Gender and Society Presentation PDF

GENDER AND SOCIETY INTRODUCTION TO GENDER AND SOCIETY Gender and Society is a field of study that explores the social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity, as well as the ways in which these constructions interact with social institutions and power structures. It exa...

GENDER AND SOCIETY INTRODUCTION TO GENDER AND SOCIETY Gender and Society is a field of study that explores the social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity, as well as the ways in which these constructions interact with social institutions and power structures. It examines how gender roles, expectations, and stereotypes are shaped by societal norms, cultural practices, and historical context. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES GENDER A social construct that refers to the roles, behaviors, and identities that are considered appropriate for men and women in a particular society. SEX A biological classification based on reproductive organs and chromosomes. GENDER IDENTITY A person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or somewhere in between. GENDER EXPRESSION How a person presents their gender to the world through their appearance, behavior, and mannerisms. GENDER ROLE The set of behaviors, attitudes, and attributes that are considered appropriate for a particular gender in a given society. GENDER STEREOTYPE Oversimplified beliefs about the characteristics and behaviors of men and women. GENDER INEQUALITY The unfair treatment of people based on their gender. PATRIARCHY A social system in which men hold primary power and privileges. FEMINISM A movement advocating for gender equality. SEX AND GENDER  SEX 1. Sex refers to the biological and physiological differences between men and women. 2. Sex has two main categories: male or female.  GENDER 1. Gender refers to the social and cultural differences between men and women. 2. Gender has two main categories: masculine and feminine. What is Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation and Expression  GENDER IDENTITY An individual's internal views of their Gender as male, female, a blend of both or neither. (What you believe)  GENDER EXPRESSION Gender Expression is how people express their gender through actions and appearance.  GENDER IDENTITY TERMS CIS-GENDER Describe a person whose gender identity corresponds to their sex assigned at birth. (Her,she,he,him) TRANSGENDER A transgender person is someone whose gender identity different from the sex they were thought to be at birth GENDER QUEER ( GENDER NON-BINARY) GenderQueer are people who doesnt follow binary gender norms.  GENDER IDENTITY TERMS TRANSSEXUAL an individual who have transitioned from one gender to another. (Medically,hormonal supplements) GENDER FLUID used when someone gender identity may change or shift over time or in various situation.  SEXUALITY/SEXUAL ORIENTATION It is about your sexual feelings. Thoughts. Attractions and behaviour towards other people. HETEROSEXUAL Person who are attracted to the opposite sex or gender GAY/HOMOSEXUAL Person who are attracted to the same sex or gender LESBIAN Person who are attracted to women and femme people( when you are a women or non binary person BISEXUAL Person who are attracted to people of the same gender or other gender GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS THE TIME  DEFINITION OF TERMS: PATRIARCHY social system where men primarily holds power in the political and the private spheres FEMINISM continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates that oppresive political structures. Beliefs and practices against women.  Historical accounts show that across time, human conception of gender and sexuality has also changed. * Divine Fiminine- the sacredness of the women due to her ability to conceive children * Egalitarian- men and women have equitable power roles * Discovery of paternity- fatherhood/ role of the father in conception PATRIARCHY from the Greek word Pathriarkhes which means "the rule of the father ". It is a social system where men primarily holds power in the political and private spheres. PATRIARCHY In the social, legal, political and economic spheres men are expected to lead while women are expected to obey and are relegated to house course, bearing children, and child care Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologist as a social construct and not as a biological phenomenon. FREDRICH ENGLES German philosopher and sociologist argues that patriarchy came about when people started having private property instead of communal living.  GREEK Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex and are properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear childrens, and take HISTORICAL VIEWS care of household. They were forbidden to learn philosophy, politics and science. ON GENDER EGYPT Herodutos, a Greek historian observed the Egyptian civilization citing that Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can inherit property and engage in trade and politics.  CHINA HISTORICAL VIEWS Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should conduct should ON GENDER conduct themselves. The written documents titled " Three obedience's and four virtues " and " Precepts of women " states that women should obey their father, when married she is to obey her husband, and widowed she is to obey her son.  SUBTLE FORMS OF OPPRESSION Sexism-prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex Gender pay gap-men earn more than women; Underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions, etc. Rape on women and the stigma making women ashamed to report the crime Very conservative expectations on women on how they behave Unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often very sexualized Women do more housework and childcare Boys were trained to be leaders while women were trained to do house chores. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT promoting women's sense of self- worth, their ability to determine their own choices, and their right to influence social change for themselves and others.  