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Contemporary Architecture and Design Introduction: Overview of the course SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1 Why style changes? Vitruvian Triad Optimum des...

Contemporary Architecture and Design Introduction: Overview of the course SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1 Why style changes? Vitruvian Triad Optimum design solution Firmitas Utilitas Venustas 2 Why style changes? Vitruvian Triad Optimum design solution Structure Function Form 3 Why style changes? New Vitruvian Triad material and advancement Structure of technology Social Perception of Economic beauty Cultural Change based on Behavioural factors Function Form reaction against previous style 4 Why style changes? Donald Norman’s 3 levels of design Behavioural: Usability of design (functional) Visceral: Eternal, natural laws of design (aesthetics) Reflective: Style of a contemporary time (aesthetics) 5 Design Art and Architecture Architects and designers are working in both the domains since early era. Painters and sculptors like Michelangelo have worked across the domain. In recent era Mies Van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Gerrit Rietveld as well as Zaha Hadid, Philip Stark have works in various domains. 6  European Industrial Renaissance 14th-17th Revolution 19th EARLY BAROQUE GREEK CHRISTIAN ROMANESQUE RENAISSANCE & ROCOCO MODERN ROMAN BYZANTINE GOTHIC MANNERISM NEO- POST-MODERN CLASSICAL 7 Greek Early Christian Romanesque Renaissance Baroque & Rococo Modern Roman Byzantine Gothic Mannerism Neo-classical Post-modern 8 Greek Early Christian Romanesque Renaissance Baroque & Rococo Modern Roman Byzantine Gothic Mannerism Neo-classical Post-modern 9 Thank you ! 10 Contemporary Architecture and Design World Architecture and Design History SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  European Industrial Renaissance 14th-17th Revolution 19th EARLY BAROQUE GREEK CHRISTIAN ROMANESQUE RENAISSANCE & ROCOCO MODERN ROMAN BYZANTINE GOTHIC MANNERISM NEO- POST-MODERN CLASSICAL 2 Greek Early Christian Romanesque Renaissance Baroque & Rococo Modern Roman Byzantine Gothic Mannerism Neo-classical Post-modern 3 Greek Early Christian Romanesque Renaissance Baroque & Rococo Modern Roman Byzantine Gothic Mannerism Neo-classical Post-modern 4 Classical period: Greek Architecture trabeated construction Greek orders Parthenon 5 Classical period: Roman Architecture arcuated construction Colosseum Pantheon 6 Early Christian Architecture Old church, St. Peters Rome 7 Byzantine Architecture pendentive vault Hagia Sophia, Constantinople 8 Romanesque Architecture Portal arch Cross vault 9 Gothic Architecture Notre Dame, Paris Duomo, Milan pinnacle, buttress 10 Renaissance Architecture Simplicity and geometry San Pietro, Montorio; Bramante Florence cathedral; Brunelleschi 11 Mannerism Distortion and duality Palazzo del Te, Mantua; Giulio Romano 12 Baroque and Rococo High ornamentation St. Peter's basilica, Vatican city; Michelangelo Bassilica, Ottobeuren 13 Neo-Classical Architecture High ornamentation Vilnius Cathedral; Laurynas Gucevičius Villa La Rotonda, Andrea Palladio 14 Classical Art Sculptures; marble and bronze Fresco amphora 15 Byzantine art Mosaic 16 Romanesque art Fresco 17 Gothic art Stained glass window 18 Renaissance art Venus, Botticelli Monalisa, Leonardo da Vinci 19 Mannerism Madona; Parmigianino Samson Slaying a Philistine, Giambologna 20 Baroque and Rococo Ornamentation chiaroscuro Girl with pearl ear-ring, Vermeer Las Meninas; Velázquez 21 Neoclassical Art The Death of Socrates; Napoleon Jacques-Louis David 22 Thank you ! 23  Contemporary Architecture and Design Industrial Revolution and Beginning of Modern Era SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  European Industrial Renaissance 14th-17th Revolution 19th EARLY BAROQUE GREEK CHRISTIAN ROMANESQUE RENAISSANCE & ROCOCO MODERN ROMAN BYZANTINE GOTHIC MANNERISM NEO- POST-MODERN CLASSICAL 2 Social Context 19th century Industrial Revolution From agriculture to Industry Migration of people from village to city Increase of production of steel A shift towards functionality – Residential, recreational, commercial buildings, (like, Factory, housings, markets) got preferences over cathedrals and churches. 3 Evolution of New Schools of thought 19th century Industrial Revolution Dilemma between Old Traditional style and craftsmanship Vs. New Inventions (Material and Technology) Old style can’t be incorporated in steel structures. Pre-fabrication & mass production Vs. Craftsmanship …crisis in Architecture, Art and Design Generation of two extreme radical styles 4 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture After Neo-classical and before Modern Traditional New Craftsmanship Technology 5  Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Against the Machine Movement For the Machine Movement Traditional New Craftsmanship Technology 6  Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Modernism Bauhaus Art Deco Against the Machine Movement For the Machine Movement Aesthetic Technology emphasis And Function Organic Internationalism Tensile structures Brutalism 7  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 8  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 9  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 10 Greek, Roman RENAISSANCE MODERN GOTHIC BAROQUE POST-MODERN & ROCOCO 11 Discontinuity of visual language Figurative Abstract 12 Discontinuity of visual language Las Meninas, Velazquez Las Meninas, Pablo Picasso Figurative Abstract 13 Thank you ! 14  Contemporary Architecture and Design Post-industrial Revolution: For the Machine Movement SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1 Social Context 19th century Industrial Revolution From agriculture to Industry Migration of people from village to city Increase of production of steel A shift towards functionality – Residential, recreational, commercial buildings, (like, Factory, housings, markets) got preferences over cathedrals and churches. 