Ayurveda Itihas.pdf

# Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas - Part B ## Chapter 1 - Introduction to Ayurveda Itihasa ### Derivation and Definition of the Word Itihasa * The word Itihasa is derived from the Sanskrit phrase "इतिह आस्तेऽस्मिन्" which translates to "it certainly was." * The word Itihasa means "The describing of...

# Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas - Part B ## Chapter 1 - Introduction to Ayurveda Itihasa ### Derivation and Definition of the Word Itihasa * The word Itihasa is derived from the Sanskrit phrase "इतिह आस्तेऽस्मिन्" which translates to "it certainly was." * The word Itihasa means "The describing of the events that happened in the past." ### Necessity, Significance and Utility of Knowledge of Ayurveda Itihasa * To understand the gradual development of any subject, the knowledge of its history is essential. * The knowledge of Itihasa is essential for research in any subject, especially for literary research. * The development and decline of Ayurveda and the people responsible for its upgradation and degradation can be learned from the knowledge of Ayurveda Itihasa. * Ayurveda Itihasa also provides knowledge of disease and guidelines for treatment. ### Importance and Use of Ayurveda Itihasa * The knowledge of Ayurveda Itihasa is useful for the development of any subject, discipline, and society. * Ayurveda Itihasa is the basis and source of all knowledge, serving as a bridge between the past and the present. * It is essential for developing teaching and learning methods. * It is important for understanding the changes made by scholars over time. * It contributes to the smooth running of economic, social, and administrative systems. * It helps understand the origin of Ayurveda and its journey to Earth. * It is crucial for making changes and conducting research in Ayurveda. * Ayurveda Itihasa is considered the fifth Veda. * It is essential for the success of treatment and for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. * It plays a crucial role in protecting the health of healthy individuals. ### Method of Knowing Itihasa #### Literary Sources * **Indian Literary Sources:** * Vedic Literature * Historical Indian Literature * Mahakavya * Ashtadhyayi * Arthashastra * Harshacharita * Mahabhashya * Rajatarangini * Buddhist Literature * Jain Literature * Lokik Literature * **Foreign Literary Sources:** * Greek and Roman Writers * Chinese Writers * Arabic Writers * Tibetan Writers #### Archaeological Sources * Remains * Buildings * Coins * Records * Sculptures * Paintings ## Chapter 2 - Origin and Lineage of Ayurveda (Ayurvedavatarana) and Introduction of References of Ayurveda in Vedas, Upanishad, and Purana ### Origin and Lineage of Ayurveda (Ayurvedavatarana) * Lord Brahma recollected the knowledge of Ayurveda and passed it on to Daksha Prajapati. * The knowledge was then passed on to Ashwini Kumaras (divine doctors). * Lord Indra then learned Ayurveda from the Ashwini Kumaras. * Bharadwaja, seeking long life, approached Lord Indra and learned Ayurveda from him. ### The Role of Ayurveda in Ancient Times * Ancient sages gathered at the foothills of the Himalayas to discuss solutions to diseases that were impeding penance, fasting, study of Vedas, celibacy, vows, and life span. ### The Maharshi Sages Involved in Ayurveda's Development * Angira * Jamadagni * Vasistha * Kashyapa * Bhrugu * Atreya * Gautama * Sankhya * Pulastya * Naarada * Asita * Agastya * Vamadeva * Markandeya * Ashvalayana * Parikshi * Bhiksu Atreya * Bharadwaja * Kapinjala * Vishvamitra * Ashmarathya * Bhargava * Chyavana * Abhijit * Gargya * Shandilya * Kaundilya * Varkshi * Devala * Galava * Sankrutya * Baijavapi * Kushika * Badarayana * Badisha * Saraloma * Kapya * Katyayana * Kankayana * Kaikasheya * Dhaumya * Maricha * Kashyapa * Sharkaraksha * Hiranyaksha * Lokaksha * Paingi * Shaunaka Shakuneya * Maitreyi * Maimatayani * Vaikhanasas * Valakhilyas ### Health is the Root Cause for Health * Health is the foundation for Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. * Disease destroys health, welfare, and life. * Sages used their spiritual