HCM570 HIS - Final Exam Review PDF

HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review 1. Know what visual representation means.? Data visualization: A general term that describes any effort to help people understand the significance of data by placing it in a visual context. Patterns, trends, and correlations that might go undetected...

HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review 1. Know what visual representation means.? Data visualization: A general term that describes any effort to help people understand the significance of data by placing it in a visual context. Patterns, trends, and correlations that might go undetected in text- based data can be exposed and recognized easier with data visualization software Health data visualization requires new tools to manipulate these vast amounts of data. Interactive visualization, including dashboards, helps us to make sense of the insights that the data gives us. Examples of data visualization with large amounts of data include data transformation and analysis, filtering, mapping, rendering data into images, and user interactive controls where the user can explore the data from a number of perspectives. Due to the data complexity, there are challenges, since there are so many aspects that the data can be viewed from that the challenge sometimes is where to start Data model : A map or visual representation showing how data are organized according to key aspects of the organization, including processes and relationships between the various data elements. In healthcare organizations, these key aspects would include patients, providers, employees, financial data, and suppliers, among others. A data model is helpful in the systems engineering and programming processes to illustrate data layout. Health Information Management Model: Provides a visual representation of the overall scope of health information system (HIS) and the gradual layers that build on one another to create a comprehensive HIS arena. Hype cycle : A visual representation of the life cycle stages a technology goes through from conception to maturity and widespread adoption. 2. Know what is included in a clinical information system.? Clinical information system (CIS): A computerized system that supports clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and medical outcomes evaluations. It keeps health history, prescriptions, doctor’s notes and dictation, and all other information together electronically, and replaces the paper charts of the past. Department-specific CIS systems include laboratory information systems, pharmacy information systems, radiology information systems, medical imaging systems, long-term care systems, and others 3. Know the types of information? A laboratory information system (LIS) is a CIS application that supports chemistry, pathology, blood bank, instrumentation, calculations, calibrations, and results management areas within clinical setting A pharmacy information system (PIS) is a complex CIS application that is tightly integrated with clinical care, particularly with nursing personnel and workflows. Because medication errors are always a concern with pharmacy systems, integration is a high priority to ensure the proper delivery of care. Workflow redesign is especially important when implementing medication administration management processes; pharmacy system automation requires a different approach than automation of paper-based processes. It is critical that pharmacy applications are tightly integrated with nursing Medication administration records (MARs) Nursing medications order management processes to ensure patient safety. Radiology information systems (RISs), medical imaging systems (MISs), and picture archiving and communication systems (PACSs) are all CIS applications that provide clinical support processes. MISs support image management, image processing, enhancement, visualization, and storage. RISs provide functionality that manages test requisitions, schedules procedures, manages test results, identifies charges, and delivers patient test and department management reports. PACS applications manage image storage, local and remote retrievals, and distribution and presentation of PACS files Outpatient systems are CIS applications designed to assist in the delivery of care for patients who are hospitalized for less than 24 hours. Ambulatory care systems are CIS applications that assist caregivers in performing consultations, treatments, or interventions in an outpatient setting, such as a medical clinic 1  HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review Health information exchanges (HIEs): Communication of healthcare information electronically across organizations within a locale, region, community, state, or nation. The goals of HIE are to improve access to and retrieval of clinical data or other information relevant to a patient's care, to reduce waste, and to provide better and more timely care. HIE is also useful to public health authorities in identifying events or conditions for which they are monitoring and conducting surveillance on behalf of the public's health (e.g., infections such as tuberculosis), or those associated with potential bioterrorism (e.g., smallpox or anthrax). Electronic health record (EHR) A collection of health information accessed, stored, and processed electronically, about individual patients or populations, the goal of which is to replace paper records in