BASIC COMPUTER HARDWARE LECTURE PDF

Introduction to Computer Hardware Servicing Computer Hardware Servicing involves diagnosing and fixing issues related to the physical components of a computer. Here are some essential hand-to-hand troubleshooting techniques: 1. Visual Inspection: Start by looking for any obvious signs of damage,...

Introduction to Computer Hardware Servicing Computer Hardware Servicing involves diagnosing and fixing issues related to the physical components of a computer. Here are some essential hand-to-hand troubleshooting techniques: 1. Visual Inspection: Start by looking for any obvious signs of damage, loose connections, or dust buildup. 2. Power Cycle: Turn off the computer, unplug it, and wait a few minutes before plugging it back in and restarting. 3. Check Connections: Ensure all cables (power, data, peripherals) are securely connected. 4. Swap Components: If possible, replace suspected faulty components (like RAM or hard drives) with known good ones to see if the issue persists. 5. Use Diagnostic Tools: Utilize built-in diagnostics or third-party tools to run tests on hardware components. 6. Listen for Beep Codes: Many motherboards emit beep codes during boot-up. These can indicate specific hardware issues. 7. Overheating Checks: Ensure fans are working and that vents are not blocked, as overheating can cause performance issues. 8. Component Isolation: Remove non-essential components (like extra RAM or graphics cards) to identify if one of them is causing the issue. Basic Computing Concepts 1. Computer: A device that processes data, following a set of instructions (software) to perform tasks. 2. Hardware: The physical components of a computer, such as the CPU, RAM, hard drive, motherboard, and peripherals (keyboard, mouse, monitor). 3. Software: Programs and applications that run on a computer, providing instructions for hardware to execute tasks. Software can be system software (like operating systems) or application software (like word processors). 4. Program: A specific set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute to perform a particular task. Computing Organization Computing organization refers to the arrangement and interaction of hardware components in a computer system. Key components include: 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that processes instructions and manages tasks.  2. Memory: o RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data that the CPU needs while performing tasks. o ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage that holds essential instructions for booting up the computer. 3. Storage: o Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and Solid State Drives (SSD) store data permanently until deleted. 4. Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all hardware components and allows communication between them. 5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts electricity from an outlet into usable power for the computer. 6. Input/Output Devices: o Input: Devices like keyboards and mice allow users to interact with the computer. o Output: Devices like monitors and printers display or produce results from the computer's processes. I.Absolutely! A visual inspection is a great first step. Here are some specific things to look for: 1. Damage: Check for cracks, dents, or burns on the casing and components. 2. Loose Connections: Ensure all cables and connectors are securely attached. 3. Dust Buildup: Look for dust accumulation on vents, fans, and internal components that can affect airflow. 4. Corrosion: Inspect connectors and circuit boards for any signs of rust or corrosion. 5. Heat Damage: Look for discoloration or warping that may indicate overheating. Once you’ve done the visual inspection, you can decide if further troubleshooting or cleaning is needed! II. Exactly! Power cycling can help resolve various issues. Here’s a quick step-by-step: 1. Shut Down: Turn off the computer completely. 2. Unplug: Disconnect it from the power source. 3. Wait: Leave it unplugged for a few minutes to allow any residual power to dissipate.  4. Plug In: Reconnect the power cable. 5. Restart: Turn the computer back on. This process can help reset hardware components and clear temporary glitches. If the issue persists after power cycling, you may need to explore further troubleshooting steps! III. Definitely! Checking connections is crucial for ensuring everything is functioning properly. Here’s how to do it effectively: 1. Power Cables: Make sure the power cable is firmly connected to both the outlet and the computer. 2. Data Cables: Check all data cables (like SATA, USB, HDMI) for secure connections. Ensure they’re not damaged or frayed. 3. Peripherals: Confirm that peripherals (mouse, keyboard, printers) are properly connected and powered on. 4. Internal Connections: If you’re comfortable opening the case, check that internal cables (like those connecting the power supply to the motherboard) are secure. 5. Ports and Slots: Inspect the ports for dust or debris that might interfere with connections. A thorough check can often reveal simple issues that can be easily fixed! IV. Great suggestion! Swapping components can help pinpoint the source of the problem. Here’s how to approach it: 1. Identify Suspected Components: Determine which parts might be causing the issue (e.g., RAM, hard drives, graphics cards). 2. Gather Known Good Parts: If you have access to spare components that are known to work, have them ready for testing. 3. Power Down and Disconnect: Turn off the computer and unplug it to ensure safety. 4. Replace One Component at a Time: Swap out the suspected faulty component with the known good one. For example: o RAM: Remove the existing RAM sticks and replace them with known good ones. o Hard Drive: Connect a different hard drive or SSD to see if the system boots properly. 