vision to find solutions to counteract diseases. ### The Trisutra of Ayurveda * The three principles of Ayurveda are Hetu (causative factors of disease), Linga (symptomatology), and Aushadha Jnana (knowledge of therapeutics). ### The Lineage of Ayurveda * The lineage of Ayurveda is traced through Charaka, Sushruta, Vagbhatta, Kashyapa, and the Puranas. ### Medical Skills of Ashwini Kumars * The Ashwini Kumars were known for their exceptional medical skills. * They were able to replace the head of a person with a horse's head, repair a broken leg, heal eye problems, repair broken teeth, restore vision to the blind, treat tuberculosis, cure leprosy, remove a child from the womb, and protect a bird from a wolf. ### References to Ayurveda in the Vedas * The Rigveda discusses the nature, use, classification, and action of medicines. * It refers to treatments for diseases, Tridosha Vada, animal medicine, water therapy, sun therapy, fire therapy, and wind therapy. * It describes the medical skills of Deva Vaidya Ashwini Kumar and the healing miracles of Indra. ### References to Ayurveda in the Upanishads * Upanishads discuss knowledge, yoga, meditation, liberation, reincarnation, karma, and Ayurveda. * They reference Ayurvedic medicines like agarwood, anu, flaxseed, arka, arjuna, asvattha, mango, fig, udumbara, kola, guggulu, wheat, sesame, banyan tree, palasha, lotus, barley, and shyamala. ### References to Ayurveda in the Puranas * The Brahmavaivarta Purana mentions the origin of Ayurveda. * The Agni Purana discusses the symptoms of diseases, treatment methods, incantations, plant medicine, animal medicine, and dental care. * The Garuda Purana discusses gynecology, anupana methodology, the chemical medicine of Vajikarana, and treatment for many diseases. * The Skanda Purana emphasizes the construction of healthy shelters and the necessary resources. * The Vishnu Purana discusses the philosophy, theory, parts of the body, medicine, diagnosis, remedies for healthy living, medicine of diseases, and toxicology. * The Padma Purana refers to embyrological changes, the three Gunas, and physical ailments. ## Chapter 3 - Structure, Specialities, Time period of Ayurveda Samhitas, and their commentaries (including special contributions of authors and commentators) ### Charaka Samhita * Charaka Samhita is a compilation of classical Vedic teacher-student (Guru-Shishya Parampara) interactions. * The text was originally authored by Agnivesha, an ancient physician of renown. * It was later redacted and edited by Charaka, a renowned scholar of Ayurveda. * It is believed to have been written around 1000 BCE. * It was translated into Arabic, Persian, Tibetan, and Mongolian. * At least 43 commentaries on the Charaka Samhita have been written in Sanskrit, and the most authoritative is Chakrapanidutta's Ayurveda Deepika. ### The Formation of Charaka Samhita * The Charaka Samhita was formed in four stages, beginning with the narration of the text by Acharya Atreya Punarvasu, its redaction by Acharya Agnivesha, and then its restoration and expansion by Acharya Charaka. Dridhbala, son of Kapilabali, contributed the final touches to the text by adding the chapters missing from the earlier versions. ### Classification of Charaka Samhita * The Charaka Samhita is divided into eight sections (Sthana): 1. Sutra Sthana 2. Nidana Sthana 3. Vimana Sthana 4. Sharira Sthana 5. Indriya Sthana 6. Chikitsa Sthana 7. Kalpa Sthana 8. Siddhi Sthana * The Sutra Sthana, which contains the foundations of Ayurveda, is considered the most important section. ### Key Contents of Charaka Samhita * **Sutra Sthana:** General principles, diagnosis, the determination of drugs, anatomy, including embryology, prognostic signs, therapeutics, pharmacology, the successful administration of panchakarma. * **Nidana Sthana:** Aetiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of diseases. * **Vimana Sthana:** Principles governing bodily factors that cause diseases. * **Sharira Sthana:** Embryology, anatomy, and physiology. * **Indriya Sthana:** Prognostic signs and symptoms. * **Chikitsa Sthana:** Treatment of various diseases, including