healthcare provider organizations. This digital format is theoretically capable of being shared across different healthcare settings, "following" patients wherever they might seek care. Electronic Medical Record Adoption Model (EMRAM) was developed over a decade ago by HIMSS as part of their analytics division, with the intention of assisting hospitals and outpatient healthcare organizations to measure and track their progress toward more robust EHR systems. What is HIS Management? - Health Information Management (HIM) : A health information and coding department within a healthcare organization. - Health Information Management Model “ Provides a visual representation of the overall scope of health information system (HIS) and the gradual layers that build on one another to create a comprehensive HIS arena. - HIS Management includes day- to-day oversight, controls, and quality assurance of systems planning, people, process, and technology. HIS professionals with years of experience of increasing complexity and scope are capable of leading HIS professionals, with excellent verbal and written communication skills, healthcare knowledge, and multidisciplinary HIS acumen in order to plan, manage, and oversee the activities of technology professionals. 4. Define Clinical Intelligence? Clinical intelligence (CI): Much like business intelligence, the practice of pulling together or aggregating data into meaningful and useful information for clinical purposes. - Clinical intelligence (CI) refers to data sets turned into useful information; unlike BI, CI is healthcare- specific. - Clinical intelligence (CI) associated with evaluating the clinical effectiveness of care provided within the organization). The use of an analytical software tool to evaluate budgeted expenditures versus actual expenditures is an example of an analytical system that would reside in Quadrant IV. 5. Know Data Source Source data. Operational or transactional software applications may be used as a “point” solution (laboratory, radiology, or materials management) or may serve as a multipurpose, mission-critical solution, such as the hospital’s admit, discharge, and transfer (ADT) system; revenue cycle management (RCM); HER. Data Source Clinical Transactional/Operations Payer Third Party External Government Data Sources – Clinical Electronic health records/electronic medical records personal health records (EHRs/EMRs/PHRs) 2  HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review Images and image management systems (e.g., picture archiving and communication systems [PACSs], digitized X-rays, CT scans, PET scans) Case mix, care management, and disease management systems Independent laboratory and other clinical results (e.g., blood, tissue, fluids) Monitoring systems (e.g., maternity, cardiology, ICU) Data Sources – Transactional/Operations Hospital information systems (e.g., admissions, emergency department visits) Hospital departmental systems (e.g., radiology, laboratory, pharmacy, surgery, emergency department, order entry) Materials management, supplies, and cost accounting systems Physician practice management systems (e.g., scheduling, billing) Revenue-cycle processes (e.g., provider billing, claims, patient accounting) Post-acute clinical and billing systems (e.g., skilled nursing, home care) Data Sources – Payer Payer claims and contracting systems (e.g., benefit rules, risk calculations, claims [adjudication]) Care management systems (for coordinating transitions of care and discharge to home or other facilities) Data Sources – Third Party Research systems (e.g., universities, human, animal) Clinical trials systems (e.g., pharmaceutical companies, universities) Satisfaction surveying systems (e.g., patients, providers, staff) Data Sources – External Internet resources Registries, population management, statistics, and risk adjustments Industry reporting (e.g., benchmarks, score cards, report cards) Cellular devices and applications Personal monitors and watches Data Sources – Government Federal government programs (e.g., Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services [CMS], State Children’s Health Insurance Program [SCHIP], Department of Defense TRICARE and TRICARE for Life programs, Veterans Health Administration [VHA] program, and Indian Health Service [IHS] program) State and local government programs (e.g., Medicaid, MediCal, State Health Insurance Assistance Program [SHIP], Children’s Health Insurance Program [CHIP], Health Resources and Services Administration Primary Care: The Health Center Program, healthcare marketplace regulatory programs) 6. what are the Joint Commission, Leapfrog Group, and Department of Health? - The Leapfrog Group, a third-party organizations, whose mission is to promote improvements in the safety of health care by giving consumers data to make more informed hospital choices, and state organizations. - Department of Health: A third-party external reporting agency may also monitor key metrics regarding quality of care for a particular state or the country. - Joint Commission: a quasi-regulatory organization that inspects and accredits hospitals based on their ability to meet a rigorous set of scored criteria. 