BIOL 2401 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Midterm Study Guide PDF

**Interactive Midterm Study Guide** \*\*This study guide is intended as a review of the major topics from all Exercises covered, and its purpose is to get you started preparing for this exam. It does not contain all the information covered, or all the questions from the exam. **Week 1 Anatomical T...

**Interactive Midterm Study Guide** \*\*This study guide is intended as a review of the major topics from all Exercises covered, and its purpose is to get you started preparing for this exam. It does not contain all the information covered, or all the questions from the exam. **Week 1 Anatomical Terms and the Microscope** **Pre-lab: Introduction to Anatomical Terms** **1.1 - Anatomical Position,** Develop a thorough understanding of the anatomical position, including its description and significance. Recognize how this standardized body orientation serves as a reference point for accurately describing the location and relationships of different body parts in medical and anatomical contexts. **1.2 - Directional Terms** Directional Terms Definitions and Examples -------------------- -------------------------- Anterior/Posterior Ventral/Dorsal Superior/Inferior Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral, Superficial/Deep. **1.3 - Regional Terms** Regional Terms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Surface Anatomy (Anterior)   **Surface Anatomy (Posterior)** Oral, Orbital, Buccal, Cervical, Thoracic, Axillary, Brachial, Antecubital, Umbilical, Abdominal, Inguinal, Femoral, Pubic, Patellar, Digital, Crural. Occipital, Acromial, Scapular, Lumbar, Gluteal, Popliteal, Sural, Calcaneal. **1.4 - Body Cavities and Membranes** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. Anterior (Ventral) Body | 2\. Posterior (Dorsal) Body | | Cavity | Cavity | +===================================+===================================+ | Thoracic Cavity | - Cranial Cavity | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Pleural Cavity | - Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Mediastinum | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Pericardial Cavity | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Abdominopelvic cavity | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Abdominal Cavity | **Abdominopelvic | | | Quadrants/Regions to know:** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Pelvic Cavity | - Right Upper Quadrants, Left | | | Upper Quadrants, Right Lower | | | Quadrant, Left Lower Quadrant | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Peritoneal Cavity | - Right Hypochondriac region, | | | Epigastric region, Left | | | Hypochondriac region, Right | | | Lumbar region, Umbilical | | | region, Left Lumbar region, | | | Right Iliac (inguinal) | | | region, Hypogastric (pubic) | | | region, Left Iliac (inguinal) | | | region. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **1.5 - Planes of Section** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Planes of Section | Description/Examples | +===================================+===================================+ | Sagittal Plane | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Midsagittal Plane | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Parasagittal Plane | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Frontal Plane (Coronal) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Transverse Plane | | | (Cross/Horizontal) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **1.6 - Organs and Organ Systems -** Understand the function of each organ and be able to accurately identify various organs using a **human torso model** and a **dissected cat**. Additionally, know which system each organ belongs to, such as the urinary, digestive, or lymphatic systems. Organ Systems Organs & Tissues Function ----------------------------- ------------------ ---------- 1\. Integumentary System 2\. Skeletal System 3\. Muscular System 4\. Nervous System 5\. Endocrine System 6\. Cardiovascular System 7\. Lymphatic/Immune System 8\. Respiratory System 9\. Digestive System 10\. Urinary System 11\. Reproductive System **Pre-lab: Mastering the Microscope** **1.1 - Introduction to the Microscope -** Gain a comprehensive understanding of the various terms and functions associated with microscope components, including magnification. Learn how to calculate the total magnification using the scanning, low, and high-power objective lenses, along with the ocular lens. Additionally, grasp the concepts of working distance and resolution +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Microscope components | Definitions | +===================================+===================================+ | Ocular lens | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Objective Lenses | | | | | | - Scanning-power lens | | | | | | - Low-power lens | | | | | | - High-power lens | | | | | | - Oil-immersion lens | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Total Magnification  | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Stage | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Arm | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Coarse adjustment knob | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Fine adjustment knob | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lamp | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Iris diaphragm | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **1.2 - How to focus a microscope, and how to field of view changes.