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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss developmental psychologist. PhD from University of Neuchatel (1918). Studied his own children’s intellectual development. Focus: How children build cognitive structures. Key Concepts Schema...

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Swiss developmental psychologist. PhD from University of Neuchatel (1918). Studied his own children’s intellectual development. Focus: How children build cognitive structures. Key Concepts Schema: Mental framework to understand the world. Assimilation: Using existing schema for new situations. Accommodation: Changing schema for new information. Equilibration: Cognitive balance between assimilation and accommodation. Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): o Develop object permanence. o Sensory experiences linked to motor actions. 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): o Egocentrism, Animism, Centration. o Language development but lacks logical reasoning. 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years): o Seriation, Transitivity, Classification, Conservation. o Logical operations, less egocentric, understands others' perspectives. 4. Formal Operational Stage (12+ years): o Abstract thinking, logical problem-solving. o Deductive and inductive reasoning. Educational Implications Focus on discovery learning and self-learning. Adjust education to child’s cognitive development level. Encourage social interactions for cognitive growth.  Promote critical and creative thinking. Physical Development of Preschoolers Preschoolers: Age: 3-5 years. Development of gross, fine, and manipulative motor skills. Importance of nutrition and sleep (10-12 hours daily). Gross Motor Skills: Locomotor: Walking, running, skipping, hopping. Non-locomotor: Bending, stretching, swaying. Projecting/Receiving: Throwing, catching, dribbling. Fine Motor Skills: Small muscle coordination: Drawing, zipping, tying, molding. Artistic Development (Viktor Lowenfeld): Scribble Stage (1-3 years): Random marks, enjoyment of drawing. Preschematic Stage (3-4 years): Simple shapes connected to real objects. Schematic Stage (5-6 years): Organized drawings, sky-ground distinction.  Socio-Emotional Development of Infants and Toddlers : Key Concepts: Socio-emotional development: Mastering emotions, relating to others. Includes temperament, attachments, social skills. Attachment: John Bowlby: Attachment theory. Emotional bonds within the first 6 months. Responsive interaction key to healthy development. Temperament: Thomas & Chess: Nine temperament traits (e.g., Activity level, Mood, Intensity). 3 types: Easy child, Difficult child, Slow-to-warm-up. Emotions: 6-10 weeks: Social smile. 7-12 months: Fear, anger, separation anxiety. 1-2 years: Self-awareness, assertiveness. Developmental Milestones: 0-6 months: Cries, shows pleasure, smiles. 6-9 months: Distinguishes familiar faces, expresses frustration. 1-2 years: Plays independently, asserts self. Physical Development of Adolescent Physical Development: Age: 13-19 years. Rapid body changes, biological changes. Boys (12-14): Wider shoulders. Girls (10): Wider pelvis. Spermarche (Boys), Menarche (Girls). Secular Trend: Earlier physical development. Socio-Emotional Development: Curiosity, mood swings, self-awareness. Influence of peers and increased responsibility. Identity Phases: 1. Identity foreclosure: Seeking security. 2. Identity moratorium: Exploration phase. 3. Identity achievement: Self-realization. 4. Identity diffusion: Failure to find self. Emotions: Positive: Joy, happiness, interest. Negative: Sadness, anger, fear, disgust. Socio-Emotional Developments of Middle Childhood 1. Understanding the Self: Elementary-aged children develop a self-concept that includes: o Beliefs about personality traits o Physical characteristics o Abilities and values o Goals and roles A sense of belonging and acceptance is essential for their self-esteem. 2. Building Friendships: Making friends is crucial for social and emotional growth. Children tend to prefer belonging to peer groups, typically of the same gender and age. 3. Self-Control: School-age children start taking pride in their abilities. They appreciate feedback from parents and teachers, which helps them develop mature and compassionate behaviors. 4. Emotional Development: Emotional intelligence (EQ) is vital, involving: o Emotional self-awareness o Managing emotions (self-control) o Reading emotions (perspective-taking) o Handling emotions (problem-solving)