The Cardiovascular System Terminology PDF

The Cardiovascular System Terminology 1 2  The cardiovascular system: the heart + blood vessels + blood. The heart: in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs ○ The apex is the lower tip of the heart. The walls of the heart: epicardium, myocardium, endocard...

The Cardiovascular System Terminology 1 2  The cardiovascular system: the heart + blood vessels + blood. The heart: in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs ○ The apex is the lower tip of the heart. The walls of the heart: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium The pericardium: the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart ○ Parietal and visseral (epicardium) layers The myocardium: middle and thickest The endocardium: the inner lining 3  The coronary arteries; supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium The veins; remove waste products from the myocardium. 4  Four chambers ○ The atria divided by interatrial septum. ○ The ventricles divided by the interventricular septum. 5 The Valves of the Heart The tricuspid valve (try-KUS-pid) between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The pulmonary semilunar valve (PULL-mah-nair-ee sem-ee-LOO-nar); between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The mitral valve (MY-tral); between the left atrium and left ventricle (bicuspid valve) The aortic semilunar valve (ay-OR-tick sem-ee-LOO-nar); between the left ventricle and the aorta. 6 7 The Heartbeat Pump blood; the contraction and relaxation (beating) The conduction system: electrical impulses ○ The sinoatrial (SA) node; in the posterior wall of the RA, establishes the basic rhythm (natural pacemaker) ○ Atrioventricular (AV) node: located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum ○ The bundle of His: a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. ○ Purkinje fibers (per-KIN-jee): specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. 8 Electrical Waves Wave movements on a monitor or an electrocardiogram (ECG). Sinus rhythm; the normal beating of the heart The P wave; due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria. The QRS complex shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. The T wave is the recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles. 9 THE BLOOD VESSELS Arteries, Capillaries, Veins 10 Arteries Carry blood away from the heart The walls of the arteries: intima, media, adventitia Endarterial: within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery. The aorta (ay-OR-tah): the largest blood vessel and the main trunk of the arterial system The carotid arteries (kah-ROT-id) are the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head. ○ The common carotid artery is located on each side of the neck (divides into the internal and the external) The arterioles (ar-TEE-ree-ohlz); the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. 11 Capillaries Capillaries (KAP-uh-ler-eez), one epithelial cell in thickness, the smallest blood vessels in the body. Veins A low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart Venules (VEN-youls) ; the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins. ○ Superficial veins ○ Deep veins The venae cavae (VEE-nee KAY-vee); the two largest veins in the body. VCI, VCS 12 Pulse and Blood Pressure Pulse; the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart. Blood pressure; the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries. Systolic pressure (sis-TOL-ick); occurs when the ventricles contract, the highest pressure against the walls of an artery. ○ Systole; contraction of the heart, ○ Systolic: pertaining to contraction phase. Diastolic pressure (dye-ah-STOL-ick); occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery. ○ The term diastole; relaxation of the heart ○ Diastolic; pertaining to this relaxation phase. 13 BLOOD 14  Plasma (PLAZ-mah); a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Serum (SEER-um); plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed. Fibrinogen (figh-BRIN-oh-jen) and prothrombin (proh-THROM-bin); the clotting proteins found in plasma. Erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-sights); red blood cells (RBC) ○ Produced by the red bone marrow (erythr/o means red, and -cytes means cells). ○ The primary role; to transport oxygen to the tissues. ○ This oxygen is transported by hemoglobin (hee- moh-GLOH-bin) Leukocytes (LOO-koh-sites); white blood cells (WBC) ○ Involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances (leuk/o means white, and -cytes means cells). 15 The major groups of leukocytes: Neutrophils (NEW-troh-fills) ○ the most common type of WBC. ○ Function; phagocytosis, defense against pathogens Basophils (BAY-soh-fills); , the least common type of WBC. ○ Cause the symptoms of allergies. Eosinophils (ee-oh-SIN-oh-fills); Destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions. Lymphocytes (LIM-foh-sights); Identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses), produce antibodies Monocytes (MON-oh-sights); Formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. ○ Through phagocytosis, provide immunological defenses Thrombocytes (THROM-boh-sights); platelets The smallest formed elements of the blood. Role in the clotting of blood (thromb/o means clot, and -cytes means cells). 16 MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM A cardiologist (kar-dee-OL-oh-jist); a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart (cardi: heart, -ologist: specialist). A hematologist (hee-mah-TOL-oh-jist); specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues (hemat: blood, -ologist: specialist). A vascular surgeon: specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels. 17  PATHOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Congenital heart defects; structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth. Congenital: present at birth. Coronary artery disease (CAD): atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. ○ An insufficient supply of oxygen, causes angina (pain), a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or death. Atherosclerosis (ath-er-oh-skleh-ROH-sis); hardening and narrowing of the arterial lumens caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque (atheroma) on the interior walls of the arteries (ather/o: plaque or fatty substance, -sclerosis: abnormal 18 hardening)  Ischemic heart disease (iss-KEE-mick) ; An insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart. ○ Associated with coronary artery disease. ○ Ischemic; the disruption of the blood supply ○ Ischemia (iss-KEE-mee-ah); an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues Angina (an-JIH-nuh), also known as angina