** **Week 2 Cytology** **Pre-lab: Cytology, Osmosis, and Diffusion.** **2.1 - Organelles and Cell Structures -** Demonstrate the ability to accurately identify each organelle within a cell model and develop a comprehensive understanding of their individual functions. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Organelles & Other structures | Function | +===================================+===================================+ | 1\. Plasma membrane | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Cytoplasm | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Nucleus | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Nuclear envelope | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. Nuclear pores | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6\. Chromatin | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7\. Chromosomes | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8\. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | | | | | | - Rough Endoplasmic reticulum | | | (RER) | | | | | | - Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum | | | (SER) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9\. Ribosomes | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10\. Mitochondria | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 11\. Golgi apparatus | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 12\. Lysosomes | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 13\. Peroxisomes | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 14\. Centrioles/Centrosome | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 15\. Cytoskeleton | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 16\. Vesicles (Pinocytotic & | | | Phagosome) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 17\. Cilia/Flagella | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 18\. Microvilli | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **2.2 -Diffusion -** Understand the definitions of simple diffusion, passive diffusion, active diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. Be able to identify microscope slides of blood in various solutions. Additionally, know the substances (solutes and solvents) used in the dialysis tubing experiment, including which solutes were permeable and impermeable. Understand the direction of water movement, the movement of iodine, and whether starch was able to move---and the reasons behind these movements. **2.3 - Osmosis and Tonicity** Term Definition/Examples ------------------- --------------------- Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Lyse Crenation **2.4 - Mitosis and the Cell Cycle -** Identify the phases of the cell cycle and understand the differences between each phase, including when cytokinesis occurs. Additionally, be able to recognize mitosis models and examine microscope slides, such as those of whitefish mitosis. Phases of the Cell Cycle Definition & Cell models examples -------------------------- ----------------------------------- Interphase: G1 Phase S (Synthesis) Phase G2 Phase Mitosis (M) Phase: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis **Week 3 Histology & Integumentary System** **Pre-lab: Histology** **3.1 - Epithelial Tissue -** Be prepared to identify the major classifications of each tissue type, along with specific examples of where these tissues can be found. Epithelial Tissue Classification & Locations ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium (keratinized vs Non-keratinized) Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Stratified Columnar Epithelium Transitional Epithelium **3.2 - Connective Tissue -** Be prepared to identify the major classifications of each tissue type, along with specific examples of where these tissues can be found. Connective Tissue Classification & Locations --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- Mesenchyme 1\. Connective Tissue Proper Loose (Areolar) connective tissue Reticular connective tissue Adipose tissue Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue Dense Irregular connective tissue Dense Regular Elastic connective tissue 2\. Cartilage Tissue Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage 3\. Bone (Osseous) Tissue 4\. Blood **Pre-Lab: Integumentary System** **3.3 - Skin Anatomy and Accessory Structures,** Understand the functions of the four types of epidermal cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans\' cells, and Merkel cells. Familiarize yourself with the layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis (comprising the papillary and reticular layers), and the hypodermis (or superficial fascia). Additionally, be aware of the five strata of the epidermis: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Lastly, recognize the various accessory organs of the skin. