Babylonian and Egyptian Civilization PDF

SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology: Babylonian and Egyptian Civilization Consolidated by: Mrs. Lorna C. Aban School of Health and Natural Sciences Saint Mary’s Univ...

SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology: Babylonian and Egyptian Civilization Consolidated by: Mrs. Lorna C. Aban School of Health and Natural Sciences Saint Mary’s University  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Objectives Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history Discuss the scientific and technological developments Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Babylonian Civilization https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2020/07-08/know-where-7-wonders-ancient-world-except-one-hanging-gardens-babylon/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Babylonian Civilization Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers the ancient city of Babylon served for nearly two millennia as a center of Mesopotamian civilization The term Babylon is thought to be derived from bav-il or bav- ilim which, in the Akkadian language of the time, meant https://www.livescience.com/28701-ancient- ‘Gate of God’ or `Gate of the babylon-center-of-mesopotamian-civilization.html Gods’. https://www.ancient.eu/babylon/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world Babylon’s history truly begins with Hammurabi, an Amorite prince, who began his reign over the city in 1792 B.C. Through war and diplomacy, Hammurabi subdued all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule by 1755 B.C. His empire stretched from Syria to the Persian Gulf. Hammurabi called his empire Babylonia. Then, it was restored by Nebuchadnezzar, then conquered by Cyrus, this city was both desired and despised, placing it at the center stage of the dawn of history. https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-wonders-of-ancient-babylon  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Babylon, the jewel of the ancient world Babylon intrigued Greek and Roman writers, who added to the rich store of legends that have come down to the present day. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about Babylon in the fifth century B.C. A number of inconsistencies in his account have led many scholars to believe that he never traveled there and that his text may be closer to hearsay than historical fact. Popular tales of Babylon’s fantastic structures, like the Tower of Babel and the Hanging Gardens, may also be products of legends and confusion. https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-wonders-of-ancient-babylon  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Hanging Gardens of Babylon One of the seven wonders of the ancient world From the stories of historians and paintings, it is a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Hanging Gardens of Babylon The Hanging Gardens were the fabled gardens which adorned the capital of the Neo- Babylonian Empire built by its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-562 BCE) for his wife, Queen Amytis Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved https://www.ancient.eu/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines From the Babylonians, we learned the system of book- keeping, a simple but adequate system of double- entry accounting. They adopted Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units of 60, which served as basis of the 360-degree circle and the 60-minute hour. (Dauben, 1990).  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Their measurements made use of fractions, squares, and square roots. Their models of planetary motions and other heavenly bodies proved their ability to compute complicated mathematical problems. Their detailed observation of the sky enabled them to make accurate predictions of solar and lunar eclipses and other astronomical phenomena (Dauben, 1990).  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2016/01-02/egypt-book-of-the-dead/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Egyptians are known of their Egyptian civilization infrastructures such as pyramid and other practical contributions to the world. The Great Pyramids of Giza, located on a plateau on the west bank of the Nile River, on the outskirts of modern-day Cairo. The oldest and largest of the three pyramids at Giza, known as the Great Pyramid, is the only https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeol surviving structure out of the ogy/giza-pyramids/ https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/the- famed seven wonders of the egyptian-pyramids ancient world.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Egyptian civilization they introduced paper or papyrus to make writing, safe-keeping, and transporting records easier Papyrus, a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt, was processed into thin sheet https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/papyrus.html  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/papyrus.html  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Ancient Egyptian Papyri A variety of documents written on papyrus remain preserved to this day. The various documents contain a range of subjects, from biographies, to maps, religious texts and scientific or medical documents. A short list of papyri from ancient Egypt with subject matter is shown: https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/papyrus.html  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Other Uses of Papyrus as a food source, to make rope, for sandals, for boxes and baskets and mats, as window shades, material for toys such as dolls, as amulets to ward off throat diseases, and even to make small fishing boats. It also played a part in religious devotion as it was often bound together to form the symbol of the ankh and offered to the gods as a gift. Papyrus also served as a political symbol through its use in the Sma-Tawy, the insignia of the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt. This symbol is a bouquet of papyrus (associated with the Delta of Lower Egypt) bound with a lotus (the symbol of Upper Egypt). Mark, J. J. (2016, November 08). Egyptian Papyrus. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Papyrus/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Egyptian black ink the ancient Egyptians made ink by grinding brightly colored minerals into powder, then mixing the powder with liquid so that it was easier to apply. This must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture, and codified laws. writings on papyrus must be tamper-proof www.ancientegypt.co.uk › writing › explore › scribe  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines hieroglyphics Said to be adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia The script was developed about four thousand years before Christ and there was also a decimal system of numeration up to a million. Egyptian system of Hieroglyphs were called “the writing using symbols words of God” and were used mainly by the priests. https://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-hieroglyphic-writing/egyptian-hieroglyphic-alphabet/ http://www.historyshistories.com/egypt-hieroglyphs-and-the-rosetta-stone.html  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be read from left to right or from right to left. includes information on the history of Egyptian writing and mathematics, the use of the different types of symbols, how to write name, how to recognize kings names and the story of the scribe https://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-hieroglyphic- ‘sacred carving’ writing/egyptian-hieroglyphic-alphabet/ http://www.historyshistories.com/egypt-hieroglyphs-and-the- rosetta-stone.html https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zvw3mfr  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Their function in ancient Egypt was Cosmetics for both health and aesthetic reasons Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena Egyptians believed that wearing make-up was a protection from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness Reference: McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. (2018) Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. All Rights Reserved http://www.historyofcosmetics.net/cosmetic-history/ancient-egypt-cosmetics/ https://www.egyptravel4you.com/makeup-beauty-in-ancient-egypt/  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Egyptian Wig Worn for health and wellness during the ancient times To protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun It was considered cleaner for it prevented the accumulation of head lice and allowed heat to escape Upper-class Egyptian men and women considered wigs an essential part of their wardrobe. https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/fashion-and- clothing/clothing-jewelry-and-personal-adornment/wigs  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Wearing a wig signaled a person's Egyptian Wig rank in Egyptian society. Although a shaved head was a sign of nobility during most of the Egyptian kingdoms, the majority of Egyptians kept their heads covered. Wigs were worn in place of headdresses or, for special occasions, with elaborate headdresses. Egyptian law prohibited slaves and https://www.ancient- origins.net/history-ancient- servants from shaving their heads traditions/changing-beauty-use- elaborate-wigs-ancient-egypt-005484 or wearing wigs.  SAINT M ARY’S UNIVERSITY 3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya Philippines Water clock/ It utilizes gravity that affects the clepsydra flow of water from one vessel to the other The amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time is elapsed since it is full. Widely used as time keeping device in the early times the oldest known example is dated to 1500 BC, and is from the tomb https://www.britannica.com/technolog y/clepsydra of the Egyptian pharaoh https://www.ancient- origins.net/ancient-technology/ancient- Amenhotep I. invention-water-clock-001818