BIU Behavioral Sciences and Ethics Module Lesson No. 01 2024 PDF

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics Lesson 01 Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU Learning Outcome At the end of sessions students...

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics Lesson 01 Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU Learning Outcome At the end of sessions students will be able to: – Apply key Concepts in Behavioral Sciences to Analyze Real-world Scenarios in Healthcare. – Analyze and Illustrate the Core Components of the Sociological Perspective, including the Sociological Imagination. – Compare and Contrast Medical Sociology and Medical Psychology within Healthcare Practice. – Examine Social Stratification through examples, Attitude Definition: Attitude is a mental and emotional state that reflects how we feel about something, someone, or a situation. It represents our predispositions toward particular ideas, people, or experiences. Components: Attitudes are generally composed of three components—cognitive (beliefs), affective (feelings), and behavioral (intentions). Internal: Attitudes are primarily internal; they are a person's thoughts, feelings, and tendencies, which may not always be visible to others. Example: If a person has a positive attitude toward health, they believe health is important, feel Behaviour Definition: Behavior is the outward expression of actions or reactions in response to stimuli. It’s how a person acts or conducts themselves in various situations, which can be directly observed. Observable: Unlike attitudes, behaviors are external and can be observed and measured directly by others. Influence of Attitude: Behavior can be influenced by attitude, but it isn’t always consistent with it; sometimes, social pressure or external circumstances lead people to act against their attitudes. Introduction to Behavioral Sciences in Healthcare Definition: – Behavioral Sciences study Human Actions and Interactions, focusing on Factors like Social, Psychological, and Cultural Influences. Importance in Healthcare: – Enhances Understanding of Patient Behaviors. – Improves Healthcare Delivery by Empathy and Social Awareness. Key Behavioral Science Concepts Medical Sociology: Study of Social Factors Influencing Health and Healthcare Systems. Socialization: Process by which Individuals learn Norms and Behaviors, Impacting Patient-provider Interactions. Social Stratification: Classification based on Socio- economic Factors, Influencing Healthcare Access and Outcomes. Medical Sociology in Healthcare Examines Social Determinants of Health (Income, Education, Social Support) Example Scenario: How Socioeconomic Status affects treatment adherence Application: Use Patient’s Social Background to Tailor Healthcare Plans (e.g., Low-cost Treatment options) Socialization and Healthcare Socialization shapes Health Beliefs and Practices, Influencing Patient Behaviors. Example Scenario: Differences in Health Practices due to Cultural Upbringing Application: Providers use Cultural Competence to Respect and Address Diverse Patient Needs. Detailed Analysis of Sociological Theories​ Functionalism: Focuses on How Health Systems Contribute to Societal Stability and Well-being.​ Conflict Theory: Examines the Role of Power Struggles and Inequities within Healthcare Institutions.​ Symbolic Interactionism: Looks at the Daily Functionalism in Healthcare Explains the Role of Healthcare in Maintaining Societal Norms and Expectations.​ Impact: Stability Through Preventative Care and Health Education.​ Conflict Theory in Healthcare​ Discusses how Economic and Social Inequalities Affect Health Access and Quality.​ Real-world Implications: Strategies to Mitigate Healthcare Disparities.​ Symbolic Interactionism in Healthcare Studies the Significance of Patient and Provider Interactions and the Meanings these Interactions Carry.​ Examples: How Perceptions of Illness can Alter Patient Engagement and Treatment Social Stratification’s Impact on Health Describes the Hierarchy within Societies Impacting Access to Resources. Example Scenario: Patients in Lower Socioeconomic Strata Face Barriers to Healthcare Services. Application: Address Healthcare Inequities Through Community Health Initiatives.  