History of Pharmacy in India PDF

History of the Pharmacy Profession and Pharmacy Education in India  Pharmacy education at the certificate level in India began in 1842 in Goa under Portuguese rule. The formal training of compounders was initiated in 1881 in Bengal, and university- level pharmacy education sta...

History of the Pharmacy Profession and Pharmacy Education in India  Pharmacy education at the certificate level in India began in 1842 in Goa under Portuguese rule. The formal training of compounders was initiated in 1881 in Bengal, and university- level pharmacy education started in 1937 at Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. The first known pharmacies or drug stores were established in Baghdad in 754. A revolution in science and technology following World War I significantly impacted the pharmacy profession.  As a healthcare profession, the independent government of India enacted 'The Pharmacy Act' in 1948 to regulate pharmacy education and the profession itself. - **Father of Pharmacy**: William Procter Jr., an American pharmacist. - **Father of Indian Pharmacy**: Mahadev Lal Schroff.  Traditionally, pharmacy has been recognized as the art and science of preparing drugs and medicines. The word "pharmacy" is derived from the Greek word "PHARMAKON," which means drug. In ancient times, physicians also practiced pharmacy, and Hippocrates, the renowned Greek physician, known as the father of medicine, is believed to have prepared or at least supervised the preparation of his own prescriptions.  An apothecary, a historical term for a medical professional who formulated and dispensed medicines to both physicians and patients, is a role now filled by the pharmacist. The earliest pharmacies were known as apothecary shops. Pharmacists were primarily responsible for compounding various medicinal preparations based on the prescriptions provided by physicians, such as mixtures, ointments, pills, tinctures, syrups, elixirs, and powders. They ensured these medicines were appropriately labeled and provided suitable advice for their use.  In earlier times, crude drugs were directly used by physicians in diagnoses, and pharmacists provided herbs and drugs. Medications were identified by their morphological appearance and organoleptic properties. In India, as in many other countries, pharmacy was historically integrated with medicine in systems such as Ayurveda and Siddha.  Pharmacy is a versatile, dynamic, and rapidly evolving profession, offering a wide range of opportunities for service. This ancient profession has transformed into a hub for global healthcare, evolving into a multidisciplinary and multifaceted field in recent years. भारत में फामेसी पेशे का इततहास और फामेसी तशक्षा का तिकास फामेसी तशक्षा की शुरुआत: भारत में फामेसी की शिक्षा का आरम्भ प्रमाण पत्र स्तर पर 1842 में गोवा में पु ततगाशियोों द्वारा शकया गया था। 1881 में बों गाि में औषशियोों के कोंपाउों श ों ग का औपचाररक प्रशिक्षण िुरू हुआ और शवश्वशवद्यािय स्तर पर फामेसी शिक्षा 1937 में बनारस श ों दू शवश्वशवद्यािय (वाराणसी) में आरम्भ हुई।( प्राचीन फामेसी) फामेसी का इशत ास बहुत पु राना ै । प िी फामेशसयााँ या दवाखाने 754 ई. में बगदाद में स्थाशपत शकए गए थे। फामेसी का कायत दवा बनाने और प्रदान करने का ोता था। तिश्व यु द्ध के बाद बदलाि : शद्वतीय शवश्व यु द्ध के बाद शवज्ञान और प्रौद्योशगकी के शवकास ने फामेसी पे िे में क्ाों शत िा दी। (फामेसी अतितनयम) स्वतोंत्र भारत की सरकार ने 1948 में ‘फामेसी अशिशनयम’ िागू शकया ताशक फामेसी पे िे और शिक्षा को शनयों शत्रत शकया जा सके। फामेसी के तपतामह : शवश्व स्तर पर फामेसी के शपताम 'शवशियम प्रॉक्टर जूशनयर' (अमेररकी फामात शसस्ट) माने जाते ैं , जबशक भारतीय फामेसी के शपताम 'म ादे व िाि श्रॉफ' ैं। फामेसी का मूल और तिकास: पारों पररक रूप से फामेसी को दवा बनाने की किा और शवज्ञान के रूप में जाना जाता था। फामेसी िब्द ग्रीक िब्द ‘फामात कॉन’से आया ै , शजसका अथत ै दवा। (प्राचीन तचतकत्सा और फामेसी) प्राचीन काि में, शचशकत्सक स्वयों फामेसी का अभ्यास करते थे। माना जाता ै शक श प्पोक्ेट् स, शजन्हें शचशकत्सा का जनक माना जाता ै , अपनी खुद की औषशियोों को तैयार करते थे या उनकी तैयारी की दे खरे ख करते थे। अपोथे करी (Apothecary): अपोथेकरी एक ऐशत ाशसक नाम ै जो उन शचशकत्सा पे िेवरोों के शिए इस्ते माि ोता था, जो शचशकत्सकोों और रोशगयोों को दवाएों बनाते और दे ते थे। आज य भूशमका फामातशसस्ट द्वारा शनभाई जाती ै ।