2 Evolution of New Schools of thought 19th century Industrial Revolution Dilemma between Old Traditional style and craftsmanship Vs. New Inventions (Material and Technology) Old style can’t be incorporated in steel structures. Pre-fabrication & mass production Vs. Craftsmanship …crisis in Architecture, Art and Design Generation of two extreme radical styles 3  Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Against the Machine Movement For the Machine Movement Traditional New Craftsmanship Technology 4 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Embraced the new technology – new style evolved from new technology Steel frames, trusses as a beautifying elements Extensive use of glass on the facades Prefabrication and mass production Explored classicism to derive a structural paradigm, not to define aesthetics 5 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture After Neo-classical and before Modern 1.For the Machine Crystal Palace; London (1851); Joseph Paxton Eiffel Tower; Paris(1889); Alexander Gustave Eiffel 2.Against the machine ART and CRAFT MOVEMENT: England (predominantly in art) Edward Schroeder Prior & Ernest Gimson’s work ART NOUVEAU: rest of the Europe Hotel Tassel(1893) & Hotel Solvay(1894); Brussels; Victor Horta Casa Batllo(1904) & Casa Mila(1910); Barcelona; Antonio Gaudi 6 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Crystal Palace; London (1851); Joseph Paxton Eiffel Tower 7 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement New Visual Paradigm of Machine Aesthetics 8 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Machine Aesthetics Design for everyday use 9 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Utilitarian built-form, exposing the structure 10 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Railway station Market 11 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Genesis of high modernism: Geometry and Mass production Purity of material, colour Structure as aesthetics Services as aesthetics 12 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Genesis of high modernism: Geometry and Mass production Purity of material, colour Structure as aesthetics Services as aesthetics Design palette 13 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Genesis of high modernism: Geometry and Mass production Purity of material, colour Structure as aesthetics Services as aesthetics Design palette Art Deco 14 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Genesis of high modernism: Geometry and Mass production Purity of material, colour Structure as aesthetics Services as aesthetics Design palette Internationalism 15 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Genesis of high modernism: Geometry and Mass production Purity of material, colour Structure as aesthetics Services as aesthetics Design palette Tensile structure, Stream lining 16 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture For the Machine Movement Genesis of high modernism: Geometry and Mass production Purity of material, colour Structure as aesthetics Services as aesthetics Design palette Servant and Served 17 Thank you ! 18  Contemporary Architecture and Design Post-industrial Revolution: Against the Machine Movement— Art and Craft Movement and Art Nouveau SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1 Evolution of New Schools of thought 19th century Industrial Revolution Dilemma between Old Traditional style and craftsmanship Vs. New Inventions (Material and Technology) Old style can’t be incorporated in steel structures. Pre-fabrication & mass production Vs. Craftsmanship …crisis in Architecture, Art and Design Generation of two extreme radical styles 2 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture After Neo-classical and before Modern Traditional New Craftsmanship Technology 3  Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Against the Machine Movement For the Machine Movement Traditional New Art and Craft Movement Craftsmanship Technology Art Nouveau 4 Art and Craft Movement After Neo-classical and before Modern 1.For the Machine Crystal Palace; London (1851); Joseph Paxton Eiffel Tower; Paris(1889); Alexander Gustave Eiffel 2.Against the machine ART and CRAFT MOVEMENT: England (predominantly in art) Edward Schroeder Prior, Ernest Gimson, William Morris ART NOUVEAU: rest of the Europe Hotel Tassel(1893) & Hotel Solvay(1894); Brussels; Victor Horta Casa Batllo(1904) & Casa Mila(1910); Barcelona; Antonio Gaudi 5 Art and Craft Movement Reaction against the machine Re-established craftsmanship over the mass-production of industry William Morris “fitness for purpose” Truth to the nature of material and method of production Stood for artisans and traditional craftsmen Individual expression by both artists and workers (against industry driven mass production) 6 Art and Craft Movement Started in Britain and then flourished in rest of the Europe and America Flourished between 1980’s to 1920 Going back to Baroque & Rococo in search of aesthetic inspiration Often used Classical, medieval, renaissance as well as folk style of visual expression Biomorphic design … nature inspired forms and shapes Natural form > distortion with consistency> style 7 Art and Craft Movement The term was first used at the Art and Craft Exhibition Society in 1887 Reaction against the declining design aesthetics of machine- generated mass production. It encompasses the social structure and economic livelihood of craft guilds around an artform. 8 Art and Craft Movement The term was first used at the Art and Craft Exhibition Society in 1887 Reaction against the declining design aesthetics of machine- generated mass production. It encompasses the social structure and economic livelihood of craft guilds around an artform. weaving shed of Morris & co. William Morris’s design for trellis wallpaper 9 Art and Craft Movement Barn; Edward Prior 10 Art and Craft Movement William Morris’ House (Red House, London) by Philip Webb 11 Art and Craft Movement House at Los Angeles Art and Crafts Tudor Home, Chicago 12 Art and Craft Movement Tessellation for wall paper and printed textile by William Morris and Philip Webb 13 Art and Craft Movement Printed textile Woven wool 14 Art and Craft Movement Printed textile 15 Art and Craft Movement 16 Art and Craft Movement Furniture design by William Morris 17 Art and Craft Movement Kemscott Press’s trademark by William Morris Interior by William Morris and Philip Webb 18 Art and Craft Movement Typography by Eric Gill Gill Sans designed by Eric Gill in 1928 has humanist characteristics which has small tilting contour in the letter ‘a’ and the calligraphic variation in linewidth. 19 Thank you ! 