rasayana therapies and vajikarana therapies. * **Kalpa Sthana:** Formulations for emesis, purgation, and other therapies. * **Siddhi Sthana:** Successful administration of panchakarma. ### Commentaries on Charaka Samhita * The original Charaka Samhita was one volume, but the currently available Charaka Samhitas are in two parts, Purvardha and Uttarardha. * Purvardha contains the Sutra, Nidhana, Vimana, Sharira, and Indriya Sthana. * Uttarardha contains the Chikitsa, Kalpa, and Siddhi Sthana. * There are many commentaries on the Charaka Samhita in Hindi and other languages. ## Chapter 4 - Structure, Contributions, and Importance of Laghutrayee and Commentaries: Madhava Nidana, Sharngadhara Samhita, and Bhavaprakasha. ### The Laghutrayee * The Laghutrayee are three shorter treatises that are considered secondary to the Brihat Trayee (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Vagbhatta's Astanga Sangraha). * The Laghutrayee are considered to be essential for students and practitioners who want to study and practice Ayurveda comprehensively. ### Madhava Nidana (7th Century) * Madhava Nidana focuses solely on the diseases and their classification and symptomology. * It is a standard reference for Ayurveda pathology. * Madhava Nidana was written by Madhavakara. * It contains 79 chapters, outlining diseases along with causes, symptoms, and complications. ### Commentaries on Madhava Nidana * Vijnarakshit * Srikanthadatta * Vachaspati ### Sharngadhara Samhita (13th Century) * Sharngadhara Samhita is a simplification of the Brihat Trayee, making it easier to understand and follow. * It was written by Sharngadhara, son of Oeceesoj, and grandson of Raghavdeva. * It consists of 32 chapters and 2600 verses. * It is divided into three sections: * Purva Khanda: Drugs, pulse examination, diet, digestion, and a list of diseases. * Madya Khanda: Swarasa, Kwatha, Phanta, Him, Kalka, Churna, Gutika, Leha, Sandhana, Dhatu, Shodhana and other preparations. * Uttara Khanda: Oiling, sweating, emesis, purgation, enemas, nasal medication, fumigations, gargling, topical applications, and eye care. ### Commentaries on Sharngadhara Samhita * Adhamalla's Dipika * Kasiram Vaidya * Rudra Bhatt ### Special Features of Sharngadhara Samhita * It classifies seasons according to constellations. * It provides a detailed explanation of pulse diagnosis. * It defines and describes terms like Deepana (that which kindles the digestive fire) and Pachana (that which digests or breaks down). * It offers a detailed classification of diseases. * It outlines the methods of Shodhana and Marana. * It discusses panchakarma therapies. * It provides single herb formulations. ### Bhavaprakasha (17th Century) * It is a comprehensive and detailed description of diseases and their treatment. * It is considered a valuable resource for understanding the Nidana Panchaka. * It is known as the standard reference of diseases in Ayurveda. * Bhavaprakasha was written by Bhavamishra. ### Commentaries on Bhavaprakasha * Madhukosa - Vijnarakshit and Srikanthadatta * Atankadarpana - Vachaspati ## Chapter 5 - Origin and Period of Different Systems of Medicine in the World ### Indian System of Medicine * Ayurveda is the world's oldest system of medicine and remains important in the modern age. * Systems of medicine in India are recognized for their unique distinctions. * The six recognized systems of Indian medicine are Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Yoga, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. **Other Systems of Medicine** * China * Sumer * Babylon * Assyria * Egypt ### Origin and Period of Ayurveda * Traditional systems of medicine have always played a major role in global health care. * The six recognized systems of Indian medicine either originated in India or were assimilated into Indian culture. ### Concept of Disease and Cause in Ayurveda * Ayurveda relies on a holistic approach to health. * It views health as a state of balance between the three humors: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. * Factors that affect balance include environment, diet, physical activity, and stress. * Ayurveda