फामाातसस्ट की भू तमका : फामात शसस्ट का मुख्य कायत दवाओों को तैयार करना और उन्हें िोगोों की जरूरत के श साब से शमिाना था। इन पे िेवरोों ने शचशकत्सकोों द्वारा शदए गए नुस्ोों के आिार पर दवाओों को तैयार और शवतररत शकया। वे शमश्रण, मि म, गोशियाों , शटों चर, शसरप, एशिक्सिर, पाउ र आशद बनाते थे, उन्हें उपयु क्त रूप से पै क करते थे, िेबि िगाते थे और उन्हें स ी सिा के साथ शवतररत करते थे शक उन्हें कैसे उपयोग करना ै । प्राचीन तचतकत्सा में फामेसी : पु राने समय में, प्रत्यक्ष कच्चे औषिीय पौिोों का उपयोग शनदान के शिए शकया जाता था। आवश्यक जडी-बू शटयोों और औषशियोों को फामात शसस्ट द्वारा उपिब्ध कराया जाता था। भारत में पारं पररक तचतकत्सा और फामेसी : भारत में भी, फामेसी आयु वेद और शसद्ध शचशकत्सा प्रणािी का श स्सा र ी ै। फामेसी का ितामान स्वरूप : फामेसी एक बहुमुखी, गशतिीि, और बढ़ता हुआ पे िा ै , जो स्वास्थ्य सेवा का एक म त्वपू णत श स्सा बन गया ै और ाि के समय में एक बहु-शवषयक और बहुआयामी क्षेत्र के रूप में शवकशसत हुआ ै । इस प्रकार, भारत में फामेसी पे िा और शिक्षा का शवकास एक िोंबी यात्रा र ी ै , जो आज भी स्वास्थ्य सेवा के क्षेत्र में म त्वपू णत योगदान दे र ी ै । उद्योग में फामेसी का सं बंि— Pharmacy relation in Industry- उद्योग में फामाातसस्ट कई तरह से कई काम करते हैं। In industry pharmacist perform many works in many ways. 1. Formulation development— Commercial drug production is a difficult tasks for any pharmaceutical companies. Due to involvement of pharmacy in pharmaceutical, it is easy way to developed commercial formulation and developing a complete understanding of the form and structure of the drug substance and drug products.  Pharmacist also involved in the formulation testing and make a successful pharmaceutical formulation requires the combination of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients(API) with inactive excipients.  Physicochemical analysis can aid excipient selection, enable the stability of the drug substance and drug product to be assessed, and also ensure the critical material attributes (CMAs) relating to formulation performance are identified as part of the design space definition applied for downstream manufacturing controls.  फॉमूालेशन तिकास— व्यावसाशयक दवा उत्पादन शकसी भी फामात स्युशटकि कोंपनी के शिए एक कशिन कायत ोता ै । फामेसी की भागीदारी के कारण, व्यावसाशयक फॉमूतिेिन का शवकास करना और दवा के पदाथत और उत्पादोों के रूप और सोंरचना को पू री तर से समझना आसान ो जाता ै ।  फामाातसस्ट-फॉमूतिेिन परीक्षण में भी िाशमि ोते ैं , और एक सफि फामात स्युशटकि फॉमूतिेिन बनाने के शिए एक्सक्टव फामातस्युशटकि इों ग्रीश एों ट् स (API) को शनक्सिय स ायक पदाथों (एक्सिशपएों ट् स) के साथ शमिाने की आवश्यकता ोती ै ।  भौततक-रासायतनक तिश्ले षण- स ायक पदाथों (एक्सिशपएों ट् स) के चयन में मदद कर सकता ै , दवा के पदाथत और उत्पाद की क्सस्थरता का मूल्ाों कन करने में सक्षम बनाता ै , और य सुशनशित करता ै शक फॉमूतिेिन प्रदितन से सोंबोंशित म त्वपू णत सामग्री गु ण (CMAs) प चान में आएों जो ाउनस्टर ीम शनमात ण शनयों त्रण के शिए श जाइन स्पेस पररभाषा का श स्सा ोते ैं । 2. Manufacturing department— Proper equipment, proper procedure and suitable conditions are the necessary conditions for any manufacturing units. In pharmaceutical it is also decided by the pharmacist. Pharmacist developed and maintain Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) and provide effective training to products staffs.  Proper sanitation and hygiene conditions are also developed by the pharmacist and it is also decided the safety area and safety environment for the manufacturing units.  Assist and review production batch records have all the necessary information for final approval and release decision and also conduct and support companies research and development projects. 