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Questions and Answers
Which herbal medicine is specifically used in the early stages of measles to clear heat and relieve toxicity?
What complication of measles can affect the brain?
What is the most significant method for preventing measles?
Which of the following herbal medicines helps alleviate fever and headache associated with measles rash?
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What is the reported number of measles cases in Antique from January to March?
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What age group does not require a vaccination against measles?
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What symptom is typically present 3-5 days after the initial symptoms of measles?
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What organization recommends the MMR vaccine starting at 12 to 15 months of age?
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What is the typical incubation period for measles?
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Which group of individuals is at higher risk for complications like pneumonia from measles?
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What should be done if someone is exposed to measles?
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What is a primary method to prevent the spread of measles?
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Which symptom appears first in the onset of measles?
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How long should individuals infected with measles be isolated?
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Which of the following is considered a supportive care treatment for measles?
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What complication of measles can develop 7 to 10 years after infection?
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What is the percentage of exposed individuals who are likely to contract measles if they are unvaccinated?
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Which country reported the highest number of measles cases from January to June 2024?
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What is the reported increase in measles cases in the Philippines from 2022 to 2023?
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Which of the following is NOT a common complication associated with measles?
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Which of the following approaches can help reduce the risk of complications from measles?
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What is the primary causative agent of measles?
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Through which of the following methods does measles primarily transmit?
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What laboratory test provides confirmation of measles infection?
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What is the secondary attack rate of measles among susceptible individuals?
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Which of the following is a common complication associated with measles?
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What group is particularly at risk for severe outcomes from measles?
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Which statement about measles is true?
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What is the most common cause of death from measles?
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Study Notes
Overview of Measles
- Caused by the morbillivirus, measles is an extremely contagious respiratory disease that spreads via airborne droplets (breath, cough, sneeze, talk).
- The secondary attack rate is over 90% among susceptible exposed individuals.
- Incubation period lasts 7 to 14 days; individuals become contagious 1-2 days before symptom onset.
Pathophysiology and Transmission
- Measles has no animal reservoirs and no asymptomatic carriers.
- It is confirmed via real-time RT-PCR, most effectively when samples are collected upon initial contact with suspected cases.
- Transmission routes include direct contact with infected individuals, aerosolized droplets, and contaminated surfaces.
Signs and Symptoms
- Initial symptoms: high fever (up to 104°F), dry cough, runny nose, sore throat, red watery eyes, and sensitivity to light.
- Koplik's spots (tiny white spots with blue-white centers) appear in the mouth 2-3 days post-symptom onset.
- Rash develops 3-5 days after initial symptoms, starting at the hairline and progressing downward.
Common Complications
- Ear infections occur in approximately 1 in 10 children with measles.
- Diarrhea is reported in less than 1 in 10 individuals.
- Pneumonia develops in about 1 in 20 children, accounting for many measles-related deaths.
At-Risk Populations
- Children under 5 years, adults over 20 years, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems (e.g., those with leukemia or HIV) are most susceptible to severe complications.
Preventative Treatments
- MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine is administered in two doses: first between 12-15 months, second between 4-6 years.
- Catch-up vaccinations and post-exposure immunoglobulin are critical for unvaccinated individuals or high-risk groups.
- Hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette (covering mouth/nose and avoiding sharing personal items) are vital preventive measures.
- Isolation for at least 4 days is required for infected individuals to prevent transmission.
Management and Supportive Care
- No specific antiviral medications exist; supportive measures include hydration, fever control, and rest.
- Vitamin A supplementation is recommended to reduce risks of complications.
Global Epidemiology
- Measles cases have increased globally, resulting in approximately 136,000 deaths in 2022, primarily among unvaccinated children under 5.
- Significant outbreaks reported in countries like Iraq (29,754 cases in early 2024) and the U.S. (203 cases in various states as of August 2024).
National and Local Updates
- The Philippines has seen a 299% rise in measles cases from 2022 to 2023, with outbreak declarations in several regions.
- Antique province reported 30 measles cases, including one death, highlighting local outbreak concerns.
Integration of Herbal Medicine
- Chinese herbal medicine is used to alleviate symptoms and reduce duration—Yin Qiao San is used for initial treatment, while Sheng Ma Ge Gen Tang addresses severe symptoms.
Interesting Facts
- Historically recorded since the 9th century and highly contagious; can remain viable in the air for up to 2 hours.
- Severe complications may include Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) affecting the brain, pneumonia, and encephalitis.
Conclusion
- Continued emphasis on vaccination, awareness of transmission modes, and effective management strategies are critical to controlling measles outbreaks and protecting vulnerable populations.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the epidemiology of measles, including its causative agent, modes of transmission, and common symptoms. It also evaluates the effectiveness of vaccination programs and the global burden of measles. Ideal for NCM 104 students interested in community health nursing and preventive strategies.