prescribes a system of rules, known as "do's and don'ts." ### The Tamil Nadu * The Tamil Nadu state runs a 5.5-year course in Siddha medicine (Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery). * The Indian government recognizes the importance of Siddha and has established medical colleges and research centers dedicated to it. ### The Origins of Siddha * Siddha is an ancient traditional system of medicine that emerged in South India during the Indus Valley civilization or earlier. * It is said to have originated with the Hindu god Shiva. * Shiva passed the knowledge on to Parvati and Nandi, and then to nine Devtas. * Agasthyar is considered the founding father of the Siddha system of medicine. * The original Siddha texts are written in the Tamil language. ### The Three Humors of Siddha Medicine * The three humors in Siddha medicine are Vaadham (air), Pittham (fire), and Kapham (water). * Disease arises when the balance of these humors is disrupted. ### The Role of Diet in Siddha Medicine * Diet and lifestyle play a crucial role in maintaining health and treating diseases in Siddha medicine. * This concept is known as Pathiyam and Apathiyam (the rules based system). ## Chapter 6 - Introduction to Vrukshayurveda, Hastyayurveda, and Ashwayurveda (Included in Transitional Curriculum) ### The Importance of Animals in Ancient India * Animals like elephants, horses, and cows were essential for war, transportation, agriculture, and trade. * As a result, Ayurvedic medicine was applied to the treatment of animals. ### Vrukshayurveda * Vrukshayurveda is the ancient Indian science of plant life. * It teaches people how to grow trees and herbs. * It was written by Salihotra around 400 BC. * The most famous text on Vrukshayurveda is the Vrukshayurveda by Surapala, written in the 10th century. ### The Work of Surapala * Vrukshayurveda by Surapala consists of 325 Sanskrit shlokas and 170 plant explanations. * Surapala lived and worked in Bundelkhand in central India. * He experimented with horticulture and botany under the patronage of King Bhimapala. * Dr. Y.L. Nene, Chairman of the Asian Agri History Foundation, obtained a copy of Surapala's manuscript and had it translated into English and Hindi. * Surapala's work covers the planting of trees, the selection of seeds, various methods of irrigation, fertilizers, plant diseases, underground water resources, and much more. ### Kunapa Jal * Surapala describes and praises a natural fertilizer and pesticide made from fish and animal waste called Kunapa Jal. * It has been successfully tested in the tea gardens of Assam, Darjeeling, Dooars, the Nilgiris, and the coffee estates of Karnataka. ### Hastyayurveda/Gajayurveda * Hastyayurveda, also known as Gajayurveda, is the science of elephant medicine. * It was originated by Palakavya Muni. * He was appointed by King Rompad, king of Angadesh, to manage elephants and treat their diseases. * Key topics in Hastyayurveda include the origin of elephants, their diet, the diseases that affect them, and their treatment. ### Hastyayurveda Samhita * It consists of four sections, encompassing 160 chapters. * A copy is available at the Raja Serfoji Saraswathi Mahal Library in Thanjavur, South India. * It classifies elephants into different categories. #### Sections of Hastyayurveda Samhita * Maharogasthana: Describes major diseases, including fevers, headaches, and eye problems. * Kshudrarogasthana: Discusses minor diseases, such as poisonings, vomiting, tooth disorders, and heart diseases. * Shalyarogasthana: Describes wounds, injuries, neurological problems, and gynecological issues. * Uttararogasthana: Covers topics like oiling, diet, seasonal food, and other treatments. ### Ashwayurveda * Ashwayurveda is the science of horse medicine. * The most important text on Ashwayurveda is the Shalihotra Samhita. ### Shalihotra Samhita * Shalihotra, the founder of Ashwayurveda, was a resident of the city of Shalatur. * It was written around 2350 BC. * It describes the structure of the horse, its speed, its diseases, and how to treat them. ### Key Aspects of Ashwayurveda * Horse speed is the most important