2.तनमााण तिभाग—शकसी भी शनमात ण इकाई के शिए उशचत उपकरण, स ी प्रशक्या और उपयु क्त पररक्सस्थशतयााँ आवश्यक ोती ैं । फामातस्युशटकि उद्योग में भी ये सब फामात शसस्ट द्वारा शनिात ररत शकए जाते ैं । फामात शसस्ट मानक सोंचािन प्रशक्या (SOP) शवकशसत करते ैं और उत्पाद कमतचाररयोों को प्रभावी प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करते ैं।  उशचत स्वच्छता और सफाई की क्सस्थशत भी फामातशसस्ट द्वारा शवकशसत की जाती ैं, और शनमात ण इकाइयोों के शिए सुरशक्षत क्षेत्र और सुरशक्षत वातावरण भी शनिात ररत शकया जाता ै ।  फामात शसस्ट उत्पादन बै च ररकॉ त की स ायता और समीक्षा करते ैं ताशक अों शतम मोंजूरी और ररिीज शनणतय के शिए सभी आवश्यक जानकारी उपिब्ध ो सके, और कोंपशनयोों के अनुसोंिान और शवकास पररयोजनाओों में भी स ायता और समथतन प्रदान करते ैं । 3. Quality control and Quality assurance: The main function of quality control is to test and verify the products quality according to pharmacopoeial standards.  QC is product-oriented and focuses on products by determining quality defects in finished products that might affect customer satisfaction. Here are a few examples of each type of activity:  QA is process-oriented, and it primarily focuses on processes and procedures for improving quality and preventing quality defects before they occur. 3. गुणित्ता तनयंत्रण और गुणित्ता सु तनतितता: गु णवत्ता शनयों त्रण का मुख्य कायत फामातकोशपयि मानकोों के अनुसार उत्पाद की गु णवत्ता का परीक्षण और सत्यापन करना ै ।   गु णवत्ता शनयों त्रण में कच्चे माि और पै केशजोंग सामग्री का नमूना शनरीक्षण, परीक्षण, ररिीज और दस्तावेजीकरण उच्च कौिि वािे व्यक्सक्त (फामात शसस्ट) द्वारा शनयों शत्रत शकए जाते ैं । QC शवभाग उत्पादोों की िेल्फ िाइफ और क्सस्थरता परीक्षण को पररभाशषत करता ै और कच्चे माि और तैयार उत्पादोों की सूक्ष्मजीव गशतशवशि की शनगरानी भी करता ै।  गु णवत्ता सुशनशितता (QA) शवभाग शकसी पररयोजना, सेवा या सुशविा के शवशभन्न प िुओों की सुशनयोशजत शनगरानी और मूल्ाोंकन करता ै ताशक य सुशनशित शकया जा सके शक दवाओों के गु णवत्ता मानकोों का पािन ो र ा ै। य सेवा या उत्पाद में वाों शित स्तर की गु णवत्ता बनाए रखने के शिए भी शजम्मेदार ोता ै, खासकर शवतरण या उत्पादन की प्रशक्या के र चरण पर ध्यान दे कर। य रोशगयोों की आवश्यकता और सुशविा के अनुसार दवाओों की खुराक और फॉमूतिेिन को भी सुशनशित करता ै । 4. Drug Information: Pharmacists are also known as drug experts because it gains a lot of knowledge during the academic session. In industry it informed the drugs composition and formulation and also defined the drug advantage (useful effect) and disadvantage (Harmful or adverse effect).chemically drugs are active or inactive it is decided by the pharmacists and also provided the drugs reaction with other drugs.  Drug are the chemical substances, which are design for treating the disease.It is also provide the complete information about suitable excepients ( coloring agent, flavouring agent etc). 4. दिा जानकारी- फामात शसस्ट को दवा शविेषज्ञ भी क ा जाता ै क्ोोंशक वे अपने िैक्षशणक सत्र के दौरान बहुत ज्ञान प्राप्त करते ैं । उद्योग में, वे दवाओों की सोंरचना और फॉमूतिेिन के बारे में जानकारी दे ते ैं और दवा के फायदे (िाभकारी प्रभाव) और नुकसान ( ाशनकारक या प्रशतकूि प्रभाव) को भी पररभाशषत करते ैं । रासायशनक रूप से दवाएों सशक्य या शनक्सिय ोती ैं, य फामात शसस्ट द्वारा शनिातररत शकया जाता ै और वे अन्य दवाओों के साथ दवाओों की प्रशतशक्या के बारे में भी जानकारी प्रदान करते ैं । दवाएों रासायशनक पदाथत ोते ैं, शजन्हें रोगोों के उपचार के शिए श जाइन शकया जाता ै । य दवाओों के उपयु क्त स ायक पदाथों (जैसे रों ग दे ने वािे, स्वाद दे ने वािे आशद) के बारे में भी पू री जानकारी प्रदान करते ैं । 5. Regulatory affairs: In industry, regulatory affairs is a profession developed from the desire of governments to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of medicinal products like veterinary medicines, medical devices, pesticides, agrochemicals, cosmetics and complementary medicines.  