5. Test the System: Power the computer back on and check if the issue persists. If the problem resolves with a swapped component, you've likely identified the faulty part.  6. Repeat as Needed: If the issue continues, try replacing other suspected components until you narrow it down. This methodical approach can save time and help you pinpoint the exact issue more effectively! V. Using diagnostic tools can be a great way to troubleshoot hardware issues. Here’s a step-by-step approach to utilizing these tools effectively: 1. Built-in Diagnostics: o Access BIOS/UEFI: Restart your computer and enter the BIOS/UEFI settings (usually by pressing F2, DEL, or ESC during startup). Look for a diagnostic or tools section. o Run System Diagnostics: Many systems have built-in tests for memory, hard drives, and other components. Select the appropriate tests and run them. 2. Operating System Tools: o Windows: Use tools like Windows Memory Diagnostic (search for it in the Start menu) and Check Disk (chkdsk command in Command Prompt) to check for RAM and disk issues. o macOS: Use the Apple Hardware Test or Apple Diagnostics by holding down the D key during startup. 3. Third-Party Tools: o CPU-Z: For detailed information about your CPU and motherboard. o MemTest86: For comprehensive memory testing; it runs outside the OS. o CrystalDiskInfo: To check the health of your hard drives and SSDs. o HWMonitor: For monitoring system temperatures and voltages. 4. Running the Tests: o Follow the instructions specific to each tool. Ensure your data is backed up before running intensive tests, especially on hard drives. 5. Interpreting Results: o Review the results from the diagnostics. Look for any errors or warnings, which can indicate failing hardware. 6. Take Action: o If issues are detected, consider replacing the faulty component or seeking professional repair. Regularly using these tools can help catch issues early, potentially saving you from more serious problems down the line! VI. Understanding Beep Codes 1. Refer to the Motherboard Manual: o Each motherboard manufacturer has a unique set of beep codes. Check the manual or the manufacturer’s website for the specific codes for your model. 2. Common Beep Codes: o One Short Beep: Indicates a successful POST (Power-On Self-Test). o Two Short Beeps: Usually indicates a memory issue (RAM). o Three Short Beeps: Often points to a keyboard error. o Continuous Beeping: This may indicate a power supply or motherboard issue. o Long Beeps: Generally relate to memory problems, often a bad or improperly seated RAM stick. 3. Interpreting Patterns: o Pay attention to the number of beeps and their duration. A series of short beeps can differ from long beeps, which can indicate different issues. 4. Troubleshooting Steps: o If you hear a specific beep code:  Check RAM: Reseat the RAM modules or try using them one at a time.  Inspect the Keyboard: Ensure it's properly connected.  Look for Loose Connections: Check all internal cables and components. 5. Beep Code Generators: o Some motherboards have integrated speakers for beep codes. If your motherboard doesn’t have one, you can buy an inexpensive internal speaker that connects to the motherboard. Conclusion Listening for beep codes can quickly point you to the source of a problem. Always refer to your motherboard's documentation for the most accurate interpretation of the codes you hear. VII. Overheating Checks 1. Check Fan Functionality: o Visual Inspection: Open your case and look at the fans (CPU, GPU, case fans) to see if they are spinning when the computer is powered on. o Listen for Noise: Fans should produce a consistent sound. Grinding or unusual noises may indicate a failing fan.  2. Clean Dust and Debris: o Dust Accumulation: Dust can block airflow and insulate components. Use compressed air to carefully clean out dust from fans, vents, and heatsinks. o Regular Maintenance: Consider establishing a regular cleaning schedule (every few months) to prevent buildup. 3. Ensure Proper Ventilation: o Placement: Make sure your computer is in a well-ventilated area, away from walls or objects that could obstruct airflow. o Vents: Check that all air intake and exhaust vents are clear of obstructions. 4. Monitor Temperatures: o Software Tools: Use monitoring tools like HWMonitor, Core Temp, or MSI Afterburner to keep an eye on component temperatures during use. o Safe Temperature Ranges: Research the normal operating temperatures for your CPU and GPU. If temperatures exceed these ranges, take action. 5. Reapply Thermal Paste: o Thermal Interface Material: Over time, the thermal paste between the CPU/GPU and their heatsinks can degrade. If you’re comfortable, consider reapplying high-quality thermal paste. 6. Upgrade Cooling Solutions: o Better Fans: Consider upgrading to higher-quality fans that provide better airflow and noise levels. o Aftermarket CPU Coolers: If you’re using the stock cooler, an aftermarket cooler can offer improved cooling performance. 7. Check Power Supply: o Efficiency: An underpowered or failing power supply can lead to overheating. Ensure your power supply has enough wattage for your components. Conclusion Regular checks and maintenance can prevent overheating issues, ensuring your system runs smoothly and efficiently. Keeping your components cool will help extend their lifespan and maintain optimal performance. VIII. Component Isolation Steps 1. Prepare Your Workspace: o Power Down: Shut down your computer and unplug it from the power source.  o Anti-static Precautions: Use an anti-static wrist strap or regularly touch a grounded metal object to prevent static damage to components. 2. Remove Non-Essential Components: o Identify Non-Essential Parts: Focus on components that are not required for the system to boot, such as:  Extra RAM sticks (if you have multiple)  Additional graphics cards (if you have integrated graphics available)  Peripheral devices (like additional hard drives, sound cards, etc.) o System Boot-Up: Only keep the essential components: CPU, one stick of RAM, motherboard, and power supply. 3. Test Booting: o Power On: Boot the system with just the essential components. Check for POST and listen for beep codes. o Monitor Behavior: If the system boots successfully, gradually add back the removed components one at a time, rebooting each time, to identify any faulty parts. 