20  Contemporary Architecture and Design Post-industrial Revolution: Against the Machine Movement— Art and Craft Movement and Art Nouveau SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Against the Machine Movement For the Machine Movement Traditional New Art and Craft Movement Craftsmanship Technology Art Nouveau 2 Art Nouveau After Neo-classical and before Modern 1.For the Machine Crystal Palace; London (1851); Joseph Paxton Eiffel Tower; Paris(1889); Alexander Gustave Eiffel 2.Against the machine ART and CRAFT MOVEMENT: England (predominantly in art) Edward Schroeder Prior, Ernest Gimson, William Morris ART NOUVEAU: rest of the Europe Hotel Tassel(1893) & Hotel Solvay(1894); Brussels; Victor Horta Casa Batllo(1904) & Casa Mila(1910); Barcelona; Antonio Gaudi 3 Art Nouveau French Terminology “Art Nouveau”, in English New Art Reaction against the machine Re-established craftsmanship over the mass-production of industry But did not reject new material techniques as Art and Craft movement did. Usage of wrought iron glass and ceramics using contemporary technology 4 Art Nouveau Started in various countries of Europe at similar time period Flourished between 1980’s to 1910 Influenced varied paradigm of creative fields: architecture, graphic design, fine arts, industrial design, furniture design, etc. Going back to Baroque & Rococo in search of aesthetic inspiration Often used Classical, medieval, renaissance as well as folk style of visual expression Biomorphic design … nature inspired forms and shapes Natural form > distortion with consistency> style 5 Art Nouveau Design Inspiration Art and Craft, William Morris Baroque Rococo Japanese Woodcut print, Hokusai 6 Art Nouveau Exposition Universelle 1900 in Paris Austrian pavilion German Pavilion Metro St. Hector Guimard Main Entrance 7 Art Nouveau Casa Mila; Antonio Gaudi; Barcelona 8 Art Nouveau Casa Batlló; Antonio Gaudi; Barcelona 9 Art Nouveau Sagrada Familia; Antonio Gaudi; Barcelona 10 Art Nouveau Sagrada Familia; Antonio Gaudi; Barcelona 11 Art Nouveau Park Guell; Antonio Gaudi; Barcelona 12 Art Nouveau Hotel Solvay; Victor Horta; Brussels Hotel Tassel; Victor Horta; Brussels 13 Art Nouveau Lithography by Alphonse Mucha 14 Art Nouveau Interior design by Alphonse Mucha 15 Art Nouveau Stained glass work by Louis Tiffani Tiffani window, in his house, New York 16 Art Nouveau Tiffani window @ Exposition Universelle 1900 in Paris Tiffani window @ Church in Baltimore 17 Thank you ! 18  Contemporary Architecture and Design Post-industrial Revolution: Against the Machine Movement— Art and Craft Movement and Art Nouveau SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Against the Machine Movement For the Machine Movement Traditional New Art and Craft Movement Craftsmanship Technology Art Nouveau 2 Art Nouveau French Terminology “Art Nouveau”, in English New Art Reaction against the machine Re-established craftsmanship over the mass-production of industry But did not reject new material techniques as Art and Craft movement did. Usage of wrought iron glass and ceramics using contemporary technology 3 Art Nouveau Started in various countries of Europe at similar time period Flourished between 1980’s to 1910 Influenced varied paradigm of creative fields: architecture, graphic design, fine arts, industrial design, furniture design, etc. Going back to Baroque & Rococo in search of aesthetic inspiration Often used Classical, medieval, renaissance as well as folk style of visual expression Biomorphic design … nature inspired forms and shapes Natural form > distortion with consistency> style 4 Art Nouveau Whiplash lines “sudden violent curves generated by the crack of a whip”; Pan magazine (1894) 5 Art Nouveau Paintings by Gustav Klimt (Golden phase, usage of gold leaf in painting) 6 Art Nouveau Paintings by Gustav Klimt (Golden phase, usage of gold leaf in painting) 7 Art Nouveau Louis Majorelle, French furniture designer (1859- 1926) 8 Art Nouveau Louis Majorelle, French furniture designer (1859- 1926) 9 Art Nouveau Hector Guimard, French designer (1867- 1942) 10 Art Nouveau Carlo Bugatti, Italy 11 Art Nouveau Carlo Bugatti, Italy 12 Art Nouveau Carlo Bugatti, Italy 13 Art and Craft movement and Art Nouveau Art and Craft Movement Art Nouveau 14 Art and Craft movement and Art Nouveau Art and Craft Movement Art Nouveau 15 Influence of Art Nouveau and Art and Craft movement on later modernist movement Art Deco 16 Thank you ! 17  Contemporary Architecture and Design Evolution and Timeline of Modern architecture and Design SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Modernism Bauhaus Art Deco Against the Machine Movement For the Machine Movement Aesthetic Technology Art and Craft Movement emphasis And Function Art Nouveau Organic Internationalism Tensile structures Brutalism 2 Post Industrial Revolution in Architecture Industrial revolution Figurative Abstract 3 Modernism Going beyond architecture: Asymmetry in building Breaking the nature into simplistic patterns and forms (abstraction): Organic architecture; abstract art Purity in design: Purity of material (Brutalism); purity of Form (basic geometry); purity of colour (white architecture; primary colours in fine-arts) New Materials: steel, glass, concrete 4 Modernism F.L. Wright Vincent Van Gogh William Van Alen 5 Modernism F.L. Wright Gerrit Rietveld Piet Mondrian 6 Modernism Walter Gropius and Adolf Mayer Mies Van der Rohe Oscar Niemeyer 7 Modernism 8 Modernism 9 Modernism 10 Modernism Phase I (variety) Form follows Function 1. Organic Robie House (Prairie School); Chicago; Frank Lloyd Wright Falling Water building; Pennsylvania; Frank Lloyd Wright 2. Functionalism BAUHAUS school: Europe Fagus Boot Factory; Walter Gropius & Adolf Meyer Bauhaus Building; Walter Gropius CHICAGO school: America The Chicago Building; William Holabird & Martin Roche Prudential (Guaranty) Building; New York; Henry Louis Sullivan “Form follows Function” 11 Modernism 12 Modernism 13 Modernism Phase I (variety) Form follows Function 3. Expressionism Einstein Tower Observatory; Germany; Erich Mendelsohn 4. Art Deco Chrysler Building, New York; William Van Allen 5. Internationalism “Less is More”- Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Villa Savoy; France; Le Corbusier (Five Points of Modern Architecture) Farnsworth House; Mies Van Der Rohe Barcelona Pavilion; Mies Van Der Rohe Johnson House; Philip Johnson 14 Modernism 15 Modernism 16 Modernism Phase II (unity): Function Fits into Form 5. Monolithisism 1. Box: rectilinier, right-angled, cuboids MoMA, New York,1932; Edward Durell Stone, Philip Goodwin Huntington Hurtford Museum, 2 Colombus Circle; E. Durell Stone 2. Grape Bunch: Same size, Different size U.S. Pavilion, new Delhi, 1959 world agriculture fair, Minoru Yamasaki U.S. Consulate, Tabriz,Iran; Edward Larrabee Barnes 3. Twins: Same sixe, Different size Old World Trade Centre, 1963; Minoru Yamasaki Lake shore drive apartments; 1956; Mies Van Der Rohe Marina City; Chicago, 1960; Bartrand Goldberg 17 Modernism Phase II (unity): Function Fits into Form 5. Monolithisism 4. Circle: Govt. Centre Brazil; 1957; Oscar Niemeyer Olympic Games Stadium, Rome, Pier Luigi Nervi Borodino Panorama Building, Moscow, 1957 Roofless-Church, Indiana, 1060’s; Philip Johnson 5. Metastasis: (repetitive, Le modulor) Sainte Marie de La Tourette, 1956-60; Le Corbusier 18 Modernism 19 Modernism 20 Modernism Phase III Form + Function: with equal emphasis Sculptures & Function: Form negotiates with Function Guggenheim; New York, 1959; Frank Lloyd Wright) 21 Modernism Phase III Form + Function: with equal emphasis Sculptures & Function: Form negotiates with Function Ronchamp Cathedral, 1954; Le Corbusier 22 Modernism Phase III Form + Function: with equal emphasis Sculptures & Function: Form negotiates with Function Shell Structure (Concrete) Tensile Structure (Steel) Pneumatic Structure (inflatable) Dulles International Airport, Washington ; John F. Kennedy ; New York, Eero Saarinen 23 Modernism Phase III Form + Function: with equal emphasis Sculptures & Function: Form negotiates with Function Shell Structure (Concrete) Tensile Structure (Steel) Pneumatic Structure (inflatable) Olympic Stadium, Munich; Frei Otto Olympic Stadium, Tokyo; Kenzo Tange 24 Modernism Phase III Form + Function: with equal emphasis Sculptures & Function: Form negotiates with Function Brutalism Metabolism Yale School of Art & Architecture, Paul Rudolf Nagakin Capsul Tower, Tokyo, Kisho Kurokawa 25  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 26 Thank you ! 