Regulatory department responsible for the discovery, testing, manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products wanting to ensure that they supply products that are safe and make a worthwhile contribution to public health and welfare.   Regulatory department promote strategic and technical advice at the highest level in their industries, making an important contribution both commercially and scientifically development.  Keeping track of the ever-changing legislation in all the regions in which a company wishes to distribute its products and give advice on legal and scientific restraints and requirements. 5.तनयामक मामले- उद्योग में, शनयामक मामिे एक पे िा ै जो सरकारोों की सावतजशनक स्वास्थ्य की सुरक्षा के शिए दवाओों, शचशकत्सा उपकरणोों, कीटनािकोों, कृशष रसायनोों, सौोंदयत प्रसािनोों और पू रक दवाओों की सुरक्षा और प्रभावकाररता को शनयों शत्रत करने की इच्छा से शवकशसत हुआ ै ।  शनयामक शवभाग दवा उत्पादोों की खोज, परीक्षण, शनमात ण और शवपणन के शिए शजम्मेदार ोता ै, य सुशनशित करने के शिए शक वे सुरशक्षत उत्पाद प्रदान करें और सावतजशनक स्वास्थ्य और कल्ाण में म त्वपू णत योगदान दें ।  शनयामक शवभाग अपने उद्योगोों में उच्चतम स्तर पर रणनीशतक और तकनीकी सिा प्रदान करते ैं , जो वाशणक्सिक और वैज्ञाशनक शवकास में म त्वपू णत योगदान दे ती ै ।  कोंपनी द्वारा अपने उत्पादोों का शवतरण शकए जाने वािे सभी क्षेत्रोों में िगातार बदिते हुए कानूनोों पर नजर रखना और कानूनी और वैज्ञाशनक प्रशतबों िोों और आवश्यकताओों पर सिा दे ना। 6. Sales and marketing: For any industry growth and development sales and marketing is a very important factor. Pharmaceutical marketing is presently the most organized and comprehensive information system for updating physicians about the availability, safety, efficacy, hazards, and techniques of using medicines.  Marketing is a process that starts with identifying and understanding the needs and wants of the customer (demand) and then fulfilling those needs and wants (supply). An effective marketing plan offers a solution to fulfill the needs and wants of society (individuals and organizations), while achieving the goals of the organization.  In addition, marketing can create new needs or reformat existing needs. Both customers (demand) and organizations (supply) have objectives.  In marketing, pharmacists are direct attached to the patients and physicians so it provided the complete information about the public need and requirements. 6. तबक्री और तिपणन:- शकसी भी उद्योग की वृक्सद्ध और शवकास के शिए शबक्ी और शवपणन एक म त्वपू णत कारक ोते ैं । फामात स्युशटकि शवपणन वततमान में शचशकत्सकोों को दवाओों की उपिब्धता, सुरक्षा, प्रभावकाररता, खतरोों और उपयोग की तकनीकोों के बारे में अप े ट करने के शिए सबसे सोंगशित और व्यापक सूचना प्रणािी ै ।  शवपणन एक प्रशक्या ै जो ग्रा क की आवश्यकताओों और इच्छाओों (माों ग) को प चानने और समझने से िुरू ोती ै, और शफर उन आवश्यकताओों और इच्छाओों को पू रा करने (आपू शतत) पर केंशित ोती ै । एक  प्रभावी शवपणन योजना समाज (व्यक्सक्तयोों और सोंगिनोों) की आवश्यकताओों और इच्छाओों को पू रा करने का समािान प्रदान करती ै , जबशक सोंगिन के िक्ष्ोों को प्राप्त करती ै ।  साथ ी, शवपणन नई आवश्यकताएाँ उत्पन्न कर सकता ै या मौजूदा आवश्यकताओों को शफर से स्वरूशपत कर सकता ै । ग्रा क (माों ग) और सोंगिन (आपू शतत) दोनोों के पास अपने-अपने उद्दे श्य ोते ैं ।  शवपणन में, फामात शसस्ट सीिे रोशगयोों और शचशकत्सकोों से जुडे ोते ैं, इसशिए वे सावतजशनक आवश्यकताओों और आवश्यकताओों के बारे में पू री जानकारी प्रदान करते ैं । Management: Marketing management is the analysis, planning, an implementation the control over actions, aimed on an establishment, fastening and support of favorable exchanges with target buyers for the achievement of certain problems of the organization, such, as profit reception, sales volume growth, increase market share, etc. प्रबंिन:-शवपणन प्रबों िन शवश्ले षण, योजना, कायातन्वयन और शक्याओों पर शनयों त्रण का एक प्रशक्या ै , शजसका उद्दे श्य िशक्षत खरीदारोों के साथ अनुकूि आदान-प्रदान की स्थापना, मजबू ती और समथतन करना ै , ताशक सोंगिन के कुि समस्याओों को ि शकया जा