7. Define innovators, early adopters, late majority, and laggards.? - Innovators are the initiators of the change—the curious, restless, brave types who enjoy being on the cutting edge, who are comfortable with uncertainty and failure, and who always want to try something new, get a new tool, or experiment with new methods to do their work. - Early Adopters (a term often used in many venues other than technology adoption) are often respected opinion leaders of the organization, accepting of change and new ideas, who use the experience of the Innovators to inform their decision to attempt the adoption of the innovation. - The Early Majority is the group of careful, cooperative, attentive people who embrace innovation as part of a move toward a positive change and the desired direction of the leaders. 3  HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review - The Late Majority consists of people who will eventually adjust to the change or use the new technology, but usually only after most others have already done so, and when it becomes more trouble to not change than to change. - Laggards are described as traditionalists, resistant to change, who prefer the old ways of doing things. They adapt to the innovation only when it has become the norm and is not seen as complying with anything radical or drastic 8. Define velocity and volume. Variety, and veracity? Velocity, Volume, and Variety (Three V): The usefulness, amount, and variety of data, all of which are increasing. Velocity: suggests that data have momentum through applications, consumer uses, and business uses. This momentum is virtually exponential. Everyone who has used cellular technology has experienced this velocity of data through their phone’s enhanced technology. Just a few years ago, consumers could not track their exercise performance, research extensive disease narratives, or communicate with their providers by digital means. Volume: suggests similar exponential growth of accessible and seemingly necessary data. Earlier in this chapter, we discussed a volume example based on imaging; it is extremely relevant for understanding the ramifications of the increasing amounts of data in health care. Data growth in the future will likely be larger in health care than in any sector other than global security and social media. Variety suggests that data are associated with, and will continue to take on, seemingly limitless descriptions. The use of new personal electronic devices will make fluid, organ, and almost any other bodily function measurement feasible Veracity: Accuracy, for users to trust the system there must be a high degree of veracity and authenticity across software applications, the resulting data sets, and any analytics and reporting. 9. Business intelligence, clinical intelligence, and artificial intelligence? Business intelligence (BI) : The practice of pulling together or aggregating data from a variety of systems and sources into meaningful and useful information to support decision making and insights for business purposes. Clinical intelligence (CI) :Much like business intelligence, the practice of pulling together or aggregating data into meaningful and useful information for clinical purposes. Artificial intelligence (AI): A way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software program perform analyses, “learn” patterns, and predict in similar manner to ways intelligent humans think. 10. Machine learning vs Deep Learning? Machine learning uses data analytics of data obtained through processes to automate models that improve as they are fueled with more data Deep learning employs brain simulation, creating artificial neural networks that learn and become deeper with multiple layers by being fed with data and training algorithms 11. Health spending measures? Health spending measures Refers to the final consumption of healthcare goods and services including personal healthcare and collective services, but excluding spending on investments. 4  HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review It also, includes Per Capita Expenditure: The average amount spent on healthcare per person. -Total National Health Expenditure: The total amount spent on healthcare services and products within a country. - Spending by Payer Types: Analysis of healthcare spending by different payer categories, such as government programs, private insurance, and out-of-pocket expenses. Essay 12. Discuss the best method of Evaluating the challenges with leading HIT change in KSA? Security breaches and ransoming Wasted clinician time and goodwill because of tech that is difficult to use and systems dominated by assembly-line workflows and profit-minded vendors rather than the end-user in mind Patients remain on the outskirts of the activities and information intended to help them The costs of HIS and technologies are a hefty burden for organizations and society to bear From interactive lecture: One consideration for leadership is to consider the technology that is already in the hands of the patient that could provide better access to care without incurring additional expenses to the healthcare organization This brings us to further consideration of cell phones and digital technologies that the patient is already using and how their technologies could expand the use of telemedicine and preventive services that will improve patient outcomes and reduce cost of care. The challenge of healthcare is that we must achieve value by reducing the cost of care and increasing the quality of care. Achieving lower costs with higher quality supports the effective management of the health of our populations. To achieve value in healthcare, we must look at the future opportunities that are available that we can adapt to our existing technologies. 