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Integumentary System Anatomy & | Description/Function | | Accessory Structures of the Skin | | +===================================+===================================+ | Epidermis Layer | | | | | | - Keratinocytes | | | | | | - Thick vs Thin skin | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. Stratum Corneum | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Stratum Lucidum | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Stratum Granulosum | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Stratum Spinosum | | | | | | - Melanin | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. Stratum Basale | | | | | | - Melanocytes | | | | | | - Tactile discs (Merkel Cell) | | | | | | - Free nerve ending | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Dermis Layer | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. Papillary Layer | | | | | | - Dermal papillae | | | | | | - Tactical corpuscles | | | | | | - Sebaceous glands | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Reticular Layer | | | | | | - Eccrine Sweat Glands,  | | | | | | - Lamellated corpuscles | | | | | | - Hair follicle | | | | | | - Hair root | | | | | | - Hair papilla | | | | | | - Hair bulb | | | | | | - Arrector pili muscle | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Hypodermis | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Nail Anatomy | | | | | | - Proximal nail fold | | | | | | - Eponychium | | | | | | - Lunula | | | | | | - Lateral nail fold | | | | | | - Nail plate | | | | | | - Nail Matrix | | | | | | - Nail body | | | | | | - Free edge of the nail | | | | | | - Hyponychium | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **3.4 - Histology of Integument**, Know how to identify prepared slides of skin, identifying and distinguishing between Epidermis and dermal layers from microscope slides, in additional to thick vs thin skin. **3.5 - Common Pathologies of the Integumentary System, ** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pathologies of the Integumentary | Description | | System | | +===================================+===================================+ | Providing important clues about | | | underlying health issues | | | | | | - Jaundice | | | | | | - Cyanosis | | | | | | - Hives | | | | | | - Malar Rash | | | | | | - Addison\'s disease - | | | Hemochromatosis | | | | | | - Diabetic ulcers | | | | | | - Pressure sores (bedsores) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Skin burns | | | | | | - First-degree burns | | | (Partial-thickness burns) | | | | | | - Second-degree burns | | | (Partial-thickness burns) | | | | | | - Third-degree burns | | | (Full-thickness burns) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Skin Cancer | | | | | | - Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) | | | | | | - Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) | | | | | | - Melanoma | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Week 4 & 5 Skeletal System** **Pre-Lab: Introduction to the Skeletal System** Be able to list the five primary functions of the skeletal system and accurately locate and identify the three types of cartilage tissue. Understand the number of bones in both the adult and fetal skeleton, as well as the distinctions between compact and spongy (cancellous) bone. Gain knowledge of bone classification by shape, various types of bone markings, and the gross anatomy of a long bone. Additionally, understand the microscopic organization of bone tissue. Learn the specific number of bones in the human fetal and adult skeletons, the purpose of fontanels, and how the size of the fetal face compares to the cranium **4.1 - Microscopic Anatomy of Bone** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Microscopic Anatomy of bones | Description/Function | +===================================+===================================+ | Microscopic classification of | | | Osseous tissue | | | | | | - Compact bone | | | | | | - Spongy bone | | | | | | Bone cells to know  | | | | | | - Osteoclasts | | | | | | - Osteoblasts | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Compact bone microscopic anatomy | | | structures to know: | | | | | | - Osteon (Haversian system) | | | | | | - Lamella | | | | | | - Concentric lamellae | | | | | | - Circumferential lamellae | | | | | | - Interstitial lamellae | | | | | | - Lacunae with Osteocytes | | | | | | - Canaliculi | | | | | | - Central canal | | | | | | - Perforating canal | | | | | | - Periosteum | | | | | | - Endosteum | | | | | | - Perforating fibers | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Spongy bone microscopic anatomy | | | structures to know: | | | | | | - Trabeculae | | | | | | - Yellow bone marrow | | | | | | - Red bone marrow | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Chemical Component of Bone tissue | | | | | | 1. Organic component - Collagen | | | fibers | | | | | | 2. Inorganic component - Calcium | | | salts (calcium hydroxyapatite | | | crystals) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **4.3 - Bone Markings and Bone Shapes** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bone Marking | Description/Function | +===================================+===================================+ | Bone Marking | | | | | | - Depressions - Facet, Fossa, | | | Fovea, Groove, Sulcus | | | | | | - Openings - Canal, Fissure, | | | Foramen, Meatus | | | | | | - Projections - Condyle, Crest, | | | Epicondyle, Head, Line, | | | Process, Protuberance, | | | Trochanter, Tubercle, | | | Tuberosity | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bone Shape | | | | | | 1. Long bones | | | | | | 2. Flat bones | | | | | | 3. Short bones | | | | | | 4. Irregular