सके, जैसे िाभ प्राक्सप्त, शबक्ी वॉल्ूम वृक्सद्ध, बाजार श स्सेदारी में वृक्सद्ध, आशद। Pharmacy Practice and Various Professional Associations. OR Pharmacy As A Career Introduction: Pharmacy focuses on organizing educational programs and research to promote awareness of drug quality standards. Pharmacists, as key figures in healthcare, work in various roles such as academic, industrial, community, and clinical settings. They ensure proper medication use, making them essential to the nation’s health system. General/ clinical practice:  Clinical pharmacists utilize their expertise to create and assess medication plans for patients, focusing on dose appropriateness, side effects, efficacy, and potential drug interactions.  They often work directly with patients, educating them about their medications and promoting adherence to prescribed treatments.  Pharmacists monitor patient progress and provide recommendations for adjustments in medication therapy to both patients and healthcare professionals. They also serve as key sources of medical information.  With new government regulations, pharmacists can now open clinics, offer primary care, and manage emergency conditions when doctors are unavailable. Academic practice:   Academic pharmacists focus on teaching, research, and training future pharmacists. Based on their knowledge and skills, they are appointed to various positions in academic institutions.  They contribute significantly to the healthcare system by organizing seminars, projects, and academic programs. Education helps motivate healthcare professionals to improve.  Through basic education and pre-registration training, students gain a strong understanding of pharmaceutical sciences, allowing them to keep up with advancements in medicine and pharmacy throughout their careers.  Pharmacists also provide knowledge about drug preparation, distribution, effects, and uses. Educational programs help professionals stay up to date. With practical training, pharmacists gain specialized knowledge in drugs and their therapeutic actions. Overall, academic pharmacists play a foundational role in the pharmacy profession. In Health program:-  According to the WHO, "Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease." Ayurveda defines health, or "Swastha," as a balanced metabolism. Despite some limitations, the WHO's concept of health is broad and positive, offering a general goal for nations to work toward.  Health is an essential part of development and is central to the idea of quality of life, making it a global social goal. To achieve this goal, nations employ various healthcare professionals such as pharmacists, doctors, nurses, compounders, and dispensers.  Pharmacists also provide additional health services, such as: 1. Health missions 2. Health consultations 3. Assisting doctors In Hospital Pharmacy:  Hospital pharmacists play a crucial role in managing the supply of all medicines used in the hospital. They are responsible for purchasing, manufacturing, dispensing, and quality testing of medications, with the support of pharmacy assistants and technicians.  They provide information on potential side effects and ensure that medicines are compatible with a patient's current medications.  Hospital pharmacists also monitor the effectiveness and safety of treatments to ensure they are appropriate for patients. Like doctors, they often join ward rounds and are involved in selecting treatments for patients.   