Psychology Impulsiveness and Behavior Analysis
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between impulsive action and impulsive choice?

  • Impulsive action involves quick responses, while impulsive choice involves careful decision-making.
  • Impulsive action is a failure to inhibit an inappropriate response, while impulsive choice focuses on immediate rewards over delayed ones. (correct)
  • Impulsive action refers to decisions made without thought, while impulsive choice always involves risk-taking.
  • Impulsive action results in positive outcomes, while impulsive choice leads to negative outcomes.

    • Which of the following behaviors is an example of impulsive action?

  • Choosing to watch television instead of studying for an exam.
  • Laughing at a funeral. (correct)
  • Deferring a payment for future savings.
  • Eating dessert before dinner.

    • How does early exposure to gambling affect impulsiveness in rats?

  • It leads to better decision-making overall.
  • It increases impulsive action. (correct)
  • It has no significant effect.
  • It decreases the likelihood of impulsive actions.

    • What is a characteristic of impulsive choice influenced by cocaine in gambling-exposed rats?

    <p>Increased impulsive choice for small immediate rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does repeated drug use have on the brain's mesolimbic pathway?

    <p>It modifies dopamine levels, altering reward response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions affect patients' impulsiveness?

    <p>They result in cognitive impulsiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes impulsive choice accurately?

    <p>It involves decisions favoring immediate gratification over delayed benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is expected from late life exposure to gambling in terms of impulsiveness after cocaine use?

    <p>Increased impulsive choice despite improved decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dopamine play in the reward center of the brain?

    <p>It encodes a reward prediction/error signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of prolonged drug use on the brain?

    <p>Enhanced reactivity to drug cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes risk-seeking behavior in rats?

    <p>Risk-seeking rats display increased impulsive choice behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dopamine neuron activity when an individual predicts a reward?

    <p>Activity increases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drugs of abuse affect dopamine surges in the brain?

    <p>They trigger abnormally large surges of dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does drug use have on the brain's sensitivity to stressful stimuli?

    <p>The brain becomes more sensitive to stressful stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic change in the brain after repeated drug use?

    <p>Enhanced ability for self-control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does increased dopamine activity have on expected rewards?

    <p>It aids in learning to expect rewards before they are given.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the brain's sensitivity to drug cues after repeated drug use?

    <p>It enhances reactivity to drug cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do drugs have on the brain's capability of self-control?

    <p>They interfere with the brain’s capacity for self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the behavioral effect of blunted dopamine and increased cravings in cocaine addicts?

    <p>They continue to seek more cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily associated with the reward system affected by drug use?

    <p>Nucleus accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After prolonged use of drugs, how does the brain's reaction to non-drug rewards change?

    <p>It reduces sensitivity to non-drug rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the cravings of cocaine abusers compared to non-users?

    <p>Cocaine abusers have stronger cravings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding long-term drug use is true?

    <p>The brain desensitizes to certain stimuli over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of increased sensitivity to stressful stimuli due to drug use?

    <p>Heightened risk of depression and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of impulsiveness refers to failure to inhibit an inappropriate response?

    <p>Impulsive action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does early exposure to gambling specifically affect impulsive action in rats?

    <p>Increases impulsive action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cocaine have on impulsive choice in rats with late exposure to gambling?

    <p>Increases impulsive choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of impulsive choice?

    <p>Sleeping in rather than attending class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common behavioral example of impulsive action?

    <p>Laughing inappropriately at a solemn event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes impulsive choice in the context of decision-making?

    <p>Choosing immediate gratification over long-term benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is linked to cognitive impulsiveness, particularly in patients with lesions?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between impulsiveness and drug abuse regarding dopamine changes?

    <p>Impulsiveness can be linked to alterations in dopamine regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of risk-seeking behavior in rats?

    <p>They display more impulsive choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do drugs of abuse alter dopamine activity in the brain?

    <p>They trigger abnormally large surges of dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the brain's sensitivity to non-drug rewards after prolonged drug use?

    <p>Decreased sensitivity to non-drug rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does repeated drug use have on the brain's capacity for self-control?

    <p>It interferes with the brain's capacity for self-control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the brain’s reaction to stressful stimuli due to drug use?

    <p>It becomes more sensitive to stressful stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine in the reward center when predicting a reward?

    <p>Dopamine encodes a reward prediction/error signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general effect do drugs have on the brain's reaction to drug cues?

