Sociology Exam 2 PDF

### **Culture: Norms, Values, and Variations** #### **Culture Overview** - ### **Comprises all objects and ideas within a society, including learned behaviors.** - ### **Encompasses two aspects:** - ### **Material Culture: Physical artifacts of a society.** - ### **Non-material...

### **Culture: Norms, Values, and Variations** #### **Culture Overview** - ### **Comprises all objects and ideas within a society, including learned behaviors.** - ### **Encompasses two aspects:** - ### **Material Culture: Physical artifacts of a society.** - ### **Non-material Culture: Shared non-physical features, serving as a guide for social life.** #### **Cultural Change** - ### **Culture Lag: Concept by Ogburn (1922) where one aspect of culture develops faster than others, leading to societal issues.** #### **Mechanisms of Cultural Change** 1. ### **Discovery: Identification of something that previously existed.** 2. ### **Invention: Creation of new items by combining existing ones.** 3. ### **Diffusion: Change from contact with other cultures, involving both material and non-material aspects.** #### **Cultural Appropriation** - ### **Adoption of elements from one culture by another, often involving exploitation by a dominant group without understanding the history of the marginalized group.** ### **Norms, Values, and Social Control** - ### **Norms: Standards of acceptable behavior.** - ### **Values: Ethical foundations justifying normative behavior.** - ### **Social Control: Strategies to control and deter deviance.** #### **Processes of Social Control** 1. ### **Internalization: Learning and accepting group norms.** 2. ### **Sanctions: Society\'s reactions to behavior, positive or negative.** #### **Types of Norms** - ### **Formal Norms (Mores): Essential for societal survival; enforced with severe consequences.** - ### **Informal Norms (Folkways): Everyday behaviors guided by peers with milder punishments.** ### **Conformity** - ### **Solomon Asch\'s study (1961) demonstrated how conformity affects group behavior, with a significant percentage of participants conforming to incorrect group answers.** ### **Culture and Language** - ### **Language is crucial for communication and understanding cultural context. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that language shapes thought and behavior toward the world based on cultural significance.** ### **Cultural Variation** - ### **Ideal Culture: Values claimed to support.** - ### **Real Culture: Actual behaviors and beliefs in practice.** - ### **High Culture: Artistic and cultural products of the upper classes.** - ### **Low/Popular Culture: Mass appeal tastes in culture.** ### **Subcultures and Countercultures** - ### **Subcultures: Groups within a culture that differ in some aspects but still align with the dominant culture.** - ### **Countercultures: Groups that reject the dominant culture, often seen as a societal threat.** ### **Attitudes Toward Variation** - ### **Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures by one's own standards, seeing one's culture as superior.** - ### **Cultural Relativism: Understanding norms within their cultural context to meet community needs.** ### **Cross-Cultural Variation** - ### **Variation can manifest in norms, values, and morals across different cultures, sometimes visibly (clothing, food) and other times less obvious.** ### **Socialization** - ### **Heredity vs Environment** - - ### **Identical Twins** - - - ### **Feral Children** - - ### **Genie: The Secret of the Wild Child** - - ### **Piaget- Cognitive Development** - - ### **Sociologists\' Perspective on Piaget\'s Theory** - - ### **Genesis of the Self (Mead, 1934)** - - - ### **Stages of Self Development** - - - ### **The Generalized Other** - ### **The Self as I and Me** - - ### **Agents of Socialization** - - ### **Social Institutions** - - - ### **Agents of Socialization and Social Institutions** - - - - - - ### **Resocialization** - - ### **Total Institutions** - ### **Life Course Perspective (Elder, 2003)** - - ### **Social-Age Grades** - - ### **Birth Cohort** - - ### **Social Structure** - ### **Social Construction** - - ### **Racial Formation Theory (Omi & Winant, 1989)** - - - - ### **Ethnic Groups** - - ### **Social Construction of Reality (Berger & Luckmann, 1966)** - - - - ### **Elements of Structure: Status** - - - ### **Intersectionality** - ### **Elements of Structure: Roles** - - - - ### **Identity Theory (Stryker, 1980)** - - - - - - - ### **Roles and Dramaturgy (Goffman)** - - - - - ### **Summary: Goffman vs. Stryker** - - ### **Social Structure** - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **Social Density** - - - - ### **Bureaucracy** - - - - - - - - - - - ### **Iron Cage of Rationality** - - - -