BVM One Health Course 2024 Introduction to One Health Part 2 PDF

Introduction to One Health – Part 2 Dirk U. Pfeiffer Chow Tak Fung Chair Professor of One Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom...

Introduction to One Health – Part 2 Dirk U. Pfeiffer Chow Tak Fung Chair Professor of One Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China Professor of Veterinary Epidemiology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, United Kingdom Adjunct Professor at China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, PR China [QS] World University #62 [QS] World University Rankings 2025 #1 Rankings 2024 Veterinary Science Topics One Health Image from: Global context http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Food systems Food safety Diseases (health and welfare) Animal disease control Companion animals Human behaviour Biodiversity and environmental health Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- Food safety health/ (plus Food Security and Food Quality) Safety, Security and Quality of Food Food safety assurance that food will not cause harm to consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten Food security production of sufficient food to prevent undernutrition in human population Food quality production of nutritious food, acceptable to consumers Food Safety Threats along Food Value Chain Feed Farm Slaughter Processing Retail Consumers Wet Markets and Butcher Shops Supermarkets Key Points on Food Safety/Security/Quality General food safety has achieved high standard in high-income countries still insufficient access to animal protein in many low income countries to be able to achieve healthy human diet Role of veterinary profession educate, communicate and work with livestock producers and other actors in livestock-associated food chain towards achieving sustainable production of safe and sufficient livestock-associated food  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Diseases (Health and Welfare) World’s Deadliest Pandemics by Population Impact Spread of Infectious Pathogens in Food Systems in South, South-East and East Asia Characteristics of African Swine Fever highly contagious hemorrhagic disease of swine (pigs, European wild boar, warthogs, American wild pigs) Caused by African swine fever virus morbidity, up to 100% mortality between 0 and 100% depending on virus strain, host, dose and exposure route peracute and acute forms incubation period: 3-15 days sudden deaths high fever (40.5 – 42OC) reddening of skin FAO® vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes bloody) death within 6 -13 days, or up to 20 days no treatment and no vaccination Decreased appetite, listlessness, cyanosis and mobility incoordination Pig Density Distribution in 2020 (based on FAO data) Reported African Swine Fever Outbreaks since 2007 (ASF data from FAO Empres-i) Reported ASF Outbreaks in Jan – Aug 2024 (ASF data from FAO Empres-i) Spread of ASF Virus in Food Systems in South, South-East and East Asia Avian Influenza also known as avian flu or bird flu caused by influenza A virus primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect a wide range of mammals including humans primary host of influenza A virus are wild aquatic birds where it is endemic in many bird populations low (LPAI) - and high pathogenic (HPAI) strains (eg H5N1) clinical symptoms chickens infected with LPAI show mild symptoms or are asymptomatic HPAI show serious breathing difficulties, significant drop in egg production, and sudden death in other species symptoms vary a lot, but typically include respiratory symptoms, can lead to death vaccines available (specific to strains and subtypes) Chicken Density Distribution in 2020 (source FAO)  Reported Avian Influenza Outbreaks since 2002 (ASF data from FAO Empres-i) Reported Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Jan – Aug 2024 (AI data from FAO Empres-i) Spread of AIV H5N1 in Poultry Food System in South, South- East and East Asia Flow of Pharma- ceuticals http://www.the- scientist.com/images /August2015/feature 1_infograph.jpg Key Points on Diseases general most diseases are caused by multiple factors need to apply systems thinking (animal, human and environment) antimicrobial treatment, if used appropriately, will cure disease, but it may also lead to accumulation of resistance genes in environment (e.g. water) need to recognise inter-dependence of all components within ecosystem that we live in role of veterinary profession aim for disease prevention through providing appropriate animal husbandry of production animals and also responsible pet ownership advice provide effective and environmentally sustainable cures for diseases in animals contribute towards reduction of human exposure to zoonotic disease  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Animal Disease Control and Prevention Purpose of Animal Disease Control and Prevention Socio- economics Environmental impact Human health Animal Biodiversity productivity Animal welfare Key Points on Animal Disease Control and Prevention general various purposes: socio-economic (eg. facilitate trade), protect human health (from zoonotic disease), production of sufficient food, enhance animal welfare, protect biodiversity, limit adverse environmental impact relative importance of each of the above varies depending on country and animal species role of veterinary profession identify appropriate disease prevention and control methods implement disease prevention and control educate, communicate and work with animal owners to improve animal disease prevention and