Zoology Chapter 1 and 2 PDF

Prepared by: Arvil Valerie Joy Ballugo, RMT  Zoology The scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification and distribution of animals. It is the branch of zoology that studies teh animal kingdom, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosys...

Prepared by: Arvil Valerie Joy Ballugo, RMT  Zoology The scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification and distribution of animals. It is the branch of zoology that studies teh animal kingdom, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. It is also known as Animal Science  Science It is the systematic body of knowledge based on careful observation and experimentation Scientific Method Example: Pencil Systematic/Process Observation Experimentation/Application  Exercise 1: The Compound Microscope MICROSCOP an optical instrument E that enables to see clearly structures that are too small to be seen by the naked eye 3 PARTS 1. Mechanical 2. Optical 3. Illuminating 1.Mechanical parts Used to support and adjust the parts Base, Pillar, Inclination joint, Stage, Stage clips, Arm, Body tube, Draw tube, Adjustments (Coarse adjustment knob, Fine adjustment knob, X-axis knob, Y-axis knob), Revolving nosepiece 1a. Base The part that supports the whole microscope 1b. Pillar the part that extends upwards from the base to support all other parts, and to hold the stage 1c. Inclination joint the portion that allows tilting of the microscope at a desired angle 1d. Stage the part where the object is to be examined 1e. Stage clips hold the slide securely in position 1f. Arms Supports the body tube and primarily serves as a means for carrying the microscope 1g. Body tube the cylinder that bears the objectives at the lower end and the eyepiece at the other portion 1h. Draw tube a small tube attached attached above the body tube wherein the ocular or the eyepiece is placed 1i. Diopter adjustment ring Raises or lowers the eyepiece in order to adjust the focus for each eye 1j. Interpupilar distance scale Raises or lowers the eyepiece in order to adjust the focus for each eye 1k. Coarse adjustment knob changes the elevation of the tube rapidly for preliminary focusing 1l. Fine adjustment knob permits gradual changes in the elevations of the tube for final and accurate focusing 1m. X- axis adjusment knob and Y-axis adjusment knob allows the operator to adjust the X (left/right) and Y (up/down) axis of the mechanical stage. 1n. Revolving nosepiece carries the objectives and Enables the operator to easily change objectives to a different one. 2. Optical Used to enlarge the specimen parts Ocular lenses/Eyepiece, Objectives (Scanning, LPO, HPO, OIO) 2a. Ocular/ Eyepiece a small tube consisting of lenses, that indicate the relative power of magnification 2b. Objectives Scanning objectives(R) - provide a wide field of view Low power objectives (Y) - views the specimen in a larger field High power objective (B) - obtains greater magnification and views detailed structures of the specimen Oil Immersion objective (G/W) - obtains greater magnification than HPO. In using this, a drop of oil is placed on the slide for better refraction.  Computation for magnification Initial magnification (Objective lenses) Final magnification (Eyepiece) Total magnification = Initial magnification X Final magnification 3. Illuminating parts Used to provide Mirror/Light source, Substage (Iris Diahpragm, Condenser) 3a. Mirror/ Light source Reflects the light rays through the object. One side of the mirror is concave (used with natural light) the other is concave (use with artificial light) Provides light using specific lamp/ bulbs ( arc lamp, halogen lamp, incandescent lamps, LED) 3b.Iris diaphragm made up a number of thin pieces of metal operated by a lever used for regulating the amount of light to obtain a clear view of the specimen 3c. Condenser concentrates light upon the object to be examined. Condensers are valuable with high power objectives and oil-immersion oil Proper Handling of Microscope 1. Use both hands when carrying the microscope; one firmly grasping the arm of the microscope, the other beneath the base. Avoid sudden jars.  Never touch the lenses. If the lenses become dirty, wipe them gently with lens paper. Never leave a slide on the microscope when it is not in use. Always use lens paper to remove oil from the oil-immersion objective after its use.If by accident oil should get on either of the lower power objectives, wipe it off immediately with clean lens paper. Keep the stage of the microscope clean and dry. Storage of the microscope: Make sure the immersion oil has been removed from the lens. Put the scanning objective into position and turn the stage all the way down. Wrap the electrical cord around the cord hanger. Your technician will place the microscope in the cabinet. Exercise 2: Animal Cell CELLS The BASIC UNIT OF LIFE  CELLS The BASIC UNIT OF LIFE The average adult has nearly 100 trillion cells There are about 200 type of cells Cells come in variety shapes and sizes Cellular diversity permits organization of cells into more complex tissues and organs CELLS The BASIC UNIT OF LIFE 6. Egestion 1. Nutrition 7. Secretion 2. Digestion 8. Movement 3. Absorption 9. Irritability 4. Biosynthesis 10. Respiration 5. Extraction 11. Reproduction 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CELL Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell X Nucleus /Nucleus X Membrane organelles / Membrane organelles Ex. Animals, plants, fungi and Ex. Bacteria and Archaea Protists 2 TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELL Plant Cell Animal Cell 2 TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELL Plant Cell Animal Cell  Cell Structure Plasma membrane/ plasmamemma  Cell Structure Plasma membrane/ plasmamemma  3 Types of Transport System 1. Passive Transport 2. Facilitated Transport 3. Active Transport  Passive Transport Molecules moves across the cell membrane by diffusion from high concentration to low concentration WITHOUT cellular energy (ATP)  Facilitated Transport Moves across the cell membrane with the AID of membrane proteins from high concentration to low concentration with CELULAR energy.  Active Transport Moves across the cell membrane with the aid of membrane proteins from low concentration to high concentration WITH cellular energy (ATP)  Cell Structure Cytoplasm  Cell Structure Nucleus: master control of the cell  Cell Structure Nucleus: master control of the cell  Cell Structure Centrosomes: near the nucleus because of the process of mitosis  Cell Structure Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis  Cell Structure Rough endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesis of Proteins; Contains ribosomes  Cell Structure Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesis of Lipids; Contains ribosomes  Cell Structure Golgi Apparatus: Package center of proteins (cellular secretion); CHO synthesis  Cell Structure Lysosomes: Suicide bag of the cell Cell Structure  Cell Structure Cilia: short, hair like projections from the cell surface, move fluids along the cell surface Flafella - longer than cilia, move an entire cell; only example is the sperm cell’s tail Cell Structure  Cell Structure Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell;  Cell Structure Cell (Plasma) Membrane: Serve as barriers  CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is the process that cells use to make energy. Cellular respiration involves three main steps, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation which uses the electron transport chain. Cell Cycle  Cell Division Its the process by which a cell divides to form two new cells  Cell Division Its the process by which a cell divides to form two new cells Binary Fission Mitosis Meiosis (Prokaryotes) (Eukaryotes) (Eukaryotes) Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Cell Division MITOSIS MITOSIS MITOSIS: Prophase MITOSIS: Prometaphase MITOSIS: Metaphase MITOSIS: Anaphase MITOSIS: Telophase Cytokinesis MEIOSI S Meiosis Arvil Valerie Joy Ballugo, RMT Arvil Valerie Joy Ballugo, RMT