4. Reinsert Components: o One at a Time: When reinserting components, do so one at a time. This method helps pinpoint which specific component may be causing issues. o Check Connections: Ensure that all connections are secure for each component you reinstall. 5. Run Diagnostics: o After Each Reinsert: If you suspect a component, run diagnostics or monitor performance after each addition to see if the problem reoccurs. 6. Identify Faulty Components: o If Problems Reappear: If the system fails to boot after reinstalling a specific component, you may have found the culprit. Test that component in another system if possible. Conclusion Component isolation is a systematic approach to identifying hardware problems. By narrowing down the list of potential issues, you can save time and troubleshoot effectively, ultimately leading to a resolution. BASIC COMPUTING CONCEPTS 1.A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a set of instructions called software. It consists of hardware components, such as the CPU (central processing unit), memory, storage, and input/output devices, which work together to execute commands, manage data, and communicate with users. Computers can perform a wide range of functions, from simple calculations to complex simulations, making them essential tools in various fields, including business, education, and entertainment. 2. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. This includes:  CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer that executes instructions and performs calculations.  RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage that provides space for the CPU to read and write data quickly.  Hard Drive/SSD (Solid State Drive): Long-term storage devices that hold the operating system, applications, and files.  Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all hardware components and allows them to communicate.  Peripherals: External devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and speakers that enhance functionality and user interaction. Together, these components work to enable the computer to perform tasks and run software effectively. 3. Software consists of programs and applications that run on a computer, providing instructions for the hardware to execute specific tasks. It can be categorized into two main types:  System Software: This includes the operating system (like Windows, macOS, or Linux) that manages hardware resources and provides a platform for running application software. It handles tasks such as file management, system security, and user interface.  Application Software: These are programs designed for end-users to perform specific tasks, such as word processors (like Microsoft Word), spreadsheets (like Excel), web browsers (like Chrome), and graphic design software (like Adobe Photoshop). Together, software and hardware work in tandem to enable users to perform a wide range of functions on their computers. 4. A program is a specific set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute to perform a particular task. Programs can vary in complexity and purpose, from simple scripts that automate routine tasks to complex applications that manage databases or run video games. Programs are created using various programming languages, such as Python, Java, C++, or JavaScript, and are compiled or interpreted into machine code that the computer's CPU can understand. Essentially, a program tells the computer what to do, how to process data, and how to respond to user inputs. BASIC PARTS THAT ASSEMBLE A SYSTEM UNIT 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): “Brain” of the computer. The main processor is responsible for executing instructions and processing data. 2. Motherboard: Backbone of a computer system. The primary circuit board connects all components and allows communication between them. 3. Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary memory that stores data and instructions for quick access by the CPU. Volatile memory. 4. Storage Drives: Digital Storage space for data. Capable of storing your computer’s operating system, applications, and files. Non-volatile. Types of Storage Devices: Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Magnetic storage device for permanent data storage. Reads and writes data using spinning disks. Solid State Drive (SSD): Faster storage using flash memory with no moving parts. Without moving parts, SSDs are less prone to physical damage. Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts electrical power from the outlet into usable power for the computer. It provides electricity that will power all connected components inside the computer.  Cooling Systems: Includes fans and heatsinks to dissipate heat generated by the CPU and other components. Prevent overheating of components to ensure balanced temperature and performance. Two Kinds of Cooling System: Air-Cooling: Uses fans to push the air to heat sink away from the CPU. Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Institute of Technology Office Management and Information Technology Department 379 Pureza, Sta. Mesa, Maynila, 1008 Kalakhang Maynila, Philippines 3 Liquid-Cooling: Uses Pumps, radiators, pipes and reservoir to pump water to computer parts to dissipate heat. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Handles rendering graphics and video; can be integrated or dedicated. The graphics card specializes in rendering images, videos, and animations. Case/Chassis: The enclosure that houses all the components, providing protection and structure. Known as a chassis or tower, it houses all the computer's hardware components. