Biology 11 Chapter 8 Animal Structure 1 0F 3 AY2023-2024 PDF

General Zoology KATHRYN ROSELL - JADLOC Introduction to Animal Structure and Function  Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment Many different animal body plans have evolved and are dete...

General Zoology KATHRYN ROSELL - JADLOC Introduction to Animal Structure and Function  Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome (a) Tuna  The ability to perform certain actions depends on an animal’s shape, size, and environment (b) Penguin  Physical laws impose constraints on animal size and shape (c) Seal Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  Exchange with the Environment Mouth An animal’s size and shape directly affect how it exchanges energy and Gastrovascular materials with its surroundings Exchange cavity Exchange Exchange 0.15 mm 1.5 mm (a) Single cell (b) Two layers of cells  Multicellular organisms with a sac body plan have body walls that are only two cells thick, facilitating diffusion of materials More complex organisms have highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings  External environment CO2 Food O2 Mouth Hierarchical Organization of Animal body Body Plans Respiratory system Nutrients Cells Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have different functions Circulatory system Interstitial Digestive fluid Tissues make up organs, which together make up system organ systems Excretory system Anus Unabsorbed Metabolic waste products matter (feces) (nitrogenous waste) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 40-4 External environment CO2 Food O2 Mouth Animal body d Respiratory oo 50 µm system Bl 0.5 cm Lung tissue Nutrients Cells Heart Circulatory 10 µm system Interstitial Digestive fluid system Lining of small intestine Excretory system Kidney tubules Anus Unabsorbed Metabolic waste products matter (feces) (nitrogenous waste) Regulating the internal environment Homeostasis (feedback circuits) Fig. 41-1 Nutrition for Cells  Salivary The Role of the Mouth glands Digestive System Esophagus Mechanical digestion – breakdown of food Gall- bladder Stomach into small pieces Small Liver intestine Chemical digestion – breakdown of food by use of Pancreas Large enzymes (catalytic proteins) into its basic intestine structural/molecular unit Rectum Anus A schematic diagram of the human digestive system Fig. 41-9c Stomach Gizzard Intestine Mouth Esophagus Crop Anus (c) Bird  Salivary glands Mouth Alimentary Canal - hollow tube where food passes Esophagus Accessory organs - Gall- bladder Stomach salivary glands gall bladder liver Small pancreas Liver intestine Pancreas Large intestine Rectum Anus A schematic diagram of the human digestive system Basic functions: 1. Ingestion 2. Secretion 3. Mixing and propulsion 4. Digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation Fig. 41-18 Incisors Canines Molars Premolars (a) Carnivore (b) Herbivore Ingestion (c) Omnivore  Fig. 41-15 Vein carrying blood Microvilli (brush to hepatic portal vein border) at apical (lumenal) surface Lumen Blood capillaries Epithelial cells Basal Muscle layers surface Large Epithelial cells circular Villi folds Lacteal Key Lymph vessel Nutrient Villi absorption Intestinal wall Absorption GAS EXCHANGE (RESPIRATORY SYSTEM) Function : Supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide  Fig. 42-21 Coelom Gills Gills Tube foot Parapodium (functions as gill) (a) Marine worm (b) Crayfish (c) Sea star Gills  Fig. 42-22 Fluid flow through Oxygen-poor blood gill filament Anatomy of gills Oxygen-rich blood Gill arch Lamella Gill Gill filament arch organization Blood vessels Water flow Operculum Water flow between lamellae Blood flow through capillaries in lamella Counter – current Countercurrent exchange 150 120 90 60 30 PO2 (mm Hg) in water System 110 80 20 Gill filaments Net diffu- sion of O2 140 50 from water to blood PO2 (mm Hg) in blood (Skin) Cutaneous Respiration  Lungs Respiratory zone - site of gas exchange Conducting zone - respiratory passageways END