Some pharmacists specialize as consultants in fields such as Hematology (blood), Nephrology (kidneys), Cardiology (heart), Urology (urinary system), Pediatrics (children), Diabetes, and Infectious Diseases. They also participate in: 1. Prescribing 2. Dispensing 3. Administration 4. Documentation 5. Monitoring Pharmacovigilance: Pharmacovigilance is the science and practice of detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse effects or any other problems related to medicines or vaccines. The term "pharmacovigilance" comes from the Greek word "pharmakon" (meaning drug) and the Latin word "vigilare" (meaning to keep watch). Its primary focus is to identify potential risks associated with pharmaceutical products and to minimize any harm that could affect patients. Research and development:  Pharmacists contribute to research, with their expertise in formulation development being crucial for the bioavailability of active ingredients. They conduct various experiments, develop drug formulations, and create convenient dosage forms based on demand and need, while maintaining drug records. They also select appropriate excipients for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and assist in developing combination drugs.  Additionally, pharmacists are involved in vaccine preparation. Pharmaceutical marketing and Management: Pharmacists participate in marketing and distribution by providing valuable information about drugs to physicians.  Advertising, news, and multimedia are key components of pharmaceutical marketing.  Management is a crucial aspect of any job or company. In the pharmaceutical industry, management includes regular checks on drugs, maintaining appropriate temperature, regulating moisture, and ensuring proper light exposure. Regular practice and time management are vital factors in any role. The involvement of pharmacists at all levels of management fosters an ethical approach to management policies. Chemist shop and Medical store:  Pharmacists are authorized to open their own chemist shops, where they check and dispense prescription drugs and provide advice on drug selection and usage. These pharmacists are known as community pharmacists. They work closely with the public, offering comprehensive information about various diseases.   Community pharmacists are increasingly taking on clinical roles that have traditionally been performed by doctors, such as managing asthma and diabetes, as well as conducting blood pressure tests.  Additionally, they assist individuals in quitting smoking, making healthier dietary changes, and providing guidance on reproductive health issues. In Industry: In the industry, pharmacists play a key role and are responsible for a wide range of activities. They are involved in the drug discovery process, drug safety studies, formulation of dosage forms, clinical trials, marketing, and management. Roles of Pharmacists in Industry: - Formulation development - Manufacturing - Quality control and quality assurance - Sales and marketing - Management Pharmacopoeia Introduction of Pharmacopoeia: Pharmacopoeia is the authoritative organization dedicated to ensuring the consistency and quality of medicines. It serves as a standard reference for drug formulation and is published by each country under its government’s authority. The term "pharmacopoeia" is derived from Greek, where "pharmakon" means drug and "copoeia" means to make. Types of Pharmacopoeia Every country has its own pharmacopoeia, so it’s difficult to categorize them into specific types. Here are some key pharmacopoeias:  Indian Pharmacopoeia  British Pharmacopoeia  United States Pharmacopoeia Indian Pharmacopoeia Overview The Indian Pharmacopoeia is published by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) on behalf of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Bengal Pharmacopoeia (1844): Although this book was not officially published, it was named as such. Legal and Official Publication by IPC (1945) Headquarters: Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.  The IPC is regulated by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.  The Indian Pharmacopoeia is written in English, with official titles of monographs presented in Latin.  