BIO CHEM - FINALS REVIEWER PDF

Topic: **The Chemistry of Memory** 1.) Is typically referred to the ability of biological systems to store and retrieve information, primarily at the molecular level? **- MEMORY** 2.) Is the process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its functional three-dimensional structure from a linear seq...

Topic: **The Chemistry of Memory** 1.) Is typically referred to the ability of biological systems to store and retrieve information, primarily at the molecular level? **- MEMORY** 2.) Is the process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its functional three-dimensional structure from a linear sequence of amino acids? **- PROTEIN FOLDING** 3.) Is a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a synapse? \- **LTP or LONG TERM POTENTIATION** 4-5.) Example of two diseases that are caused by insufficient and misfolded proteins? \- **ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE** \- **PARKINSON'S DISEASE** Topic: **The Brain\'s Energy Currency** 1\. The process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and lactate. \- **GLUCONEOGENESIS** 2\. It involved in the final step of glycolysis, producing ATP. \- **PYRUVATE KINASE** 3\. It is essential for neurons to generate action potentials and release neurotransmitters, processes vital for brain cell communication. \- **GLUCOSE** 4\. Diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and whole grains can improve glucose metabolism, reduce inflammation, and enhance cognitive function. \- **MEDITERRANEAN DIET** 5\. Catalyzes the first step in glycolysis, trapping glucose in the cell. \- **HEXOKINASE** Topic: **Neurotransmitters: The Body\'s Chemical Messengers** 1.) A long, thin fiber that carries electrical signals away from the cell body. \- **AXON** 2.) What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in the body? \- **TO TRANSMIT MESSAGES FFROM NEURONS TO MUSCLES.** 3.) What process allows neurotransmitters to be reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neuron? \- **REUPTAKE** 4.) It is a natural chemical produced by the brain, also known as gamma-aminobutyric acid. \- **GABA** 5.) Foods like salmon, turkey, and tofu are rich in tryptophan, which helps produce which neurotransmitter? \- **SEROTONIN** Topic: **Stress and Cortisol** 1\. Also known as the "stress hormone". \- **CORTISOL** 2--3. Which two hormones, releases along with cortisol, play a role in the body's immediate response? \- **ADRENALINE** \- **NOREPINEPHRINE** 4\. What disorder is characterized by long term overproduction of cortisol unrelated to stress? \- **CUSHING'S SYNDROME** 5\. What condition in which your adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and aldosterone? \- **ADDISON DISEASE** Topic: **DNA, Genes, & Behaviour** 1\. What is DNA primarily responsible for? \- **CARRYING GENTIC INFORMATION FOR AN ORGANISM'S DEVELOPMENT and FUNCTIONING.** 2\. What does "nurture" refer to in the context of gene-environment interaction? \- **THE INFLUENCE OF LEARNING, LIFE EXPERIENCES, and ENVIRONMENT AFTER BIRTH.** 3\. What is epigenetics? \- **STUDY OF CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT DO NOT ALTER THE DNA SEQUENCE.** 4\. Which process involves adding a methyl group to DNA to suppress gene activity? \- **DNA METHYLATION** 5\. How does transgenerational epigenetics impact future generations? \- **BY INHERITING CHEMICAL CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION.** **Topic: Sleep, Dreams, and Biochemistry** 1\. Produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness. It helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle by signaling to the body that it's time to sleep. \- **MELATONIN** 2\. It promotes cortical arousal and desynchrony, which are essential for the brain's activity during REM sleep. \- **ACETYLCHOLINE** 3-5. The following are effects on mental health if melatonin production is disrupted. \- **MOOD DISORDERS** \- **SLEEP QUALITY** \- **SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)** **Topic: The Biochemical Basis of Addiction** 1\. It is a chronic condition where individuals compulsively seek and use substances, despite harmful consequences. \- **ADDICTION** 2\. Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the brain's reward system and is heavily impacted by drug use? \- **DOPAMINE** 3\. Chronic use of alcohol can disrupt the body's ability to process which main energy source for the brain? \- **GLUCOSE** 4\. How does opioid use, like heroin, impact brain cell function? \- **IT DISRUPTS MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, LEADING TO LOWER ENERGY FOR BRAIN CELLS.