bones | | | | | | 5. Sesamoid bones | | | | | | 6. Sutural bones | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **4.5 - Anatomy of Long Bones** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Long bones Anatomy | Description/Function | +===================================+===================================+ | Gross Anatomy of Long bones | | | | | | - Diaphysis | | | | | | - Proximal and Distal Epiphysis | | | | | | - Epiphyseal lines & Epiphyseal | | | plate | | | | | | - Medullary cavity | | | | | | - Compact bone | | | | | | - Spongy bone | | | | | | - Articular Cartilage | | | | | | - Periosteum | | | | | | - Perforating fibers | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Five regions of the Epiphyseal | | | plate | | | | | | 1. Zone of reserve cartilage | | | | | | 2. Zone of proliferation | | | | | | 3. Zone of hypertrophy and | | | maturation | | | | | | 4. Zone of calcification | | | | | | 5. Zone of ossification | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Pre-Lab: Skeletal System** Develop the ability to list and distinguish between the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons additionally, be able to identify and recognize key bone markings, understanding their significance in relation to bone anatomy and movement. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Table 4.1 -\ | Facial Bones and Other Structures | | Cranial Bones (Calvaria) | | +===================================+===================================+ | Cranium/Calvaria: 8 Bones total | **Facial Bones: 14 Bones total** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. Frontal bone | 1\. Mandible | | | | | | - **a.** body of mandible | | | | | | - **b.** Ramus | | | | | | - **c.** Condylar process | | | | | | - **d.** Mandibular symphysis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Parietal bones (2) | 2\. Maxillae (2) | | | | | | - **a.** palatine process | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Temporal bones (2) | 3\. Lacrimal bones (2) | | | | | - a\. Zygomatic process | | | | | | - b\. External acoustic meatus | | | | | | - c\. Mastoid process | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Occipital bone | 4\. Nasal bones (2) | | | | | - a\. Foramen magnum | | | | | | - b\. Occipital condyles | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. Sphenoid bone | 5\. Vomer | | | | | - a\. Greater wings | | | | | | - b\. Lesser wings | | | | | | - c\. Sella turcica | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6\. Ethmoid bone | 6\. Inferior nasal conchae (2) | | | | | - a\. Crista galli | | | | | | - b\. Cribriform plates | | | | | | - c\. Perpendicular plate | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 7\. Palatine bones (2) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 8\. Zygomatic bones (2) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Other Structures: Sutures\ | Hyoid Bone\ | | a. Sagittal suture\ | **a.** Body of the Hyoid | | b. Coronal suture\ | | | c. Lambdoid suture\ | (not really counted as a skull | | d. Squamous suture | bone, but one we need to know) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Base of the Cranial cavity | Other important Structures:  \ | | (Fossae)\ | **a.** Orbital socket\ | | a. Anterior cranial fossa\ | **b.** Nasal cavity | | b. Middle cranial fossa\ | | | c. Posterior cranial fossa | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | The Fetal Skull | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Definitions:  | **Identify the following | | | bones/structures of the fetal | | - fontanel  | skull:** | | | | | - ossification center  | - anterior (frontal) fontanel  | | | | | - bipartite fetal skull | - mastoid fontanel  | | | | | Questions for Review: | - sphenoidal fontanel  | | | | | 1.  How many bones are in the | - posterior (occipital) | | human fetal skeleton?  | fontanel  | | | | | 2. How many bones are in the | - frontal suture  | | adult skeleton? | | | | - frontal bone ossification | | 3. What is the function of the | center  | | fontanels?  | | | | - occipital bone  | | 4. How does the size of the | | | fetal face compare to its | - parietal bone  | | cranium? | | | | - temporal bone | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Table 4.2: Remaining Structures | | | of the Axial Skeleton | | +===================================+===================================+ | 1\. Vertebral column | **6.** Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) | | | | | - a\. Intervertebral foramina | - **a.** Median sacral crest | | | | | - b\. Cervical curvature | - **b.** Sacral canal | | | | | - c\. Lumbar curvature | - **c.** Anterior sacral | | | foramina | | - d\. Thoracic curvature | | | | - **d.** Posterior sacral | | - e\. Sacral curvature | foramina | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Vertebrae | **7.** Coccyx (fused 3-5 small | | | irregularly shaped) | | - a\. Spinous process | | | | | | - b\. Transverse processes | | | | | | - c\. Vertebral foramen | | | | | | - d\. Vertebral body | | | | | | - e\. Intervertebral disc | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Cervical vertebrae (C1 - C7) | **8.** Sternum | | | | | - a\. Transverse foramina | - **a.** Manubrium | | | | | - b\. Atlas (C1) | - **b.** Body | | | | | - c\. Axis (C2) | - **c.