WOMEN EMPOWERMENT During the 19th and early 20th century, the first wave of feminism spreadacross the western countries as women demanded for their right to vote or participate in elections and be allowed to own properties.. In France, Simone de Beauvoir's wrote a book entitled "The Second Sex" in 1949.It outlined how the patriarchal society disadvantaged women. This book was instrumental in awakening women and inspired them to write. In Europe, the Women's Liberation Movement sought the right to education, right to work, and right to vote. This liberation movement viewed the intersectionality of economic status to patriarchy. SALIENT POINTS THAT FEMINISM DEMANDS: WOMEN SUFFRAGE Women were not allowed to vote before because they were viewed as irrational and temperamental and therefore, not able to make rational decisions. SALIENT POINTS THAT FEMINISM DEMANDS: EQUALITY IN POLITICS AND SOCIETY Representation is very important for women, so that their genuine concerns are heard in politics and in society. SALIENT POINTS THAT FEMINISM DEMANDS: REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS Means the women is in control of her body and she can decide for herself on what she sees is best for her. SALIENT POINTS THAT FEMINISM DEMANDS: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE such as marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by society as a part of "marriage". Although we have RA 9262 or Anti Violence Against Women and their Children, , our culture still dismiss such incidents "as away mag-asawa SALIENT POINTS THAT FEMINISM DEMANDS: SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE The Center for Women's Resources in the Philippines estimates that one woman or child is raped every hour mostly by someone they know.  CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENDER Functionalism has its origin in the work of Emile Durkheim who studied how society remains stable. The functionalist perspective of gender roles suggests that gender roles maximise social efficiency and help society to remain stable. When applied to gender, functionalism provides insights into how gender roles are established, maintained, and function to support the structure of society. Examples:  Division of Labor Socialization Family Structure Reproduction According to conflict theory, society is defined by a struggle for dominance among social groups that compete for scarce resources or valuable resources. In most cultures, men have historically held most of the world’s resources. Until relatively recently, women in Western cultures could not vote or hold property. Men, like any other group with a power or wealth advantage, fought to maintain their control over resources. A German sociologist studied family structure and gender roles from a Marxist perspective. Bourgeoisie - capitalist Proletariat - the working Friedrich Engels class or lower class  Gender Inequality Gender-based violence Gender roles and expectations SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Symbolic interactionism aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols and meaning-making in human interaction. This is certainly relevant to the discussion of masculinity and femininity, because the characteristics and practices are both socially constructed, reproduced, and reinforced through daily interaction. According to Cooley’s concept of the “looking- glass self” an individual’s understanding of their gender roles, is based on how society perceives them. GENDER AND PERFORMANCE When people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be doing gender. This notion is based on the work of West and Zimmerman. Whether we are expressing our masculinity or femininity Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman argue, we are always “doing gender.” Thus, gender is something we do or perform, not something we are.  Biological determinism: the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology Doing gender: the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves Social construction of sexuality: socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality  CHAPTER 4 BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND SOCIETY SEX AND GENDER IN BIOMEDICINE: PROMISES FOR WOMEN AND MEN. The innovation of ‘traditional’ biomedicine started with the women’s health movement and the feminist critique of science in the 1980s. SEX AND GENDER IN BIOMEDICINE: PROMISES FOR WOMEN AND MEN. Gender Medicine as an innovation of biomedical research focuses on sex, gender and health, and addresses women’s and men’s health issues in research and clinical practice. The aim of this new research field is to develop a sex and gender sensitive research practice which will lead to an adequate knowledge base for clinical treatment and informed health policies. SEX AND GENDER IN BIOMEDICINE: PROMISES FOR WOMEN AND MEN. Gender Medicine welcomes original reports from the entire spectrum of academic disciplines devoted to the study of the human condition as it relates to both biological sex and the socio-cultural concept of gender. GENDER MEDICINE TODAY: CURRENT FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS GENDER MEDICINE TODAY: CURRENT FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS 1. Gender effects at the individual level: male and female gender roles can influence health behaviors and as a consequence individual health. It is well known that men delay the seeking of help from a general practitioner because the stereotypical male gender role prescribes to be strong, not to show weakness and to ‘tough it out’.  GENDER MEDICINE TODAY: CURRENT FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS 2. Gender effects at the institutional level: The obstruction of women’s access to higher education by influential medical professors in the first decades of the 20th century who claimed that a woman should not spend her energy in intellectual labor but in producing babies.  GENDER MEDICINE TODAY: CURRENT FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS 3. Symbolic level: Metaphors used in biomedical textbooks have been demonstrated to reflect stereotypical gender images. To portray female biological processes like menstruation as ‘failed production’ and menopause as ‘the breakdown of nervous control’ has serious implications for how women experience these processes. