Biology 11 Chapter 8 Animal Structure 3 of 3 PDF

General Zoology KATHRYN ROSELL - JADLOC Introduction to Animal Structure and Function  Fig. 45-10 Major endocrine glands: Hypothalamus P...

General Zoology KATHRYN ROSELL - JADLOC Introduction to Animal Structure and Function  Fig. 45-10 Major endocrine glands: Hypothalamus Pineal gland Endocrine System Pituitary gland Organs containing Thyroid gland endocrine cells: Parathyroid glands Thymus Hormones : Heart Chemical messengers that Liver affect/regulate the function of target Adrenal cells/tissues glands Stomach Target cell : cells that are affected Testes Pancreas Kidney by the presence of hormones Small Kidney intestine Ovaries Fig. 45-17 Tropic effects only: FSH Neurosecretory cells LH of the hypothalamus TSH ACTH Nontropic effects only: Prolactin MSH Nontropic and tropic effects: GH Hypothalamic Portal vessels releasing and inhibiting hormones Endocrine cells of Posterior pituitary the anterior pituitary Pituitary hormones HORMONE FSH and LH TSH ACTH Prolactin MSH GH TARGET Testes or Thyroid Adrenal Mammary Melanocytes Liver, bones, ovaries cortex glands other tissues  Nervous systems process information in three stages: sensory input, integration, and Nervous System: motor output Sensory input Sensor Integration Motor output Effector Peripheral nervous Central nervous system (PNS) system (CNS)  Fig. 49-2 Different Types of Nervous Systems Eyespot Brain Brain Radial nerve Nerve cords Nerve Ventral ring nerve Transverse cord Nerve net nerve Segmental ganglia Brain (a) Hydra (cnidarian) (b) Sea star (echinoderm) (c) Planarian (flatworm) (d) Leech (annelid) Brain Ganglia Anterior Ventral Brain Spinal nerve ring nerve cord cord Sensory (dorsal ganglia nerve Longitudinal Ganglia cord) nerve cords Segmental ganglia (e) Insect (arthropod) (f) Chiton (mollusc) (g) Squid (mollusc) (h) Salamander (vertebrate)  Spinal cord Motor Motor unit 1 unit 2 The Body in Motion Synaptic terminals Nerve Motor neuron cell body Motor neuron axon Muscle Muscle fibers Tendon  Skeletal System Function: Support Protection of underlying soft tissues Framework Types of Skeletal Systems The three main types of skeletons are: ◦ Hydrostatic skeletons (lack hard parts) ◦ Exoskeletons (external hard parts) ◦ Endoskeletons (internal hard parts) Skeletal Types : Hydrostatic Skeleton Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment Earthworms, cnidarians Aquatic animals and for terrestrial animals that crawl or burrow Exoskeleton Rigid external skeleton Growth is limited. MOLTING (shedding of the exoskeleton) Chitin (arthropods); calcium carbonate ( molluscs) Endoskeleton Consists of hard or leathery supporting elements situated among the soft tissues of an animal Anatomy of the Bone Anatomy of the Bone Compact Bone A dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts Spongy Bone Has abundant spaces Compact Bone Osteon - basic unit of a bone Lacunae - space, location of osteocytes Lamellae - concentric circles Canaliculi - small canals Osteocytes (bone cells) Haversian canal Spongy Bone Has abundant spaces Muscular System  Muscular System Function : Locomotion Transport of materials Types of muscles: Smooth Cardiac Skeletal Smooth Muscle Involuntary Non- striated Gastrointestinal organs Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Striated Heart muscles Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Striated Skeletal muscles Skeletal Muscle Tissue The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function Muscle activity is a response to input from the nervous system The action of a muscle is always to contract Contractile Filaments Actin - thin filaments, myosin binding site Myosin - thick filaments, cross- bridge (heads) Different Stages of Muscle Contraction  Animal Reproduction Sexual reproduction is the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form a zygote Asexual reproduction is creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm  Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission, separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size  In budding, new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones  Fragmentation is breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults  Fragmentation must be accompanied by regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts  Parthenogenesis is the development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg Types: Conjugation - two individuals fuse, nuclei divides and exchanges with partner, then they separates and reproduce asexually Monoecious or hermaphroditism - both sexes are found in one organism Dioecious - sexes are found in separate individuals Reproductive System: Human Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Spermatogenesis Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Ovary Oogenesis Oogenesis END