** Xiphoid process | | | | | - d\. Dens | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Thoracic vertebrae (T1 - | **9.** Ribs (12 pairs) | | T12) | | | | - **a.** True (vertebrosternal) | | - a\. Costal (articular) facets | ribs (1-7) | | | | | | - **b.** False ribs (8-12) | | | | | | - \(1) Vertebrochondral rib | | | s | | | (8-10) | | | | | | - \(2) Floating ribs (verte | | | bral | | | ribs) (11-12) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. Lumbar vertebrae (L1 - L5) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Table 4.3: Pectoral Girdle and | | | Upper Limb | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pectoral Girdle | **Forearm or Antebrachium** | | | | | 1\. Scapula | **4.** Ulna (elbow) | | | | | - a\. Glenoid cavity | - **a.** Olecranon process | | | | | - b\. Coracoid process | - **b.** Coronoid process | | | | | - c\. Acromion | - **c.** Trochlear notch | | | | | - d\. Spine of scapula | - **d.** Ulnar head | | | | | 2\. Clavicle (Collarbone) | - **e.** Ulnar Styloid process | | | | | - a\. Conoid tubercle | **5.** Radius | | | | | - b\. Sternal end | - **a.** Radial head | | | | | - c\. Acromial end | - **b.** Radial neck | | | | | | - **c.** Radial tuberosity | | | | | | - **d.** Radial Styloid process | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Humerus | **Hand or Manus** | | | | | - a\. Head of humerus | **6.** Carpals (8 bones) (Wrist) | | | | | - b\. Greater tubercle | **7.** Metacarpals (5 bones) | | | | | - c\. Lesser tubercle | **8.** Phalanges (14 bones) | | | | | - d\. Deltoid tuberosity | - **a.** Pollex (only 2 | | | phalanges) | | - e\. Trochlea | | | | - **b.** Proximal Phalanges | | - f\. Capitulum | | | | - **c.** Middle Phalanges | | - g\. Lateral epicondyle | | | | - **d.** Distal Phalanges | | - h\. Medial epicondyle | | | | | | - i\. Coronoid fossa | | | | | | - j\. Radial fossa | | | | | | - k\. Olecranon fossa | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Table 4.4: Pelvic Girdle | Lower Limbs | +===================================+===================================+ | Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle) | **Leg** | | | | | 1\. Pelvis - Coxal bone | **8.** Tibia | | (hemipelvis) | | | | - **a.** Lateral and Medial | | - a\. Male vs female pelvises | condyle | | | | | - b\. Acetabulum | - **b.** Tibial tuberosity | | | | | 2\. Ilium | - **c.**  Anterior border | | | | | - a\. Iliac crest | - **d.** Medial malleolus | | | | | - b\. Anterior superior iliac | **9.** Fibula | | spine | | | | - **a.** Head of fibula | | - c\. Posterior superior iliac | | | spine | - **b.** Lateral malleolus | | | | | - d\. Greater sciatic notch | | | | | | 3\. Ischium | | | | | | - a\. Ischial spine | | | | | | - b\. Ischial tuberosity | | | | | | 4\. Pubis | | | | | | - a\. Pubic crest | | | | | | - b\. Superior & inferior pubic | | | ramus | | | | | | - c\. Pubic symphysis | | | | | | - d\. Obturator foramen | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Thigh (right and left) | **Foot** | | | | | 5\. Femur | **10.** Tarsals (7 bones) | | | | | - a\. Head of femur | - **a.** Calcaneus | | | | | - b\. Neck | **6.** Metatarsals (1-5) | | | | | - c\. Greater trochanters | **7.** Phalanges (14 bones) | | | | | - d\. Lesser trochanters | - **a.** Hallux (only 2 | | | phalanges) | | - e\. Medial condyle | | | | - **b.** Proximal Phalanges | | - f\.  Lateral condyle | | | | - **c.** Middle Phalanges | | - g\. Medial epicondyle | | | | - **d.** Distal Phalanges | | - h\. Lateral epicondyle | | | | | | 6\. Patella | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Week 6 Articulations** **Pre-lab: Articulations ** **6.1 - Classification of Joints -** Identify two key functions that joints perform in the body, such as enabling movement and providing structural support. Understand the two primary classifications of joints---structural and functional---and be able to name and describe the categories of joints. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Classification of Joints,\ | Description/Function | | Structure vs. Function | | +===================================+===================================+ | *Joints classified based on | | | Structure* | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\) Fibrous:  | | | | | | - a\. Sutures | | | | | | - b\. Gomphosis | | | | | | - c\. Syndesmoses | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\) Cartilaginous:  | | | | | | - a\. Symphyses,  | | | | | | - b\. Synchondroses  | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\) Synovial:  | | | | | | - a\. Plane,  | | | | | | - b\. Condyloid, | | | | | | - c\. Saddle, | | | | | | - d\. Hinge,  | | | | | | - e\. Pivot,  | | | | | | - f\. Ball-and-socket | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Joints classified based on | | | Function* | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\) Synarthroses | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\) Amphiarthroses | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\) Diarthroses | | | | | | - Functional classes of | | | Synovial joints | | | | | | - 1\. Nonaxial joints | | | | | | - 2\. Uniaxial joints | | | | | | - 3\. Biaxial joints | | | | | | - 4\. Multiaxial joints | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **6.2 - Motions of Synovial and Cartilaginous Joints -** Know the following synovial joint movements Motions of Synovial and Cartilaginous Joints