27 Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Bauhaus SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1 Modernism Going beyond architecture: Asymmetry in building Breaking the nature into simplistic patterns and forms (abstraction): Organic architecture; abstract art Purity in design: Purity of material (Brutalism); purity of Form (basic geometry); purity of colour (white architecture; primary colours in fine-arts) New Materials: steel, glass, concrete 2 Modernism F.L. Wright Gerrit Rietveld Piet Mondrian 3 Modernism Walter Gropius and Adolf Mayer Mies Van der Rohe Oscar Niemeyer 4 Modernism 5  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 6 Modernism Phase I (variety) Form follows Function Functionalism BAUHAUS school: Europe Fagus Boot Factory; Walter Gropius & Adolf Meyer Bauhaus Building; Walter Gropius CHICAGO school: America The Chicago Building; William Holabird & Martin Roche Prudential (Guaranty) Building; New York; Henry Louis Sullivan “Form follows Function” 7 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Bauhaus (German) : house of construction Based on ideal and simplified form (pure form & pure colour) Pure functionalism Urban and Industrial modern context evolved a new vocabulary of aesthetics Rationality of design (techniques and materials)> honesty of construction / truth to material > beauty through rational design Prefabrication, standardized production, mass production 8 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Examples: Bauhaus Building; Walter Gropius Fagus Boot Factory; Walter Gropius & Adolf Meyer 9 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Bauhaus Building; Walter Gropius Educational Centre for Art & Craft Established in 1925 in Dessau; Germany 1st director of the school Walter Gropius started a functionalistic architectural movement called Bauhaus 10 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Bauhaus Building; Walter Gropius Material: Steel and concrete as structural elements Glass curtain wall (a common feature adopted in internationalism) Three wings were arranged asymmetrically to connect different workshops and dormitories within the school. The asymmetry expressed the school's functionalist approach and yet retained an elegance that showed how beauty and pragmatic functionalism could be combined. 11 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Bauhaus Building; Walter Gropius Elements of design Line, Shape, Form Colour Texture, Material 12 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Fagus Boot Factory; Walter Gropius, Adolf Mayer In Alfred, Germany (1911) Assembly of cuboids Material: Reinforced concrete & Steel structure Exposed brick work and & glass curtain wall 13 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Purity of design; using basic elements of design: Design Primary colours, Basic shapes, simple Wassily Kandinsky, Russian painter, Bauhaus designs geometry 14 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) The Gutenberg Diagram The Gutenberg Rule is used to show a user behaviour known Design as reading gravity, the habit of reading left-to-right, top-to- Wassily Kandinsky, Russian painter, Bauhaus designs bottom. It is represented by dividing the visible content area in 4 quadrants: 15 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Design Wassily Kandinsky, Russian painter, Expressionism and Impressionism 16  Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Design Herbert Bayer, Austrian Bauhaus posters, Herbert Bayer, Austrian visual designer 17 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Design Marcel Breuer, Wassily Chair Bauhaus style design 18  Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Correlation: Bauhaus style and Chicago Style 19 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Impact on Architecture: Internationalism movement evolved from the principles of Bauhaus style Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe German Pavilion, in Barcelona He was the the pioneer of Internationalism was the last director of Bauhaus Art and educational centre. 20 Bauhaus (Modernism Phase I FUNCTIONALISM) Impact on Architecture: Internationalism movement evolved from the principles of Bauhaus style Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Barcelona Chair 21 Thank you ! 22 Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— De Stijl SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1 Modernism Going beyond architecture: Asymmetry in building Breaking the nature into simplistic patterns and forms (abstraction): Organic architecture; abstract art Purity in design: Purity of material (Brutalism); purity of Form (basic geometry); purity of colour (white architecture; primary colours in fine-arts) New Materials: steel, glass, concrete 2 Modernism F.L. Wright Gerrit Rietveld Piet Mondrian 3 Modernism Walter Gropius and Adolf Mayer Mies Van der Rohe Oscar Niemeyer 4 Modernism 5  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 6  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 7  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 8  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 9  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & De Stijl METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 10 De Stijl The style Dutch Background Predominantly an Art movement Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. Main time frame 1917 to 1931 : main centre- Netherlands This ‘New Style Aesthetic’ was also adopted by the De Stijl founder Theo van Doesburg between the two World Wars as well as later De Stijl influenced a significant part of the minimalism movement and cubist movements. Neo-Plasticism – abstraction and purity of design 11 De Stijl Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and Architect Composition in window frame Robie House, F.L. Wright 12 De Stijl Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and Architect Paintings 13 De Stijl Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and Architect Paintings 14 De Stijl Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and Architect Paintings 15 De Stijl Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and Architect Interior Design (concept) 16 De