factor. * The structure of a horse's body determines its ability. * Horses are susceptible to diseases and injuries, especially those involved in warfare. ### The Importance of Horses in India * Horses have played a significant role in Indian society since antiquity. * They were used for transportation, warfare, agriculture, trade, and domestic work. * Horses were prized possessions of the kings and were used by soldiers for combat. * Common citizens and traders also relied on horses for transportation and trade. ## Chapter 7- Status of Ayurveda during the period of Ashoka, Mughal, and British rule ### The Origins of Ayurveda * Ayurveda existed even before the creation of the universe. * It was remembered and systematized by Lord Brahma. * The knowledge was passed down through the Guru-Shishya Parampara. * Ayurveda is considered the fifth Veda. ### The Importance of Vedas * Vedas are a source of complete knowledge, including Ayurveda. * They encompass social systems, practical systems, and social structures. ### The Suppression of Indian Vedic Civilization and Ayurveda * Civilizations hostile to the Indian Vedic tradition emerged and suppressed or destroyed Vedic civilization. * Jainism opposed animal slaughter, non-vegetarian diets, autopsies, and many aspects of Ayurvedic medicine. * Buddhism, founded in the 6th Century BC, adopted and propagated Ayurveda, although it opposed the Indian Vedic religious and social traditions. ### The Reign of Emperor Ashoka (272-232 BC) * Ashoka extended his kingdom substantially. * His reign was a time of advancement in social systems, cultural systems, business systems, art, and medical systems. * Ashoka's inscriptions provide information about the conditions of the time. * Ashoka embraced non-violence and championed the importance of health services. * He established hospitals and veterinary hospitals. * He encouraged the cultivation of medicinal plants. * He promoted Ayurveda both within India and abroad, leading to the spread of Ayurveda to other countries. ### The Mughal Rule * The Mughals initially opposed the Indian Vedic civilization and Ayurveda. * They adopted Unani medicine, which was considered a rival system to Ayurveda. * However, some Mughals studied and embraced Ayurveda. ### The British Rule * The British introduced allopathic medicine to India. * Traders, especially those from Portugal, brought allopathic doctors and promoted the system of allopathic medicine. ## Chapter 8 - Contribution of Scholars of the Modern Era ### Acharya Gana Nath Sen * A renowned scholar of Sanskrit and Ayurveda. * Born in Varanasi in 1877. * Studied Ayurveda and Sanskrit from his father and another physician named Kali Prasad Sen. * Studied medicine at Calcutta Medical College until 1903. * Completed his MA in Sanskrit in 1908. * He established a pharmacy, a college, and a hospital as well as Vishwanath Vidyapeeth. * He was a member of the All India Mahasammelan and the Panchamahabhuta Tridosha Sambhasha Parishad. ### Vaidya Yamini Bhushan Rai * Born in 1879 in Bengal. * Studied medicine at Calcutta Medical College. * He established a pharmacy and the Ashtaanga Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya College. ### Vaidya Shankar Dajishastri Pade * Born in 1867. * A scholar of astrology. * He established Ayurveda colleges in Bombay and Nasik. ### Acharya Swami Lakshmiram * Born in 1874. * He was the chairman of the Ayurveda Department of the Jaipur Government Ayurveda College. ### Acharya Yadavji Trikamji * Born in 1881 in Gujarat. * A scholar of Ayurveda and Unani medicine. ### Dr. P. M. Mehta * Studied modern medicine and Ayurveda. ### Vaidya B. G. Ghanekar * Born in Maharashtra. * Professor of Ayurveda at Banaras Hindu University. ### Vaidya Damodar Sharma Gaur * Born in Rajasthan. * Professor of Anatomy at the Ayurvedic College of Banaras Hindu University. ### Acharya Priyavrat Sharma * Born in Bihar. ## Chapter 9 - Globalization of Ayurveda * Ayurveda is the oldest system of medicine in the world. * It has spread throughout the world through the Guru-Shishya Parampara, religious propaganda, and the development of Devatvayashraya (divine