    <p>The brain enhances its reactivity to drug cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the brain after prolonged drug use in terms of its structural changes?

    <p>The brain rewires and adapts to repeated use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the brain's sensitivity to non-drug rewards after repeated drug use?

    <p>It decreases over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of repeated drug use on dopamine signaling?

    <p>Dopamine signaling is blunted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary behavioral outcome of cocaine addiction as per the changes in brain function?

    <p>Cocaine addicts lose interest in other rewarding stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are primarily implicated in the reaction to drug cues?

    <p>Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cravings in cocaine abusers compare to non-drug users?

    <p>Cocaine abusers often crave more intensely than controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change does the brain undergo with prolonged use of drugs in relation to stress stimuli?

    <p>The brain becomes more sensitive to stressful stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents a consequence of long-term drug use on self-control mechanisms in the brain?

    <p>Drugs interfere with the brain’s capacity for self-control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the brain’s response to drug cues typically change after repeated drug exposure?

    <p>It shows enhanced sensitivity to drug cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Seating Assignment

    • Students are assigned a playing card (e.g., Queen of Spades).
    • Find other students with the same card number (e.g., Ace, 2, 3...Queen, King).
    • Form groups of four where each member has a different card suit (heart, spade, diamond, club).

    Learning Objectives

    • Differentiate impulsive actions from impulsive choices.
    • Predict risk-averse and risk-seeking behaviors in rats during gambling tasks.
    • Detail the effects of addictive drugs on the mesolimbic pathway.
    • Describe brain changes resulting from chronic drug use.
    • Compare dopamine changes in chronic cocaine users to those in healthy individuals.

    Impulsiveness

    • Impulsive action: Failing to inhibit an inappropriate response (e.g., laughing at a funeral, being loud in a quiet space).
    • Impulsive choice: Making impulsive decisions by opting for small immediate rewards over large delayed rewards (e.g., skipping class to watch videos, choosing to eat unhealthy food).

    Measuring Impulsivity Action

    • Rats are exposed to tasks with varying reward probabilities (P1-P4).
    • Premature response is penalized with a time out, measured by "screen touch during ITI (5s time out)."
    • Omission is no choice made in 10 seconds.
    • Different probabilities/rewards lead to varying behaviors and timeouts.
    • Latency to engage in a task is a way to measure impulse. The tendency of a rat to vary the amount of reward/outcome based on choice also measures impulse.

    Impulsive Choice vs. Action

    • Rats are exposed to tasks with different reward probabilities.
    • Premature response is penalized with a time out.
    • The decision to take a small, fast reward or a larger, delayed one will be influenced by the time it takes to receive the reward versus the amount of the reward.

    Gambling Impact

    • Early exposure to gambling results in increased impulsive action.
    • Late-life gambling exposure leads to increased impulsive choices after taking cocaine.
    • Different ways of measuring impulse include latency to engage in a task or the tendency to vary the amount of reward/outcome based on choice.

    Dopamine in the Reward System

    • The mesolimbic pathway in the brain mediates reward.
    • Dopamine acts as a reward prediction/error signal. The reward prediction/error signal occurs when dopamine is released when a reward is expected, but not when it is not expected, or when the reward is different from expected.
    • Increased dopamine neuron activity is seen when expecting a reward but not when the reward is actually delivered.

    Drugs and the Brain

    • Drugs of abuse trigger unusually high dopamine surges in the nucleus accumbens.
    • The brain rewires with prolonged drug use, leading to tolerance, and cravings.
    • Repeated drug use reduces the brain's responsiveness to non-drug rewards.
    • The brain becomes hypersensitive to environmental stress and dysphoria.

    Cocaine Abusers

    • Stimulation of dopamine is reduced in active cocaine abusers.
    • Cocaine abusers continue to have intense cravings despite the reduced response.
    • Cravings are more intense in cocaine abusers than normal controls.

    Additional Information

    • The student's assigned number, along with their suit, determines their group configuration.
    • Handouts are provided for different card suits, corresponding to different concepts related to the impact of drugs on the brain.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of impulsive actions and choices, emphasizing their implications in behavioral psychology. Students will learn to differentiate between these concepts, understand their effects on decision-making, and examine the impact of addictive drugs on the brain. Topics such as risk behaviors and brain changes due to chronic substance use will be discussed.

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