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMINISM AND THE BIOLOGICAL BODY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMINISM AND THE BIOLOGICAL BODY According to the Book written by Lynda Birke entitled “Feminism and the Biological Body”- Bodies may be currently fashionable in social and feminist theory, but their insides are not. Biological bodies always seem to drop out of debates about the body and its importance in Western culture. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMINISM AND THE BIOLOGICAL BODY Birke argues that these static views of biology do not serve feminist politics well. As a trained biologist, she uses ideas in anatomy and physiology to develop the feminist view that the biological body is socially and culturally constructed. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMINISM AND THE BIOLOGICAL BODY She rejects the assumption that the body's functioning is somehow fixed and unchanging, claiming that biological science offers more than just a deterministic narrative of 'how nature works'. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEMINISM AND THE BIOLOGICAL BODY Feminism and the Biological Body puts biological science and feminist theory together and suggests that we need a politics which includes, rather than denies, our bodily flesh.  The biomedical perspective on gender and society highlights how biological and social factors intersect to affect health outcomes for men and women. Addressing these disparities requires attention to biological differences, gender-specific medical research, and the social structures that shape access to healthcare. Gender-sensitive policies and practices can help ensure equitable healthcare for all THANK YOU VERY MUCH!  Question #1 A person's internal sense of being male,female,both, neither,or somewhere in between. A.SEX B.GENDER C.GENDER IDENTITY D.GENDER EXPRESSION  Question #2 It is a field of study that explores the social and cultural construction of masculinity and femininity. A.GENDER B.GENDER AND SOCIETY C.GENDER ROLE D.FEMINISM  Question #3 The unfair treatment of people based on their gender. A.GENDER INEQUALITY B.GENDER STEREOTYPES C.GENDER AND SOCIETY D.GENDER EXPRESSION  Question #4 It is a term referring to individual who have transitioned from one gender to another A. SEX B. GENDER C.TRANSSEXUAL D. GENDER FLUID  Question #5 It talks about your sexual attraction towards other people. A. GENDER EXPRESSION B. SEX EXPRESSION C. SEXUALITY D. BISEXUAL  Question #6 What chromosomes does male have? A. XX CHROMOSOMES B. XV CHROMOSOMES C. YX CHROMOSOMES D. XY CHROMOSOMES  Question #6 People who doesnt follow any binary gender norms A. CIS GENDER B. TRANSGENDER C. GENDERQUEER D. GENDER IDENTITY  Question #7 The set of behaviors, attitude,and attributes that are considered appropriate for a particular gender in a given society. A.GENDER B.PATRIARCHY C.GENDER EXPRESSION D.GENDER ROLE  Question #8 One of the part of salient points that feminism demands such as marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by society as a part of marriage A. SEXUAL HARASSMENT B. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE C. REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS D. WOMEN SUFFRAGE  Question #9 Social system where men primarly holds power in the political and private spheres A. PATRIARCHY B. FEMINISM C. EGALITARIAN D. PATERNITY  Question #10 In what country women's liberation movement sought the right to education, right to work, and right to vote ? A. GREECE B. CHINA C. FRANCE D. EUROPE  Question #11 Which theory of gender views gender differences as reflecting the unequal social and power relations between men and women? A. CONFLICT THEORY B. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM C. FEMINIST THEORY D. STRUCTRURAL FUNCTIONALISM  Question #12 Ben argues that gender inequality results from the struggle for economic and political power. Sarah disagrees; she argues that gender roles and a division of labour support an efficient society. Ben's position is most consistent with which of the following theoretical traditions? A. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM B. CONFLICT THEORY C. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM D. FEMINIST THEORY  Question #13 According to gender role theory, which of the following statements is true? A. Gender roles are biologically determined and unchanging. B. Gender roles are constructed through socialization and cultural expectations. C. Gender roles are primarily a result of economic inequalities. D. Gender roles have no impact on individual behavior.  Question #14 Which concept from symbolic interactionism refers to the idea that individuals form their self-concept based on how they believe others perceive them? A. Role-Taking B. Looking-Glass Self C. Role Strain D. Gender Typing  Question #15 Gender Medicine as an innovation of biomedical research focuses on what? A. Gender. sex and identity B. Sex, gender and health, and addresses women’s and men’s health issues C. Sex, Society and Identity D. Sex Orientation and Gender Identity  Question #16 Which theoretical perspective focuses on everyday interactions and the way individuals perform their gender? a) Symbolic Interactionism b) Functionalism c) Radical Feminism d) Biological Determinism  Question #17 When was the innovation of traditional biomedicine started? A. 1960s B. 1970s C. 1980s D. 1990s  Question #18 Who write the book about "Feminism and the Biological Body"? A. Lynda Blythe B. Lynda Birke C. Lyn Brake D. Lyn Back  Question #19 What are the 2 main category of Sex A. Male and Female B. Girl and Boy C. Gay and Lesbian D. Masculine and Feminine  Question #20 It is the field of study that explores the social and cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity A. Gender and Development B. Gender and Society C. Gender and Acknowledgement D. Gender and Identity  Key to Correction 1.C 11. A 2. B 12. B 3. A 13. B 4. C 14. B 5. C 15. B 6. D 16. A 7. C 17. C 8. D 18. B 9. A 19. A 10. C 20. B