BSN 2E - G4 - MEASLES.pdf

MEASLES NCM 104 CHN RLE GROUP 4  Learning Objectives Understand the epidemiology of measles, including causative agent, mode of transmission, and common symptoms. Analyze the impact of measles on individuals, communities, and healthcare systems. Evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination progr...

MEASLES NCM 104 CHN RLE GROUP 4  Learning Objectives Understand the epidemiology of measles, including causative agent, mode of transmission, and common symptoms. Analyze the impact of measles on individuals, communities, and healthcare systems. Evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination programs in preventing measles outbreaks. Apply knowledge of measles to develop strategies for prevention and control. Assess the global burden of measles and the challenges in achieving elimination. Table of Contents 09 Treatments 01 Overview 05 Common Complications 10 Facts & Examples of 02 Pathophysiology 06 Who is at risk? the Disease 03 Laboratory Test 07 Signs & Symptoms 11 Updates 04 Transmission 08 Incubation Period 12 Integration of Herbal medicine Measles It’s an airborne disease, which means it spreads through the air when an infected person breathes, coughs, sneezes or talks. An extremely contagious virus called morbillivirus causes measles. If you breathe in the particles from someone who has measles, you can get measles, too. Pathophysiology Measles is caused by rubeola and is a human disease with no known animal reservoir or asymptomatic carrier state. It is extremely communicable; the secondary attack rate is > 90% among susceptible people who are exposed. Laboratory Test Real-time RT-PCR Detection of measles RNA in a clinical specimen can provide laboratory confirmation of infection. Real-time RT-PCR has the greatest diagnostic sensitivity when specimens are collected at first contact with a suspected case. Transmission Measles spreads through the following ways: Contact with an infected person Airborne droplets Respiratory droplets Through contact with contaminated objects  Common Complications Ear Infections Diarrhea Pneumonia Occur in about 1 out Reported in less than As many as 1 out of every of every 10 children 1 out of 10 people 20 children with measles with measles. gets pneumonia, the with measles. most common cause of death from measles in READ MORE READ MORE READchildren. young MORE Who is at risk? Children younger than 5 years of age Adults older than 20 years of age Pregnant women People with weakened immune systems, such as from leukemia or HIV infection Signs & Symptoms Early Symptoms Fever: Often high, sometimes reaching 104°F (40°C) Rash Appears 3-5 days after the initial symptoms Cough: Dry, hacking cough Starts as flat red spots on the Runny nose face, then spreads to the neck, Sore throat trunk, arms, legs, and feet. Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis) Spots may join together, Sensitivity to light creating a blotchy appearance. Tiny white spots with blue-white centers inside the mouth (Koplik's spots): These appear about 2-3 days after the onset of symptoms and before the rash. Incubation Period The incubation period for measles is 7 to 14 days, with patients becoming contagious 1-2 days before symptom onset. Initial symptoms include high fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, and Koplik's spots, followed by a red rash that starts at the hairline and spreads downward. Symptoms improve within days 18 to 21, but complications like pneumonia or encephalitis can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Preventative Treatments (1/4) MMR (Measles, Mump, Rubella) Vaccine First Dose - 12 to 15 months of age Second Dose - between 4 to 6 years of age Catch-up Vaccination - given to someone who missed their scheduled doses Exposed to Measles - vaccination within 72 hours Unable to recieve vaccine or at high risk - immune globulin is given within 6 days of exposure Preventative Treatments (2/4) Wash hands frequently If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub that contains at least 60% alcohol Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve when coughing or sneezing. Avoid sharing utensils, water bottles or other items contaminated by saliva or respiratory secretions. Preventative Treatments (3/4) Isolation If infected by Measles: isolate for at least 4 days avoid contact with people who are vulnerable to the infection. Preventative Treatments (4/4) Treatment: No specific antiviral medication Managed with supportive care: Hydration Controlling fever Adequate rest Vitamin A supplementation help reduced risk of complication improved outcomes  Interesting Facts about Measles Ancient Virus Extremely Contagious High Fever Measles is an ancient virus Measles is highly contagious; Infected individuals often with descriptions dating back 90% of exposed individuals get experience fevers as high as to the 9th century by a infected. The virus can survive 104°F when the rash appears. Persian doctor. up to 2 hours in the air or on surfaces after an infected person has left the room. Examples of this Disease: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) A rare, progressive neurological disorder that can develop 7 to 10 years after a person has measles. Pneumonia A serious lung infection that can occur as a complication of measles. Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain, which can occur in rare cases of measles. Updates Globally Measles cases have been rising worldwide, leading to more illnesses and deaths. In 2022, about 136,000 people died from measles, mostly unvaccinated children under 5. Even though vaccines are available everywhere, some countries still have high numbers of cases. From January to June 2024, Iraq reported 29,754 cases, the most of any country. In the U.S., 203 cases were reported on August 1, 2024, across several states including Arizona, California, and New York Updates Nationally In the Philippines, measles remains a significant concern. The country has experienced a 299% increase in measles cases from 2022 to 2023. The Department of Health (DOH) declared measles outbreaks in several regions, including Western Visayas. Efforts are ongoing to increase vaccination coverage and prevent further outbreaks. Updates Locally Antique has been experiencing measles outbreaks in recent years, with a rise in cases in 2022 and 2023. As of a recent update, 30 measles cases, including one death, have been reported in seven municipalities. and a four- month-old baby died of measles in January. Antique has the second-highest number of measles cases in the region, with 228 cases reported from January to March. Integration of Herbal Medicine Chinese Herbal Medicine Chinese herbal medicines are believed to be effective in alleviating symptoms and shortening the duration of measles, and are widely used as the main or adjunctive therapy to treat measles in China and other countries. Yin Qiao San is used in the early stages to clear heat and relieve toxicity. Sheng Ma Ge Gen Tang helps the rash surface and alleviates symptoms like fever and headache. Qing Wen Bai Du San is used in severe cases with intense heat symptoms. Xuan Du Fa Biao Tang promotes rash eruption and relieves toxicity. Cases of Measles CONCLUSION  hank you! T POST TEST  Identification 1.What virus causes measles? 2.Which test is used to confirm a diagnosis of measles? 3.What is the name of the spots that appear inside the mouth during measles? 4. A serious complication of measles that can affect the brain. 5. A vaccination given to someone who missed their scheduled doses.  Enumeration 1. Give at least 1 mode of transmission. 2. Three groups of people at high risk for measles complications. 3. Three complications of measles.  Multiplechoice 1. Measles cases have been rising worldwide, leading to more illnesses and deaths. A. True B. False 2. What is the primary method of preventing measles? A. Antibiotics B. MMR Vaccine C. Herbal medicine D. Bed rest  hank you! T