** 5\. Which neurotransmitter is linked to mood, cravings, and can be affected by drugs like ecstasy? \- **SEROTONIN** **Topic: The Role of Lipids on Brain Function** 1\. Exposure to toxins, infections, and lifestyle factors. \- **ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS** 2\. A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior, with potential neurochemical and structural brain differences. \- **AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)** 3\. Major component of cell membrane and it is important for regulating membrane fluidity and synaptogenesis. \- **CHOLESTEROL** 4\. Unlike polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cannot form polymers. \- **LIPIDS** 5\. What type of fat contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids? \- **GOOD FAT** **Topic: Antioxidants and Brain Health** 1-2.) Which of the following are the 2 groups of substances? **- INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS** **- NATURAL COMPOUND** 3.) A general term for any compound that can counteract unstable molecules called "free radicals" that damage DNA, cell membranes, and other parts of cells. \- **ANTIOXIDANT** 4.) A type of unstable molecule that contains oxygen and that easily reacts with other molecules in a cell. A build up of reactive oxygen species in cells may cause damage to DNA, RNA, and proteins, and may cause cell death. \- **(ROS) REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES** 5.) Water-soluble and effective in scavenging ROS in the brain\'s aqueous environment. \- **ASCORBIC ACID** **Topic: The Biochemistry of Mood** 1\. Which neurotransmitter precursor plays a role in improving attention, understanding, and memory? \- **ACETYLCHOLINE** 2\. Which neurotransmitter precursor is naturally found in foods with a high protein amount? \- **GLUTAMATE** 3\. It is an excitatory neurotransmitter that prepares the body for the fight and flight response. \- **EPINEPHRINE** 4\. It is secreted from brainstem neurons and nerves that internalize the gastrointestinal tract. \- **SEROTONIN** 5\. This can affect several areas of the brain in a systematic manner, modulating the way of thinking, feeling, and action. \- **DOPAMINE** **Topic: The Gut-Brain Connection** 1\. What does the gut-brain axis represent? \- **THE COMMUNICATION NETWORK LINKING THE GUT and THE BRAIN.** 2\. What neurotransmitters does the gut produce? \- **SEROTONIN** \- **GABA** 3\. What are the signs of poor gut health? \- **FATIGUE** \- **DIGESTIVE ISSUES** \- **WEIGHT CHANGES** 4\. Serotonin, dopamine, and ghrelin are examples of: \- **NEUROTRANSMITTERS** 5\. The following is a health condition linked to the GBA. \- **DEPRESSION** \- **OBESITY** \- **ANXIETY** **Topic: Enzymes and Neurodegenerative Diseases** 1\. A progressive disease that affects motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness and paralysis. \- **AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS** 2\. \_\_\_ are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. \- **ENZYME** 3\. \_\_\_ are enzymes that break down protein. These enzymes are made by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. \- **PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES** 4\. It helps to maintain the body\'s redox balance and protect against oxidative stress and reduces oxidative damage to brain cells. \- **ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES** 5\. \_\_ are diverse conditions characterized by selective dysfunction and ongoing loss of neurons, glial cells and the neural networks in the brain and spinal cord. \- **NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES** **Topic: Role of Hormones in Aggression** 1\. Group of hormones that belong to the class of chemical compounds known as steroid. \- **STERIOD HORMONE** 2\. Refers to the wide array of behaviors and actions one can display that can result in emotional, mental, or physical harm to a person. \- **AGGRESSION** 3\. \_\_\_ are the chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skins, muscles and other tissues. \- **HORMONES** 4\. Region in the brain which processes emotions like fear and aggression. \- **AMYGDALA** **Topic: Biochemical Markers of Mental Health** 1\. Chronic stress leads to excessive cortisol release, which can affect mood, memory, and immune function. \- **CORTISOL and STRESS** 2\. Understanding how substances like alcohol, nicotine, and drugs affect brain and biochemistry helps develop treatments for addiction. \- **ADDICTION and SUBSTANCE ABUSE** 3\. This is the primary marker for diabetes, indicating blood sugar levels. \- **GLUCOSE** 4\. Disorder that reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin are common in individuals with depression. \- **MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER** 5\. For \_\_\_ , plasma drug levels can predict whether a patient is receiving an effective dose of experiencing toxicity. \- **ANTIDEPRESSANTS**