Stijl Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and Architect Interior Design – Redesign of Dance hall, Strasbourg, France 17 De Stijl Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch Furniture designer and Architect Furniture designs 18 De Stijl Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch Furniture designer and Architect Furniture designs 19 De Stijl Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch Furniture designer and Architect Rietveld Schröder House, for Mrs. Truus Schröder-Schräder, at Utrecht, Nederlands 20 De Stijl Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch Furniture designer and Architect Rietveld Schröder House, for Mrs. Truus Schröder-Schräder, at Utrecht, Nederlands 21 De Stijl Gerrit Rietveld, Dutch Furniture designer and Architect Rietveld Schröder House, for Mrs. Truus Schröder-Schräder, at Utrecht, Nederlands 22 De Stijl Piet Mondrian, Painter Broadway boggy woogy 23 De Stijl Vilmos Huszár, painter and graphic designer 24 De Stijl Vilmos Huszár, painter and graphic designer 25 Thank you ! 26  Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Chicago School SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1 Modernism Going beyond architecture: Asymmetry in building Breaking the nature into simplistic patterns and forms (abstraction): Organic architecture; abstract art Purity in design: Purity of material (Brutalism); purity of Form (basic geometry); purity of colour (white architecture; primary colours in fine-arts) New Materials: steel, glass, concrete 2 Modernism F.L. Wright Gerrit Rietveld Piet Mondrian 3 Modernism Walter Gropius and Adolf Mayer Mies Van der Rohe Oscar Niemeyer 4 Modernism 5  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 6  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 7  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 8 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Flourished between 1880’s & 90’s Chicago became the centre of architectural progress in USA from 1880s onwards Closely associated with tall multistoried office buildings In early 19th century rapidly growing cities of America had intense pressure on land due to urbanization— buildings mass went vertical to accommodate the demand 9 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Architects & Their Works H.H. Richardson – Marshall Field Store (1885-’87) Burnham and Root – Monadnock Building (1889-’91) Daniel Burnham and Company – Reliance Building, (1894-’95) Holabird and Roche – Marquette Building (1893-’94); 325, West Jackson Boulevard Building (1904) Adler and Sullivan – Auditorium Building (1887-’89); Walker Warehouse (1888-’89); Carson-Pirie-Scott Store (1899-1904) Henry Louis Sullivan—Guaranty (Prudential) Building (1895) 10 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) HERNRY HOBSON RICHARDSON “Last Great Traditional Architect”—founded the path of American modernism. He was the precursor of Chicago School of Thought 11 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) HERNRY HOBSON RICHARDSON “Last Great Traditional Architect”—founded the path of American modernism. He was the precursor of Chicago School of Thought Rhythm, monumentality, Stone skeleton Horizontal division> adaptation of classism Horizontal lines of Chicago school Marshall Field Store, Chicago (1885-87, demolished-1930) 12 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) WILLIUM HOLABIRD & MIRTIN ROCHE Chicago Savings Bank Building, Chicago (1904-’05) 13 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) WILLIUM HOLABIRD & MIRTIN ROCHE Chicago Savings Bank Building, Chicago (1904-’05) Breaking into three horizontal parts to reduce the verticality of the building Influence of Classical Greek Architecture: Base (ground & 1st floor): Retail shops to accommodate > Public space> most accessible Shaft / columns: Main office floors (semi-public) Capital: at top >overhanging cornice for maintenance FORM follows FUNCTION 14 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) WILLIUM HOLABIRD & MIRTIN ROCHE Chicago Savings Bank Building, Chicago (1904-’05) 15 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) WILLIUM HOLABIRD & MIRTIN ROCHE Chicago Savings Bank Building, Chicago (1904-’05) Material: terracotta cladding; Steel Frame-structure (which allowed larger shop-windows at the ground & 1st floor and provided a horizontal band of glass façade- base) 16 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) WILLIUM HOLABIRD & MIRTIN ROCHE Chicago Savings Bank Building, Chicago (1904-’05) Material: terracotta cladding; Steel Frame-structure (which allowed larger shop-windows at the ground & 1st floor and provided a horizontal band of glass façade- base) CHICAGO Window: 17 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Chicago Window Typical style of Chicago School of thought Fixed Central Panel Smaller Double-hung sash window on the both side of the fixed central panel Some times converted into bay window 18 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Monadnock Building (1889-’91) Burnham & Root 19 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Monadnock Building (1889-’91) Burnham & Root 20 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Monadnock Building (1889-’91) Burnham & Root 21 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, California (1889-’93) George Herbert Wyman Skylight Courtyard Hydraulic-lift Open Iron Staircase > Layout of a contemporary office building 22 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, California (1889-’93) George Herbert Wyman Skylight Courtyard Hydraulic-lift Open Iron Staircase > Layout of a contemporary office building 23 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Reliance Building, Chicago(1894) Daniel Burnham 24 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Reliance Building, Chicago(1894) Daniel Burnham Open floor plan 25 Thank you ! 