Description/Function ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 1\. Flexion 2\. Extension 3\. Abduction 4\. Adduction 5\. Circumduction 6\. Rotation 7\. Opposition 8\. Reposition 9\. Depression 10\. Elevation 11\. Protraction 12\. Retraction 13\. Dorsiflexion 14\. Plantarflexion 15\. Inversion 16\. Eversion 17\. Pronation 18\. Supination **6.3 - Synovial Joints\' basic structure**, Know the following structures of a basic anatomy of a synovial joint  Synovial joint anatomy structures Description/Function ----------------------------------- ---------------------- 1\. Articular (hyaline) cartilage 2\. Joint (fibrous) capsule 3\. Synovial (Joint) cavity 4\. Ligaments 5\. Articular discs (Menisci) 6\. Bursae 7\. Tendon **6.4 - Knee Joint Structure and Function** - Know the following structures of the anatomy of the knee joint. Knee Joint Structures Description/Function --------------------------------------- ---------------------- 1\. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) 2\. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) 3\. Tibial Collateral Ligament 4\. Fibular Collateral Ligament 5\. Medial & Lateral Menisci 6\. Patella & Patellar ligament **6.5 - Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint** - Know the following structures of the anatomy of the Shoulder joint. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Shoulder joint (Glenohumeral | Description/Function | | joint) Structures | | +===================================+===================================+ | 1\. Glenoid labrum | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2\. Ligaments | | | | | | - Coracohumeral ligament | | | | | | - Coracoacromial ligament | | | | | | - Glenohumeral ligaments | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Biceps brachii tendon | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Rotator cuff | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5.Bursae | | | | | | - Subscapular bursa | | | | | | - Subacromial bursa | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Midterm Review Fall 2024 ======================== Cat Dissection -------------- A close-up of a human body Description automatically generated  A model of human body Description automatically generated  A cell structure with text overlay Description automatically generated  A model of human skin Description automatically generated A model of a human body Description automatically generated  A model of human body Description automatically generated  A model of a structure Description automatically generated A model of a structure Description automatically generated  The four shapes of bones: (**A**) long bone; (**B**) flat bone; (**C**) short bone; (**D**) irregular bone. A diagram of the four shapes of bones: long bone, flat bone, short bone, and irregular bone.  Adult long bone, the femur: (**A**) photograph; (**B**) illustration. An anatomical diagram of an anterior view of the skull.  An anatomical diagram of the internal view of the cranial base.  An anatomical diagram of the midsagittal section of the skull.  An anatomical diagram of a superior view of the calvaria.  An anterior and superior view of a fetal skull.    An anatomical diagram of a typical lumbar vertebra in the superior and lateral view.Lumbar vertebrae: (**A**) typical lumbar vertebra, superior view; (**B**) typical lumbar vertebra, lateral view.  Thoracic cage An anatomical diagram of the thoracic cage.  A rib, posterior view. An anatomical diagram of the hyoid bone. Hyoid bone.  An anatomical diagram of the pectoral girdle.  An anatomical diagram of the right scapula in the anterior view.  Right scapula: (**A**) anterior view. Right scapula: (**B**) lateral view. Two anatomical diagrams and photographs of a right humerus in the anterior and posterior views. Right humerus: (**A**) illustration, anterior and posterior views; (**B**) photograph, anterior and posterior views. Right radius and ulna: (**A**) illustration, anterior and posterior views; (**B**) photograph, anterior and posterior views. An anatomical diagram of the right wrist and hand in the anterior and posterior views. Right wrist and hand: (**A**) anterior view; (**B**) posterior view Pelvis: (**A**) anterior view; (**B**) midsagittal section. An anatomical diagram of the right coxal bone in the lateral and medial views. Hemipelvis: (**A**) right coxal bone, lateral view; (**B**) right coxal bone, medial view. A skeleton of a human body Description automatically generated **Pelvic bones, male and female**  Two anatomical diagrams and photographs of the right femur in the anterior and posterior views. Right femur: (**A**) illustration, anterior and posterior views; (**B**) photograph, anterior and posterior views. Right tibia and fibula: (**A**) illustration, anterior and posterior views; (**B**) photograph, anterior and posterior views. posterior views. An anatomical diagram of the right foot and ankle from the superior and inferior views. ***Joints classified based on Structure*** - **Synarthroses **which are immovable joints; - **Amphiarthroses **joints that allow some motion - **Diarthroses ** freely movable joints. ***Joints classified based on Function*** - Fibrous joints  - Cartilaginous joints - Synovial joints  A model of a human skeleton Description automatically generatedA model of a human body Description automatically generated