word meaning “something molded” or plasma (PLAZ-muh) the fluid portion of blood consisting mainly of water “created”  Continued Terms and Pronunciations TERM AND PRONUNCIATION ANALYSIS MEANING from the English word plate and smallest of the formed elements; important in the clotting process; also platelets (PLATE-lets) the diminutive suffix -let called thrombocytes pulmonary artery (PULL-moh- pulmon/o (lung); from the Greek vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the nahr-ee AHR-tuh-ree) word arteria (windpipe) lungs passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary pulmonary circuit (PULL-moh- pulmon/o (lung); from the Latin arteries to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left nahr-ee SER-kit) word circuitus (going around) atrium pulmonary valve (PULL-moh-nahr- pulmon/o (lung); from the Latin valve between the right ventricle and lungs; also called pulmonary eevalv) word valva (that which turns) semilunar valve pulmonary veins (PULL-moh-nahr- pulmon/o (lung); from the Latin vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium eevayns) word vena (blood vessel)  TERM AND ANALYSIS MEANING PRONUNCIATION from the Latin word rhythmic expansion and contraction pulse (puhls) pulsum (push, knock, of an artery produced by pressure of Continued Terms and drive) the blood moving through the artery Pronunciations named after Jan Purkinje fibers (per-KIN- fibers that carry stimulation Evangelista Purkinje, who jee FIGH-berz) throughout the ventricles discovered them in 1839 End-of-Chapter Exercises Exercise 10-1: Labeling Aorta Pulmonary Arteries 01 The main artery that carries blood away 05 The arteries that carry deoxygenated from the heart to the rest of the body. blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Left AV (Mitral) Valve Right Ventricle 02 The valve that allows blood to flow from 06 The chamber of the heart that pumps the left atrium to the left ventricle. deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Right Atrium Left Atrium 03 The chamber of the heart that receives 07 The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body. oxygenated blood from the lungs. Aortic Valve Pulmonary Valve 04 The valve that opens to allow blood to The valve that opens to allow blood to flow 08 leave the heart and enter the aorta. from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries. Contact Us for More Information