26  Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Chicago and Prairie School SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 2  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 3 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Flourished between 1880’s & 90’s Chicago became the centre of architectural progress in USA from 1880s onwards Closely associated with tall multistoried office buildings In early 19th century rapidly growing cities of America had intense pressure on land due to urbanization— buildings mass went vertical to accommodate the demand 4 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Architects & Their Works H.H. Richardson – Marshall Field Store (1885-’87) Burnham and Root – Monadnock Building (1889-’91) Daniel Burnham and Company – Reliance Building, (1894-’95) Holabird and Roche – Marquette Building (1893-’94); 325, West Jackson Boulevard Building (1904) Adler and Sullivan – Auditorium Building (1887-’89); Walker Warehouse (1888-’89); Carson-Pirie-Scott Store (1899-1904) Henry Louis Sullivan—Guaranty (Prudential) Building (1895) 5 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) WILLIUM HOLABIRD & MIRTIN ROCHE Chicago Savings Bank Building, Chicago (1904-’05) 6 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Chicago Window Typical style of Chicago School of thought Fixed Central Panel Smaller Double-hung sash window on the both side of the fixed central panel Some times converted into bay window 7 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, California (1889-’93) George Herbert Wyman Skylight Courtyard Hydraulic-lift Open Iron Staircase > Layout of a contemporary office building 8 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Reliance Building, Chicago(1894) Daniel Burnham Open floor plan 9 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Louis Henry Sullivan “Form Follows Function” Father of modernism Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (French Architect) “Architecture must be true according to the programme (functional need) and true according to the methods of construction (quality & properties of Material) ” 10 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Louis Henry Sullivan “Form Follows Function” Architecture must solid, useful, beautiful Steel frame-structure, High-rise May not be ornamental in terms of Form like Art Nouveau, but intricate detailing in terracotta cladding and cast-iron ornamentations are visible. Broken the solidity of surface with Art Nouveau style ornamentation in places. 11 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Guaranty Building, Chicago (1895)Louis Henry Sullivan Also called Prudential building 12 Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Carson Pirie Scott Department Store, Chicago (1899-1994) Louis Henry Sullivan Chicago school with Art Nouveau style ornamentation 13  Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Correlation: Bauhaus style and Chicago Style 14  Chicago School (Modernism Phase I | Pragmatic FUNCTIONALISM) Correlation: Chicago school style with Prairie school style 15  Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Prairie School 16 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) World’s Colombian Exposition—Chicago Fair (1893) Classical influence , non-American style> going back to nature, inspiration from landform of America> vast treeless Prairie landform> Prairie Architecture Robie House; F.L. Wright Harold House; Louis Henry Sullivan 17  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 18  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 19 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND World’s Colombian Exposition/ Chicago World’s Fair (1893): to celebrate 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's discovery of America. It depicted the “image of the city”* Chicago in front of the world. Daniel Burnham (Chicago school architect) along with landscape designer Frederick Raw Olmsted designed the 690 acre exposition fair ground. 20 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND Architectural style: Featuring 200 temporary buildings designed to create a imaginary city reflecting the Chicago school Architecture (Classical revival). Symmetrical building following Neo Classical (Classical Revival: pre industrial revolution). * Kevin Lynch (urban planner of USA) Temporary buildings (White City) of Chicago World’s Fair 21 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND Impact on Urban Planning: City Beautiful Movement> contemporary urban planning Temporary buildings (White City) of Chicago World’s Fair 22 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND impact of World’s Colombian Exposition: Over influence of European classicism had no roots in America. Criticized as non-contextual, can not be a style America should adopt> birth of a new architectural style against the backdrop of Chicago School. Context of America: Going back to nature (every other architectural style was European) Influenced from America’s vast tree-less Prairie flat land. 23 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND Horizontal lines, colour palette derived from the Prairie flat-land. Started designing asymmetrical buildings. ORGANIC architecture “Nature builds a tree from the inside out. That is what organic architecture is. It is building the way nature builds”- Frank Lloyd Wright 24 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND 25 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES They had low pitched roofs, Or flat cantilever roof with deep overhangs, long rows of casement windows that further emphasized the horizontal theme (pure geometry) Native materials and the woodwork was stained, never painted, to bring out its natural beauty (purity of texture) 26 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Influenced by the visual language of ‘Art & Craft movement’ of England. William Morris Walter Griffin F.L. Wright 27 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Chicago School Vs. Prairie School Prudential Building Louis Henry Sullivan Harold house by Louis Henry Sullivan 28 Thank you ! 29  Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Prairie School SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 2  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 3 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND Architectural style: Featuring 200 temporary buildings designed to create a imaginary city reflecting the Chicago school Architecture (Classical revival). Symmetrical building following Neo Classical (Classical Revival: pre industrial revolution). * Kevin Lynch (urban planner of USA) Temporary buildings (White City) of Chicago World’s Fair 4 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND Impact on Urban Planning: City Beautiful Movement> contemporary urban planning Temporary buildings (White City) of Chicago World’s Fair 5 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND impact of World’s Colombian Exposition: Over influence of European classicism had no roots in America. Criticized as non-contextual, can not be a style America should adopt> birth of a new architectural style against the backdrop of Chicago School. Context of America: Going back to nature (every other architectural style was European) Influenced from America’s vast tree-less Prairie flat land. 6 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND Horizontal lines, colour palette derived from the Prairie flat-land. Started designing asymmetrical buildings. ORGANIC architecture “Nature builds a tree from the inside out. That is what organic architecture is. It is building the way nature builds”- Frank Lloyd Wright 7 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND 8 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES They had low pitched roofs, Or flat cantilever roof with deep overhangs, long