Becoming a Member of a Society PDF

Becoming a member of a Society Content of discussion 1. Introduction 2. Enculturation 3. Socialization 4. Theories of Socialization - Piaget and Freud -Erikson -Maslow -Levinson -Goffman -Mead and Kolhberg  Individuals must acquire the knowledge, skills, patterns of behavior, value system t...

Becoming a member of a Society Content of discussion 1. Introduction 2. Enculturation 3. Socialization 4. Theories of Socialization - Piaget and Freud -Erikson -Maslow -Levinson -Goffman -Mead and Kolhberg  Individuals must acquire the knowledge, skills, patterns of behavior, value system to allow full function within a society.  Process: enculturation and socialization IInIn Enculturation practice by which an individual acquires the traditional content of a culture and integrate its practices and values. :unconscious and conscious Socialization process through which society is maintained. “interaction” example children within Ateneo/ Street children Conformity Members of the group choose the course of action that favors the majority. Everyone must commit to a consensus decision within. Can non-conformity happen? Types of conformity Identification We adopt certain behavior that is common and acceptable since it leads to Compliance a fulfilling relationships with others (e.g. behaviors motivated by family). compensations/rewards and avoid punishment. Internalization/acceptance enduring and profound, embracing beliefs, advocate, and integrate in our system. Why people conform?  Why people conform? 1. Informational influence-other behavior affect us 2. wish to evade punishment (rejection, ridiculed, or gain rewards) 3. Fear of disturbing the group’s operation (freedom will obstruct the achievement of a group’s goal). Example: Kung sino man ang kumokontra sa CF ay kumokontra sa kapayapaan. Kung sino ang kumokontra sa kapayapaan ay kalaban ng bayan.  Why people conform? 4. Disapproval or reach a conclusion 5. Lack of apparent alternative (no other choice but to conform) 6. Lack of communication among group members 7.Lack of sense of obligation for group results 8. Sense of powerlessness 9.Conviction/pressure Deviance Behavior that the members of a social group defined as violating the established social norms. Deviant behavior in one society may not be deviancy in others. how to spot deviance? Violated the social rules regardless of its seriousness. Any act to which individuals respond negatively against norms. Sanctions Groups develop a system of social control to a group of life (system of reward and punishment). Expression of disapproval; gossip, commentaries, or imprisonment. Differential association theory (Edwin Sutherland) Deviancy is learned through exposure. ***Abused children tend to follow abusive behavioral pattern. Control Theory (Walter Reckless) Weak social bonds will lead to deviancy. Inner control (morality and values we internalize). Outer control (people who influence our decisions). Labelling theory (Howard Becker) Power of stigma (attaching status to a person) affects self-esteem, image, and concept of self. Primary deviance (committing the act once, not a habit). Secondary deviance (a way of life) Strain or anomie theory (Robert Merton) social condition which norms are absent, weak, or struggled. 1.Innovators (people who accept goals of society but use illegal ways). 2.Ritualism (people who reject cultural goals and use legitimate methods). 3.Retreatism (people who reject both the cultural goals and institutionalized means). E.g. to cope with stress, excessive drinking. 4. Rebellion (people who define society as corrupt and create new goals and means). It isn’t the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant. Enculturation is the product of socialization Conformity can create better Socialization- deals with how Individuals should learn the individuals internalize (live) way to use, whether formally result in exemption to times the behavior of a group. or informally, the patterns of where decisions are not cultural behavior. adequately evaluated. Enculturation- younger Deviancy- can create positive consequence. It members of the society learn can serve as warning security for some and adopt the manners of living. imperfection of the system.  Enculturation Values- abstract concept of what “BECOMING” a member of is essential and worthy. Good or Process of education bad, right or wrong, desirable your culture and undesirable. Beliefs- person or group Norms- guidelines that people are supposed to conviction about an follow as they interact. Shared rules of what is idea/perception. appropriate or inappropriate. What is proper, moral, ethical, etc., secured with sanctions.  Theories Culture Configurationalism by Ruth Benedict integrated wholes configured Example differently, making them different from other Filipinos having different culture such cultures. as in agricultural, city- ***different based, seasides worldviews communities. Cultural conditioning by Margaret Mead Cultural conditioning and not biological changes affects the stress level or intake of growth. Conditioning Parents Consciously or unconsciously Filipino parents Acquired: teaching children how to be hospitable. Teaching Observation A child copying Imposed parent’s worship routine Socialization The process a person learns to live culture (influencing capacity to think, communicate, act or make judgment). Function Mon Wed Fri 1. Learn language 2. enter a network of social relationships 3. Learn norms and culture 4. Learn goals and ambitions of the culture 5. Learn technological skills needed for culture 6. Learn about the territory of the culture Key parts 1.Context- including culture, language, social structures, history, and generation (time). 2.Content and process- how 3. Results- socialization is outcome such as being done (e.g. the individual’s how to follow rules) thinking and behavior.  Development of Reasoning (Jean Piaget) Commonality among Proponent young children (1896-1980), Swiss psychologist patterns of development who studied mental development and reasoning. and growth Natural process Difference “operational” to refer Reinforced by the to reasoning skills environment and (development of upbringing ability) Stages of reasoning 1.Sensorimotor 0-2 y.o. 2.Preoperational senses (looking, touching, 2-7 y.o. listening. etc.) ability to use symbols, no capacity to No understanding/recognition take on roles yet. Limited knowledge on concepts of environment 3.Concrete operational 4.Formal operational 12 and above 7-12 y.o. more capable of understanding more developed reasoning, not concrete. abstract concepts such as complex difficulty to grasp abstract concepts numbers and higher ideas. (justice, nationhood, and truth.) Sharper conclusion  Development of Personality Sigmund Freud (1856-1939, Vienna, Austria) Psychoanalysis- use of long-term exploration of the subconscious mind in treating people with emotional problems or trauma. Ego-ruled by realistic and logical thinking Superego-Person’s moral code ID- instincts and pleasure The Eight (8) Psychosocial Stages of Development by Erik Erikson Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Deficiency needs(D-needs) Growth/being need (B-needs) Levinson’s Theory of Adult Development Each stage will go smoothly or with challenge/difficulty Dependency to independency and later reflection of life Looking glass self of Charles Horton Cooley Society and people as a mirror where we look into and find the reflection of who we are. E.g. People’s perception affects our self- esteem and goals expectation, judgement, and impression Dramaturgical theory by Erving Goffman Process of impression management and we have audiences of each performance. Present with good and acceptable manner to prevent embarrassment. Our front (script) are judged by the audience Front stage- behavior in front of people Backstage- True self Social self theory by George Herbert Mead Concept of self does not exist from birth (developed through experiences and socialization). Social self theory by George Herbert Mead Moral Development theory by Lawrence Kohlberg 1.Child- what pleases and displeases, belief in award and punishment, and on consequences of action. 2.Teenager-.Approval of others, avoidance of blame 3.Adult- Application of ethical principles even if only few follow.