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES Input Devices: Keyboard: Allows users to input text and commands. A commonly used input device. Features extra functions and different layouts (e.g., QWERTY) to improve typing efficiency and speed. Mouse: A pointing device for navigating the user interface. Enables clicking to perform commands. Used in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Scanner: A device scans text or images from physical documents to convert them into digital format so they can be shared, saved, and processed digitally. Converts physical documents into digital format. Microphone: A device that records audio and allows for voice control, recording audio, and real- time voice communication during conferences or conversations. It converts sound waves into an electrical signal. Webcam: Captures video for communication. It captures live video input for use with platforms like Zoom, Skype, or Google Meet. Webcams are essential for distant collaboration, teaching, and virtual meetings. Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Institute of Technology Office Management and Information Technology Department 379 Pureza, Sta. Mesa, Maynila, 1008 Kalakhang Maynila, Philippines 4 Output Devices: Monitor: Shows visual output from the computer, including movies, apps, and the graphical user interface (GUI). Displays are available in various sizes and resolutions, providing clear visuals for everyday computer work, gaming, and design. Printer: Produces hard copies of documents and images. It produces tangible copies of documents, spreadsheets, and photos, making it an essential tool for both workplaces and households that require physical copies. Speakers: Outputs audio from the computer. Converts electrical signals into sound waves. Projector: Projects visual output onto a larger surface for presentations. It works by projecting light through a lens onto the surface. ACRONYMS AND TERMS BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): Firmware that initializes hardware during the booting process. It checks hardware components, loads the operating system from a storage device, and ensures the computer functions properly. CPU (Central Processing Unit): The main processor that executes instructions. Also referred to as a chip, due to its shape and size, being small and square. Older chips contain pins instead of metallic connectors, often used in modern CPUs. RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary memory for active data and programs. RAM stores data for active use by software. It's refreshed continuously to protect data. Data is erased when the software closes. Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Institute of Technology Office Management and Information Technology Department 379 Pureza, Sta. Mesa, Maynila, 1008 Kalakhang Maynila, Philippines 5 SSD (Solid State Drive): Fast storage device using flash memory. Provide practically instant boot and load speeds, which are much faster than HDDs, since they do not need to actively search for data. HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Traditional storage device using magnetic disks. A non-volatile storage medium, capable of storing data, even if the computer itself is turned off.  GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is an electronic circuit. Processor dedicated to rendering graphics. Ideal for: Video editing, Machine learning, and Graphics rendering. PSU (Power Supply Unit): Supplies power to the computer components. Converts power and regulates DC output voltage. Ensures specific tolerances for modern computer components. USB (Universal Serial Bus): Standard for connecting peripherals and transferring data. Developed in the 1990s Advantages: Speed benefits and standardized connection method HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): HDMI is a digital interface that allows various devices to connect and transmit audio and video signals. It features a small rectangular-shaped connector at each end, which is wider than it is tall. LAN (Local Area Network): A local area network (LAN) is a group of devices connected in a single physical space. It can range from a single user network to an enterprise network with thousands of users. It connects devices that are in a single, limited area. WAN (Wide Area Network): A wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) or other networks that communicate with one another. A WAN is essentially a network of networks, with the Internet the world's largest WAN. OS (Operating System): It is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all its software and hardware. Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Institute of Technology Office Management and Information Technology Department 379 Pureza, Sta. Mesa, Maynila, 1008 Kalakhang Maynila, Philippines 6 References Basumallick, C. (2024, May 13). What is a motherboard? Definition, types, components, and functions. Spiceworks. https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/hardware/articles/what-is-motherboard/ Bodley, B. (2020, June 2). What is a computer cooling system? Best of Everything PC. https://bestofeverythingpc.com/what-is-a-computer-cooling-system/ Brans, P. (2023, April 10). HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface). TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/HDMI Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2024, February 7). Projector. 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Electrical Academia. https://electricalacademia.com/electronics/power-supply-definition-functions-components/ Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Institute of Technology Office Management and Information Technology Department 379 Pureza, Sta. Mesa, Maynila, 1008 Kalakhang Maynila, Philippines 7 Pratik. (2023, March 28). What does a motherboard look like? PCGUIDE101. https://pcguide101.com/motherboard/what-does-a-motherboard-look-like/ Rouse, M. (2024, May 31). What is USB (Universal Serial Bus)? Techopedia. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2320/universal-serial-bus-usb Wertz, R., & Wertz, R. (2023, December 11). What kind of device is a keyboard? Robots.net. https://robots.net/tech/what-kind-of-device-is-a-keyboard/#google_vignette Yazar, K. (2024, April 11). Local area network (LAN). TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/local-area-network-LAN Scarpati, J. (2023, March 14). WAN (Wide Area Network). 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