rows of casement windows that further emphasized the horizontal theme (pure geometry) Native materials and the woodwork was stained, never painted, to bring out its natural beauty (purity of texture) 9 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Influenced by the visual language of ‘Art & Craft movement’ of England. William Morris Walter Griffin F.L. Wright 10 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Chicago School Vs. Prairie School Prudential Building Louis Henry Sullivan Harold house by Louis Henry Sullivan 11 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Examples: Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House, Hyde Park, (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright Harold House; Henry Louis Sullivan Frederick Carter House; Evanston, Illinois (1910) Walter Burley Griffin William H. Emery, Jr. House, (1903) Walter Burley Griffin F.L Wright’s house, Oak Park (1893) Frank Lloyd Wright Winslow House, Illinois (1893) Frank Lloyd Wright 12 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright 13 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright 14  Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and Architect 15 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) F.L. Wright Gerrit Rietveld Piet Mondrian 16 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Robie House; Hyde Park, near Chicago (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright Designed for Frederick C. Robie 17 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Robie House; Hyde Park, near Chicago (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright Designed for Frederick C. Robie 18 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Robie House; Hyde Park, near Chicago (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright 19  Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Owen Jones Chromo-lithography Grammar of Ornament 20 Thank you ! 21 Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Organic SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 2  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 3  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 4 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND impact of World’s Colombian Exposition: Over influence of European classicism had no roots in America. Criticized as non-contextual, can not be a style America should adopt> birth of a new architectural style against the backdrop of Chicago School. Context of America: Going back to nature (every other architectural style was European) Influenced from America’s vast tree-less Prairie flat land. 5 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND Horizontal lines, colour palette derived from the Prairie flat-land. Started designing asymmetrical buildings. ORGANIC architecture “Nature builds a tree from the inside out. That is what organic architecture is. It is building the way nature builds”- Frank Lloyd Wright 6 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND 7 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES They had low pitched roofs, Or flat cantilever roof with deep overhangs, long rows of casement windows that further emphasized the horizontal theme (pure geometry) Native materials and the woodwork was stained, never painted, to bring out its natural beauty (purity of texture) 8 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Examples: Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House, Hyde Park, (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright Harold House; Henry Louis Sullivan Frederick Carter House; Evanston, Illinois (1910) Walter Burley Griffin William H. Emery, Jr. House, (1903) Walter Burley Griffin F.L Wright’s house, Oak Park (1893) Frank Lloyd Wright Winslow House, Illinois (1893) Frank Lloyd Wright 9 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright 10 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright 11 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Robie House; Hyde Park, near Chicago (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright Designed for Frederick C. Robie 12 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Robie House; Hyde Park, near Chicago (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright Designed for Frederick C. Robie 13 Organic (Modernism Phase I) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES They had low pitched roofs, Or flat cantilever roof with deep overhangs, long rows of casement windows that further emphasized the horizontal theme (pure geometry) Native materials and the woodwork was stained, never painted, to bring out its natural beauty (purity of texture) 14 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright Unitarian universalist church Square plan 15 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright F. L. Wright’s style of architecture Robust outside with reinforced concrete structure Stained glass: pure geometry 16 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright F. L. Wright’s style of architecture Robust outside with reinforced concrete structure Stained glass: pure geometry 17 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright F. L. Wright’s style of architecture Robust outside with reinforced concrete structure Stained glass: pure geometry 18 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright 19 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright 20 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright 21 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock design pattern 22 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock design pattern 23 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock house; California (1919-’21) Frank Lloyd Wright 24 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock house; California (1919-’21) Frank Lloyd Wright 25 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock house; California (1919-’21) Frank Lloyd Wright 26 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock house; California (1919-’21) Frank Lloyd Wright 27 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Usonian house: Frank Lloyd Wright The term ‘Usonia’ is used by F.L. Wright o depict new American style Group of around 60 houses Small homes : single storied, without garage Local material Cantilever overhang 28 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Usonian house: Frank Lloyd Wright 29 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Usonian house: Frank Lloyd Wright 30 Thank you ! 