healing) and Yuktivayashraya (rational healing). * Ayurveda has been embraced by many countries. * Gujarat Ayurveda University is working to spread Ayurveda. * There are research centers and colleges dedicated to Ayurveda worldwide. * Many countries offer Ayurvedic education. ### Globalization of Ayurveda * The world is becoming increasingly interconnected. * This process is driven by the exchange of culture, ideas, products, and technology. * The AYUSH Ministry is promoting Indian culture and Ayurveda around the world, particularly through the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). ### The History of the AYUSH Ministry * The AYUSH Ministry was originally called the Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy (ISM&H), founded in 1995. * In 2003, the department was renamed as the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH). * It has focused on promoting education and research in these systems. * The AYUSH Ministry has established academic chairs in foreign universities and institutes. ### Misra (Egypt) * Evidence of civilization and trade between India and Egypt dates back to 3000 BC. * The exchange of goods included gold, silver, gemstones, medicine, silk, mineral substances, and spices. * There were considerable similarities between the two cultures, including social systems, language, religion, and medical practices. ### Sri Lanka * India has historically had close ties with Sri Lanka. * The connections included trade, religion, and education. * The influence of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka can be traced back to the Treta Yuga. * King Buddha Das promoted Ayurveda in Sri Lanka. * The Indigenous Medical Board of Lanka was established in 1928 and the Colombo College of Indian Medicine was founded in 1929. ### Nepal * Nepal is a Hindu nation that has been influenced by Indian culture. * Ayurveda is the primary system of medicine in Nepal. * The education of Ayurveda is passed down through the Guru Parampara. * The Ayurveda Vidyalya was established in 1984. * Nepal has a rich tradition of herbs. * It has strong ties with India in terms of trading herbs and medicines. ## Chapter 10 - Developmental Activities in Ayurveda in the Post-Independence Period * Ayurveda is a time-honored system of medicine. * It has been passed down through the Guru-Shishya Parampara. * Ayurvedic universities and colleges emerged in India. * In 1926, the Medical Council of India was formed. * After Independence in 1947, the government of India made efforts to revive and develop Ayurveda. * The Chopra Committee, formed in 1947, recommended developing Ayurveda alongside modern medicine and establishing postgraduate institutions and research centers. * The Dave Committee, formed in 1955, advocated for the registration of Vaidyas and the establishment of a single education for Ayurveda and modern medicine. * The Pandit Committee, formed in 1949, recommended establishing a central research center in Jamnagar. * The CCRIMH was formed in 1958 and later divided into four research councils: CCRAS, CCRUM, CCRH, and CCRY. * A separate Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS) was established in 1965. ### The Bhore Committee (1945) * The Bhore Committee stressed the importance of Ayurveda medicine and suggested that Ayurveda should be managed by the State Governments. ### The Chopra Committee (1946) * The Chopra Committee advocated for a coordinated approach to modern medicine and Ayurveda. ### The Pandit Committee (1949) * The Pandit Committee recommended establishing a central research center in Jamnagar. ### The Dave Committee (1955) * The Dave Committee recommended the registration of Vaidyas, the standardization of Ayurveda education, and the creation of a single system for education. ## Conclusion * Ayurveda has a long history and remains one of the world’s important and respected systems of medicine. * It is gaining recognition as a system of holistic medicine and its potential for treating a wide range of ailments. * Globalization is contributing to the spread of Ayurveda and increasing its knowledge and implementation around the world.