Development Through The Lifespan Chapter 7 PDF

DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE LIFESPAN Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 • Attention • To encourage students attend and take notes, we provide information about some concepts in class only. • The videos are presented in class. You can then u...

DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE LIFESPAN Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 • Attention • To encourage students attend and take notes, we provide information about some concepts in class only. • The videos are presented in class. You can then upload them. This is done to ensure that students get the best videos to explain the concepts. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 WE WILL LEARN Physical Development in early Childhood Cognitive Development in early Childhood Assessment Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD • Body • Skeletal • Asynchronies • Brain, lymph nodes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD • Frontal lobe • Left hemisphere • Linking areas of the brain develop Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 HANDEDNESS • Handedness and dominant cerebral hemisphere • Few left-handers Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 INFLUENCES ON PHYSICAL GROWTH AND HEALTH • Heredity and Hormones • Emotional Well-Being • Nutrition • Infectious Disease • Childhood Injuries Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 IMMUNIZATIONS • Many American children lack full set • Cost • Schedules • Misconceptions about vaccines Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD • Gross Motor Skills • Fine Motor Skills Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SKILLS • Genetics • Size, shape • Gender • Practice • Caregiver encouragement Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 PIAGET’S PREOPERATIONAL STAGE • Ages 2 to 7 • Symbol-Real World Relations • Early Childhood Development of Make-Believe Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT OF MAKE-BELIEVE With age, it becomes Benefits Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 DUAL REPRESENTATION • Viewing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 LIMITATIONS OF PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT • mental operations ? • Egocentrism and animistic thinking ? others’ views from one’s own ? Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities • Conserve ? • hierarchical ? classification ? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES DERIVED FROM PIAGET’S THEORY • Discovery learning  Acceptance of individual differences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY (PRESCHOOL) • Private Speech (talk loud): basis for cognitive development • Zone of Proximal Development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 CHILDREN’S PRIVATE SPEECH • Piaget called Private Speech as“egocentric speech” • Vygotsky : Private Speech is foundation for all higher cognitive processes • Helps guide behavior • Gradually becomes more silent Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT • Scaffolding ? • Make-Believe Play? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 EVALUATION OF VYGOTSKY’S THEORY Helps explain cultural diversity in cognition Emphasizes importance of teaching Focus on language deemphasizes observation, other learning methods Says little about biological contributions to cognition Vague in explanation of change Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 MODEL OF INFORMATION PROCESSING Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 IMPROVEMENTS IN INFORMATION PROCESSING • Attention • Planning • Memory • Memory Strategies • Everyday Experiences • Theory of Mind • Metacognition • Emerging Literacy • Mathematical Reasoning • Ordinality, Counting, and Cardinality Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 RECOGNITION AND RECALL Recognition Recall • Noticing that a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced • Generating a mental representation of an absent stimulus • Easier than recall • More difficult than recognition Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 MEMORY • Memory strategies? • Autobiographical memories Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY OF MIND • Awareness of Mental Life • Infancy – age 3 • Mastery of False Beliefs • Around age 4 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 METACOGNITION • Awareness and understanding of various aspects of thought • Develops with theory of mind Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 EARLY CHILDHOOD • Literacy • spoken language skills • Informal literacy • Mathematical Reasoning • Ordinality • Cardinality Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 PRESCHOOL CHILDREN MENTAL DEVELOPMENT: ASSESSMENT Factors Contributing to Individual Differences Features of a High-Quality Home Environment Types of Preschool Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD • Vocabulary • Fast-mapping • Grammar • Overregularization • Conversation • Pragmatics • Supporting Language Development • Expansions, Recasts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 LEARNING GRAMMAR • Basic Rules • Subject-verb-object structure by age 4 • Plurals • To be • Overregularization • Complex Structures • Questions • Not complete until middle childhood Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 PRAGMATICS • 2-year-olds can have effective conversations Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 SUMMARY OF THE LECTURE • Let’s summarize the main points: • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007