31 Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Organic SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 2  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 3 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) BACKGROUND 4 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES They had low pitched roofs, Or flat cantilever roof with deep overhangs, long rows of casement windows that further emphasized the horizontal theme (pure geometry) Native materials and the woodwork was stained, never painted, to bring out its natural beauty (purity of texture) 5 Prairie School (Modernism Phase I | Organic) Examples: Ward Willits House; Oak Park (1900-02) Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House, Hyde Park, (1908-10) Frank Lloyd Wright Harold House; Henry Louis Sullivan Frederick Carter House; Evanston, Illinois (1910) Walter Burley Griffin William H. Emery, Jr. House, (1903) Walter Burley Griffin F.L Wright’s house, Oak Park (1893) Frank Lloyd Wright Winslow House, Illinois (1893) Frank Lloyd Wright 6 Organic (Modernism Phase I) ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES They had low pitched roofs, Or flat cantilever roof with deep overhangs, long rows of casement windows that further emphasized the horizontal theme (pure geometry) Native materials and the woodwork was stained, never painted, to bring out its natural beauty (purity of texture) 7 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright F. L. Wright’s style of architecture Robust outside with reinforced concrete structure Stained glass: pure geometry 8 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois (1905-’08) Frank Lloyd Wright 9 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock design pattern 10 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock house; California (1919-’21) Frank Lloyd Wright 11 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock house; California (1919-’21) Frank Lloyd Wright 12 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Hollyhock house; California (1919-’21) Frank Lloyd Wright 13 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Usonian house: Frank Lloyd Wright 14 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Falling Water Building; Pennsylvania; (1935) Frank Lloyd Wright Was designed as an weekend home for a family, after 1964 it was converted into a museum A geometric extension of nature Large cantilevers (derivative of Prairie school) 15 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Falling Water Building; Pennsylvania; (1935) Frank Lloyd Wright 16 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Falling Water Building; Pennsylvania; (1935) Frank Lloyd Wright 17 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Falling Water Building; Pennsylvania; (1935) Frank Lloyd Wright 18 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Industrial designs by Frank Lloyd Wright 19 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Industrial designs by Frank Lloyd Wright 20 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Industrial designs by Frank Lloyd Wright 21 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Industrial designs by Frank Lloyd Wright 22 Organic (Modernism Phase I) Industrial designs by Frank Lloyd Wright 23 Thank you ! 24 Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Art Deco SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 2  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 3  Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) The term Art-Deco came from the “ International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts”, 1925, Paris. The term first used by Architect Le Corbusier in his article “L’Esprit Nouveau”. An eclectic form of art, that combines Hand-crafted traditional motifs with Machine- made imageries. This art is influenced by previous Art-Nouveau movement (against the machine movement of post-industrial revolution). But the bio-morphic and asymmetrical visual language of Art- Nouveau was diluted and influenced by machine-made geometric patterns in the Art-Deco movement. 4  Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) William Van Alen, Chrysler Building New York Adolphe Mouron Cassandre, French Graphic designer Tamara de Lempicka, Polish painter 5 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Chrysler Building; Manhattan- New York, William Van Alen, 1930 One of the best example of Art-Deco Architecture Material: Steel frame-structure, Brick masonry, Metal cladding The spire of the sky-scrapper consists of seven arches on each façade creating a crown-like structure. The crown is cruciform groin vault with seven concentric arches with transitioning setbacks. The façade ornamentation of Stainless-steel cladding and glass window form a sun-burst pattern, popularized during Art-Deco movement 6 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Chrysler Building; Manhattan- New York, William Van Alen, 1930 7 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Chrysler Building; Manhattan- New York, William Van Alen, 1930 The spire of the sky-scrapper consists of seven arches on each façade creating a crown-like structure. The crown is cruciform groin vault with seven concentric arches with transitioning setbacks. 8 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Chrysler Building; Manhattan- New York, William Van Alen, 1930 Material: Steel frame-structure, Brick masonry, Metal cladding The façade ornamentation of Stainless-steel cladding and glass window form a sun-burst pattern, popularized during Art-Deco movement 9 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Empire State Building; Manhattan- New York; Sherve, Lamb and Harmon; 1931 Was tallest building after Chrysler building. Art deco style ornamentation, with pinnacles and sculptures. Steel frame structure 10 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Empire State Building; Manhattan- New York; Sherve, Lamb and Harmon; 1931 11 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Empire State Building; Manhattan- New York; Sherve, Lamb and Harmon; 1931 12  Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Other buildings: Rockefeller Centre by Raymond Hood General Electric building by Cross & Cross Grand Rex, Paris India Assurance building, Mumbai 13 Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) Art Nouveau and Art Deco 14 Thank you ! 15 Contemporary Architecture and Design Phases of Modern Architecture— Art Deco SAPTARSHI KOLAY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING 1  Modernism FUNCTION BRUTALISM & METABOLISM CHICAGO BAUHAUS TENSILE & SHELL FOR THE PHASE 3 POST-MODERN MACHINE INTERNATIONALISM FORM + FUNCTION FUNCTIONALISM AGAINST THE ORGANIC ART DECO MONOLITHIC MACHINE LATE MODERN/ ULTRA MODERN ART&CRAFT PRAIRIE FORM MOVENENT+ ART NOUVEAU POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 2  Modernism POST-MODERN POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 3  Art Deco (Modernism Phase I) The term Art-Deco came from the “ International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts”, 1925, Paris. The term first used by Architect Le Corbusier in his article “L’Esprit Nouveau”. An eclectic form of art, that combines Hand-crafted