Bio35 Lecture 17 Gambling Addiction 2024 PDF

STAGE Aces 10 5 6 2 Jacks 3 7 8 Queens 4 Kings 9 Seating assig...

STAGE Aces 10 5 6 2 Jacks 3 7 8 Queens 4 Kings 9 Seating assignment You were given a card virtually, e.g. Queen of spades Find the other people with your #, e.g. ace, 2, 3…queen, king  Today’s learning objectives Distinguish impulsive action from impulsive choice (by definition and by the rat gambling task). Predict how risk-averse and risk-seeking rats perform on the rat gambling task. Describe how drugs of abuse affect the mesolimbic pathway. Describe how the brain changes after repeated drug use. Contrast stimulant-induced dopamine changes in long- time, active cocaine abusers from dopamine changes in normal controls. Please download handout for today from Canvas  WHEN THE BRAIN STARTS TO …UNRAVEL Please download handouts from Canvas page under ‘Powerpoint Slides’ IMPULSIVENESS: LACK OF RESPONSE INHIBITION Patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions suffer a form of cognitive impulsiveness. IMPULSIVITY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES: IMPULSIVE ACTION: FAILURE TO INHIBIT AN INAPPROPRIATE RESPONSE IMPULSIVE CHOICE: IMPULSIVE DECISION- MAKING BY CHOOSING SMALL IMMEDIATE REWARDS OVER MORE BENEFICIAL DELAYED REWARDS IMPULSIVE ACTION examples: Laughing at a funeral Being loud in a designated quiet space & other examples of failing to inhibit an inappropriate response IMPULSIVE ACTION examples: Laughing at a funeral Being loud in a designated quiet space IMPULSIVE CHOICE examples: Deciding to sleep in rather than going to class Watching Youtube videos instead of doing homework Binge eating high-fat food rather than a balanced diet & other decisions we make where we choose small immediate rewards over more beneficial delayed rewards WHO DO WE MEASURE IMPULSIVE ACTION? (Cho et al., 2018, Frontiers in Psychiatry) IMPULSIVE CHOICE VS. ACTION (Cho et al., 2018, Frontiers in Psychiatry) Rats exposed early to gambling showed increased impulsive action. LATE life exposure to gambling showed increased IMPULSIVE CHOICE after cocaine injection.  LATE life exposure to gambling showed increased impulsive choice after cocaine injection. What was their data? A) Decreased latency to begin rat Gambling Task (rGT). B) Increased latency to begin rGT. C) Quickly develop a pattern of preference. D) Do not stabilize a pattern of preference.  Sensation Seeking RISK-SEEKING RATS DO NOT STABILIZE A PATTERN OF PREFERENCE DISPLAY MORE IMPULSIVE CHOICE (Cho et al., 2018, Frontiers in Psychiatry)  DOPAMINE IN THE mediates reward Nucleus Accumbens Ventral WHAT DOES IT DO IN Tegmental Image adapted from Area THE REWARD CENTER? Perogamvros & Schwartz, 2012 DOPAMINE encodes a reward prediction/error signal & is involved in teaching us to learn when to expect a reward WHAT DOES IT DO IN THE REWARD CENTER? INCREASED DOPAMINE NEURON ACTIVITY WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL PREDICTS A REWARD SUM INDIVIDUAL TRIALS NOT WHEN THE REWARD IS ACTUALLY GIVEN (Schultz et al.,1997)  DRUGS OF ABUSE TRIGGER ABNORMALLY LARGE SURGES OF DOPAMINE IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (Volkow & Morales, 2015, Cell)  DRUGS OF ABUSE TRIGGER ABNORMALLY LARGE SURGES OF dopamine IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS Nucleus Accumbens Ventral Tegmental Image adapted from Perogamvros & Schwartz, 2012 Area HOWEVER, THE BRAIN IS PLASTIC. With prolonged use of drugs, the brain rewires.  HOW THE BRAIN CHANGES AFTER REPEATED DRUG USE: 4 TAKE-HOME MESSAGES: THE BRAIN ENHANCES ITS REACTIVITY TO DRUG CUES. THE BRAIN REDUCES ITS SENSITIVITY TO NON-DRUG REWARDS. DRUGS INTERFERES WITH THE BRAIN’S CAPACITY TO EXERT SELF-CONTROL. DRUGS RENDER THE BRAIN MORE SENSITIVE TO STRESSFUL STIMULI AND DYSPHORIA. Seating assignment You were given a card virtually, e.g. Queen of spades Find the other people in # group, e.g. ace, 2, 3…queen, king  STAGE Aces 10 5 6 2 Jacks 3 7 8 Queens 4 Kings 9 Group formation Within your # group, find a group of 4 where each person is a different suit (heart, spade, diamond, club) Each handout is marked with a card suit (spades , hearts , diamonds and clubs ) and expands on one of the conclusions from the previous powerpoint slide. Match the take-home message to the card suit. Please download four handouts from Canvas page under ‘Powerpoint Slides’  HOW THE BRAIN CHANGES AFTER REPEATED DRUG USE: THE BRAIN ENHANCES ITS REACTIVITY TO DRUG CUES. THE BRAIN REDUCES ITS SENSITIVITY TO NON-DRUG REWARDS. DRUGS INTERFERES WITH THE BRAIN’S CAPACITY TO EXERT SELF-CONTROL. DRUGS RENDER THE BRAIN MORE SENSITIVE TO STRESSFUL STIMULI AND DYSPHORIA. Teach your worksheet You were assigned a card with a heart, spade, club, diamond. You’re the teacher. Teach your worksheet to your groupmates. If you can, try to do it without referencing the worksheet! AND WITH EVEN LONGER USE OF DRUGS, THE BRAIN DESENSITIZES. STIMULANT-INDUCED DOPAMINE INCREASES ARE BLUNTED IN ACTIVE COCAINE ABUSERS But cravings continue…and are stronger in cocaine abusers than controls (Volkow et al., 2014, Molecular Psychiatry)  WHAT IS THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECT OF BLUNTED DOPAMINE AND INCREASED CRAVINGS? A) COCAINE ADDICTS LOSE INTEREST IN COCAINE. B) COMPULSIVE DRUG USE: COCAINE ADDICTS CRAVE MORE AND MORE COCAINE, SEEKING TO REGAIN LOST DOPAMINE SIGNALING.  BIO SCI 36: DRUGS AND THE BRAIN FALL QUARTERS usually TuTh 9:30am – 10:50am Professor Andrea Nicholas  THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON DRUGS. Nucleus z Accumbens Ventral Tegmental Area