pectoris; severe episodes of chest pain due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. ○ Stable angina; during exertion (exercise) ○ Unstable angina; during exertion or rest A myocardial infarction (my-oh-KAR-dee-al in-FARK-shun); heart attack ○ the occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries ○ Infarction; a sudden insufficiency of blood. ○ Infarct; a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood. 19  Heart failure; The heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. Cardiomegaly (kar-dee-oh-MEG-ah-lee); the abnormal enlargement of the heart ○ Associated with heart failure (cardi/o; heart, -megaly; enlargement). Carditis (kar-DYE-tis); an inflammation of the heart Endocarditis (en-doh-kar-DYE-tis); an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endo-; within, card; heart, -itis; inflammation) Pericarditis (pehr-ih-kar-DYE-tis); an inflammation of the pericardium Myocarditis (my-oh-kar-DYE-tis); an inflammation of the myocardium Cardiomyopathy (kar-dee-oh-my-OP-pah-thee); the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle ○ Dilated cardiomyopathy; causes the heart to become enlarged and to pump less strongly. 20  A heart murmur; an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessels. ○ Caused by defective heart valves Valvulitis (val-view-LYE-tis); an inflammation of a heart valve (valvul; valve, -itis; inflammation). An arrhythmia (ah-RITH-mee-ah); the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. Asystole (ay-SIS-toh-lee); the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart. ○ Lack of heart contractions, the conditions required for a medical practitioner to certify death. Cardiac arrest: The heart abruptly stops beating Sudden cardiac death results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes. Bradycardia (brad-ee-KAR-dee-ah); an abnormally slow resting heart rate (brady-; slow, card; heart, -ia; abnormal condition). Tachycardia (tack-ee-KAR-dee-ah); an abnormally rapid resting heart rate (tachy-; rapid, card; heart, -ia; abnormal condition). Palpitation (pal-pih-TAY-shun); a pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm. 21 Blood Vessel Abnormalities Vasculitis (vas-kyou-LYE-tis); The inflammation of a blood vessel (vascul; blood vessels, -itis; means inflammation). ○ phlebitis ( “Veins”), angiitis or arteritis (inflammation of the arteries). A hemangioma (hee-man-jee-OH-mah); a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels An aneurysm (AN-you-rizm); a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. ○ Aortic aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and popliteal aneurysm. Arteriosclerosis (ar-tee-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis); hardening of the arteries ○ Characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls (arteri/o; artery, -sclerosis: mean abnormal hardening). Arteriostenosis (ar-tee–ree-oh-steh-NOH-sis); the abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries (-stenosis; abnormal narrowing). Phlebitis (fleh-BYE-tis); the inflammation of a vein (phleb; vein, -itis; inflammation). ○ Thrombophlebitis; the walls of the vein are infiltrated and a clot (thrombus) formed. Varicose veins (VAR-ih-kohs VAYNS); abnormally swollen veins that occur in the superficial veins of the legs. 22  A thrombus (THROM-bus); a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein (plural, thrombi). An embolism (EM-boh-lizm); the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus (embol; something inserted, -ism; means condition). (thromboembolism, air embolism or a fat embolism, pulmonary embolism) An embolus (EM-boh-lus); a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood (plural, emboli). 23  Blood Disorders Leukopenia (loo-koh-PEE-nee-ah); a decrease in the number of white blood cells circulating in the blood (leuk/o; white, -penia; deficiency). Polycythemia (pol-ee-sy-THEE-mee-ah); an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow. Thrombocytopenia (throm-boh-sigh-toh-PEE-nee-ah); an abnormally small number of platelets A hemorrhage (HEM-or-idj); the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time A transfusion; a blood transferring from one person to another. Leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-ah); a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. Anemia (ah-NEE-mee-ah); a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) ○ Measured by the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Iron-deficiency anemia; Insufficient iron to help create hemoglobin Sickle cell anemia; a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape. (Interferes with normal blood flow) Thalassemia (thal-ah-SEE-mee-ah); an inherited blood disorder due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.(Cooley’s anemia) 24  Hypertension (HTN); high blood pressure ○ the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system. Hypotension (high-poh-TEN-shun); lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure. ○ Symptoms; dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting. Orthostatic hypotension (or-thoh-STAT-ick high-poh-TEN-shun), also known as postural hypotension ○ Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up. Orthostatic; relating to an upright or standing position. An antihypertensive (an-tih-high-per-TEN-siv); a medication administered to lower blood pressure. 25 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Angiography (an-jee-OG-rah-fee); a radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium ○ The resulting film is an angiogram. Electrocardiography (ee-leck-troh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee); the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG); a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium 26 Balloon angioplasty A stent is put in place to prevent restenosis of a treated artery. 27  Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG); also known as bypass surgery ○ Requires opening the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart. 28 Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias Defibrillation (dee-fih-brih-LAY-shun), also known as cardioversion ○ the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm. ○ Provided by a device known as a defibrillator An artificial pacemaker; Used primarily as treatment Defibrillation uses electrical shock for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation. to attempt to restore the heart to its Valvoplasty (VAL-voh-plas-tee), also known as usual rhythm. valvuloplasty ○ the surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, commonly known as CPR ○ An emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression. ○ Cardiopulmonary; pertaining to the heart and lungs. 29