control  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Companion Animals Companion Animals domesticated or domestic-bred animals whose physical, emotional, behavioural and social needs can be readily met as companions in homes, or in close daily relationship with humans includes, for example, horses, cats and dogs Horse Riding and Racing Pet Animals Key Points on Companion Animals general horses for companionship and racing pets fulfil an important role for wellbeing of human population, and importance is increasing with urbanisation and increased human life expectancy horses and donkeys used for work, guide dogs, rescue dogs have service role role of veterinary profession maintain animal welfare (incl. health) treat and prevent animal disease educate, communicate and work with animal owners towards responsible animal ownership  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Human Behaviour Puppy Trade Pet Smuggling Informal Antimicrobial Trade Wildlife Trade Key Points on Human Behaviour general human behaviour is key factor in animal disease occurrence effective animal disease control and prevention often requires human behaviour change role of veterinary profession recognise role of human behaviour in animal disease occurrence identify strategies for achieving human behaviour change educate, communicate and work with animal owners towards responsible animal keeping  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Sustainability, Biodiversity and Environmental Health Role of Modern Zoos education educate about biodiversity conservation captive breeding to prevent species from extinction research develop appropriate animal husbandry breeding programmes recreation / entertainment affective connection with animals greatly helps conservation Protection of Endangered Animal Species in their Natural Habitat  A large elephant walking across a grass covered field Description generated with very high confidence Copyright: Dirk Pfeiffer National Parks Copyright: Dirk Pfeiffer Wild Boar in Urbanised Areas 75 Biodiversity Pollution Artificial “Natural” Environments Greenhouse Emissions of Top 20 Meat and Dairy Companies compared with Selected Countries From: Environment Bureau (2016) Hong Kong Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan 2016-2021. Hong Kong, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Key Points on Biodiversity / Sustainability and Environmental Health general ecosystem provides variety of essential services animals (wild and domestic) have a key role in ecosystems zoos for recreation and species conservation national parks to save natural ecosystems human activity including for livestock keeping for food production or pet ownership has adverse impact on the environment role of veterinary profession control/prevention of diseases in wild or zoo animals to protect species to reduce risk of human exposure to zoonotic infections contribute towards reducing adverse impact of livestock production and pet ownership on environment choose appropriate disease and prevention methods educate, communicate and work with animal owners  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Systems Thinking and System Complexity System Complexity Dynamics give rise to emergent properties which are very difficult or even impossible to predict without modelling underlying complex system pathogen emergence we unfortunately still base science primarily on reductionistic approach need interdisciplinarity science need global perspective  Antibiotic Residue Pathways in Ecosystems Silvia Berkner et al. EMBO Rep. 2014;15:740-744 ©2014 by European Molecular Biology Organization Spread of Infectious Pathogens in Food Systems in South, South-East and East Asia  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Sustainable Development Goals  Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Agreed by Heads of State and Government and High Representatives, meeting at the United Nations Headquarters in New York from 25-27 September 2015)  Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one- health/ Conclusions  Conclusions General Effective and sustainable control and prevention of disease in production and companion animals requires an understanding of eco-system context One Health is not just about linking human and animal health, instead a holistic perspective also involving environmental health needs to be adopted Human behaviour is one of most important factors influencing One Health SDGs are essential for future survival of life in its current form on planet earth – One Health makes key contribution Role of veterinary profession Enhance sustainability of animal keeping through recognising and acting on interaction and inter-dependence between animal, human and environmental health Facilitate linking between human, animal and environmental health scientific disciplines Broad expertise from working with production, wild and companion animals means that vets find it easier to adopt One Health thinking than, for example, medical doctors do  VM 2001 One Health Course Themes Human health & Biodiversity, welfare sustainability and environmental Human disease control health & prevention Global Human behaviour context Sustainable Development Food security Goals (SDGs) Systems thinking Food quality Food systems Microbes, Critical thinking Food safety incl. pathogens Sustainability Reflexivity Food animals Wild animals Animal health & welfare Companion animals Image from: http://barfblog.com/tags/one-health/ Animal disease control & prevention From: Asian Development Bank Biodiversity and One Health