Behavioral Sciences’ Role in Understanding Patient Behavior Incorporates Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology to Predict Patient Responses. Example Scenario: Patient Non-compliance due to Stress or Family pressures Application: Behavioral interventions, such as Counseling, to Improve Health Outcomes. Analyzing Real-world Scenario: Case Study Case Study: A Patient from a Lower-income Background with Chronic Illness Struggling with Treatment adherence. Analysis Using Behavioral Science Concepts: – Medical Sociology: Socioeconomic Barriers Affecting Adherence Application in Real-world Settings Identify Patient Backgrounds and Social Determinants Communication is for Patient’s Cultural and Social Context. Develop Targeted Interventions Addressing Sociological Perspective Definition: The Sociological Perspective examines how Individual Behaviors and Beliefs are Shaped by Society and Social Structures. Importance: – Helps to Understand how Societal Factors influence Thoughts, Actions, and Opportunities. – Encourages Critical Thinking about Personal Experiences Core Components of the Sociological Perspective Social Structure: Organized Patterns of Relationships and Institutions that Shape Society. Social Institutions: Family, Religion, Education, and Healthcare as Major Structures Affecting Individuals. Social Forces: Economic, Cultural, and Political Pressures Shaping Individual and Group Behavior. Social Interaction: Day-to-day Interactions that Introducing the Sociological Imagination Definition: – It is developed by C. Wright Mills, an Ability to see the Relationship Between Personal Experiences and Larger Social Forces. – Core Idea: Recognizing that Personal Troubles are often Rooted in Public Issues. Example: A Person’s Job Loss seems Personal but can be influenced by Larger Economic Forces, eg.  Analyzing the Sociological Imagination with Examples Example 1: Unemployment – Personal View: "I lost my job because I wasn't skilled enough." – Sociological Imagination: "Job loss can be due to economic downturns affecting entire industries." Example 2: Health Issues – Personal View: "My lifestyle choices caused my illness." Benefits of Using the Sociological Imagination Key Benefits: – Encourages Critical Thinking Beyond Individual Perspectives. – Promotes Empathy and Understanding of others’ Life Challenges. – Identifies Social Patterns that can Inform Policy and Community Change. Application in Daily Life: Introduction to Social Stratification Definition: – Social Stratification refers to the Hierarchical Ranking of Individuals and Groups in a Society Based on Factors like Wealth, Education, Race, and Occupation. Key Components: – Class – Status – Power Purpose of Examination: – Recognize How Stratification Affects Healthcare Access, Treatment Quality, and Patient Outcomes. Layers of Social Stratification in Society Class: Economic Status often Dictates Access to Healthcare Services. Race and Ethnicity: Can Influence Healthcare Quality and Treatment Disparities. Education: Higher Educational Levels Correlate with Better Health Literacy and Access. Occupation: Job Status can Affect Healthcare Coverage and Resources. Examples: – Low-income vs. High-income Access to Preventive Care. – Differences in Care Based on Geographical  Impact of Social Stratification on Health Outcomes Health Disparities: – Increased Rates of Chronic Diseases Among Lower- income Groups – Higher Maternal Mortality in Marginalized Racial Groups Quality of Care: – Differential Treatment due to Implicit Bias or Resource Scarcity  How Social Stratification Impacts Healthcare Access Economic Inequities: Wealthier have Better Access to High-quality Care. Geographical Barriers: Rural and Underdeveloped Areas may Lack Healthcare Infrastructure. Social Inequities: Marginalized Groups may Face Discrimination, Impacting Care Quality. Example: Urban Areas with a Concentration of Wealth tend to have Advanced Healthcare Facilities, while  Implications of Social Stratification in Healthcare Settings Healthcare Provider Bias: – How Implicit Bias can Impact Patient-provider Relationships and Diagnosis Accuracy. Resource Allocation: – Disproportionate Resources Available to Marginalized Communities. Policy and Systemic Barriers: – Limited Healthcare Policies to Mitigate The Role of Health Policy in Addressing Social Stratification Government Programs: Insurance Programs, and Subsidized Health Clinics Aim to Reduce Disparities. Community Health Initiatives: Mobile Clinics, Telemedicine, and Educational Outreach can help Bridge Access gaps. Example: Free Clinics in Underserved Addressing Social Inequalities in Healthcare Healthcare Professionals’ Role: – Providing Culturally Sensitive Care. – Advocating for Fair Healthcare Practices and Policies. – Engaging in Continuous Learning About Social Determinants of Health. Example Actions: Implementing Patient-centered Care Practices, Supporting Diversity in Healthcare Encouraging Critical Thinking How can Healthcare Systems be Made More Equitable? What Role can Healthcare Professionals Play in Reducing Systemic Biases? What Policies Might Help Mitigate