13. Discuss the challenges of HIS standards in KSA Adopting Information Communication Technology (ICT) in healthcare requires considering potential barriers such as clinical staff acceptance and patient acceptance. Experts and stakeholders must be willing to change business and clinical applications. iEHR and telemedicine systems must meet the needs of the organizations and be of a quality that provides reliable/useful, complete/accurate, relevant, secure, private, interoperable quality that is compatible with Islamic ethics, rules, culture, and traditional beliefs Oversight is needed to comply with regulations. Barriers include limited availability of technology experts and basic facilities. The primary barriers include lack of expertise, consumer acceptance, infrastructure, and economic feasibility. The availability of technology experts, who were much more available in urban areas but were in limited supply in the remote and rural areas of the Kingdom. Private sector health care facilities are often located in urban areas where more technology infrastructure is available. 14. Discuss the challenge related to the privacy of (HIS) in (KSA).? 1. The Kingdom needs to raise cybersecurity awareness 2. implement information security (IS) to ensure access to patient information by authorized users only 3. IS is achieved through confidentiality, integrity, and availability, also known as the CIA Triad. 5  HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review ❖ Confidentiality is the prevention of unauthorized, unintentional disclosure of information systems. By encryption and restricted access based on job duty. ❖ Integrity -that unauthorized individuals or systems cannot modify data. Violations of integrity occur through malicious or unintentional modification of the data. ❖ Availability - the data must be available to authorized individuals and systems when it is needed Information is only useful if it is available. 4. We also need to look at administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to provide information security. ❖ Administrative safeguards demonstrate that appropriate written policies, procedures, and job descriptions are in place, including sanctions for violations.The workforce access to the data is based on job duties and authorization, supervision, and termination, so policies must be developed accordingly. Security awareness training, log-in monitoring, and password management requirements must be established. Data backup, disaster recovery, emergency operation plans, and testing and revision procedures must be determined. Business associate contracts must be maintained and periodically reviewed. ❖ Physical safeguards -user access, training, disaster planning, backup, and facility inventory, safeguards for unauthorized physical access or tampering, and contingency plans. A workstation use policy and a written security policy must be in place and periodically reviewed. ❖ Technical controls include unique user identification, password policies, and automatic log off, email policies, encryption, and data transmission protocols. 5. Mechanisms for encryption and decryption of e-PHI must be established, as well as hardware, software, and procedural mechanisms that record and allow auditing of activities on the information system so the integrity of the e-PHI is maintained. 6. Authentication mechanisms are used to verify that the person authorized to access e-PHI is the one claimed, while technical security measures are implemented to ensure unauthorized access is denied and manipulation of e-PHI cannot occur because of encryption. challenges in privacy and security of Health Information Systems (HIS) and solutions:( ‫أجابة ثانية‬ )‫مختصرة للي حاب‬ 1. Cybersecurity threats: Implement security measures and regular audits. 2. Access control: Use role-based access and multi-factor authentication. 3. Data integrity: Apply validation checks, version control, and backups. 4. Regulatory compliance: Develop and maintain aligned policies and procedures. 15. Explain a common pitfall associated with the implementation of new healthcare technologies. The implementation of a HIS Strategic Plan requires intense planning including : HIS Strategic Plan and HIS Strategic Initiatives, project management successful system selection and contract negotiations, organized introduction of the new system into the organization, and ongoing support, maintenance, and enhancement for the long life of that system. Also, it's crucial to prioritize comprehensive training programs and involve end-users in the implementation planning to ensure successful adoption and optimal outcomes. 16. Evaluate Health Information Systems and governance in KSA? 6 HCM570 HIS - Final Exam review Health information Systems (HIS) in Saudi Arabia (KSA) have seen significant advancements with the implementation of digital health technologies, electronic health records, and telemedicine, contributing to improved healthcare delivery. HIS governance: is the proper, interdisciplinary oversight, policy-setting, fiduciary and regulatory assurance, and strategic alignment of the HIS function and portfolio of systems. Governance in Saudi Arabia focuses on: establishing clear policies, ensuring data security, and promoting interoperability, fostering a structured approach to managing health information and supporting the country's healthcare goals. 7