It meets the requirements of the Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the rules established in 1945.  In 1946:- Indian government published a list of the Indian Pharmacopoeia, which served as a supplement to the British Pharmacopoeia. - Following this, a permanent Indian Pharmacopoeia Committee was established in **1948**. Historical Editions  First Edition**: Published in **1955** under the chairmanship of Dr. B.N. Ghosh, a professor of pharmacology at R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata.  Second Edition**: Released in **1966**, with a supplement in **1975**. The committee was reconstituted in **1978** under Dr. Nityanand, Director of the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow. Third Edition**: Published in **1985**, which included two addendums.  Addendum Volume 1** (1989): Included monographs from A to P, adding 46 new and amending 126 existing monographs.  Addendum Volume 2** (1991): Covered monographs from Q to Z, adding 62 new and amending 110 existing monographs. Fourth Edition**: Released in **1996** under Dr. Nityanand, with veterinary product addendums published in **2002** and **2005. Fifth Edition**: Published in **2007**, with an addendum in **2008**. This edition was presented in three volumes: - **Volume 1**: General notices and general chapters. - **Volume 2**: General monographs on drug substances, dosage forms, and pharmaceutical aids. Sixth Edition**: Released in **2010**, also in three volumes: - **Volume 1**: Notices, preface, acknowledgments, introduction, and general chapters. - **Volume 2**: Monographs on drug substances and dosage forms (A to M). - **Volume 3**: Monographs on drug substances, dosage forms (N to Z), vaccines, and herbal products. Seventh Edition**: Published in **2014**, presented in four volumes, incorporating 2,550 monographs, with 577 being new. Eighth Edition**: Released in **2018**, published by IPC on behalf of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It features: - Four volumes - 220 new monographs, including: - 170 new chemical monographs - 49 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) - 64 formulations - 53 fixed-dose formulations - 15 new herbal monographs - 3 new radiopharmaceutical monographs - 14 new veterinary non-biological monographs - 18 new biological monographs - 2 vaccines and immunosera for human use - 6 biotechnology-derived therapeutic products - 10 blood and blood-related products Salient Features of the Indian Pharmacopoeia - The Indian Pharmacopoeia aims to improve public health by ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of medicines. - It includes procedures for analyzing and specifying the quality of pharmaceutical substances, excipients, and dosage forms. - General chapters on volumetric glassware, conductivity, dissolution tests, disintegration tests, and dimensions of hard gelatin capsule shells have been revised. - The pharmacopoeia now includes products from biotechnology, indigenous herbs, veterinary vaccines, and additional antiretroviral drugs and formulations, including commonly used fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). - The pharmacopoeia contains 170 chemical monographs, 15 herbal monographs, 10 blood and blood-related product monographs, 6 biotechnology monographs, 3 pharmaceuticals monographs, 2 vaccines and immunosera monographs, and 14 veterinary non-biological product monographs. - Each monograph for official substances or preparations includes definitions, descriptions, identification, packaging, storage specifications, impurities, assays, specific tests, analytical procedures, acceptance criteria, and other requirements.  - General chemical tests and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for identification have been largely replaced with more specific tests, such as infrared, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). - The use of chromatographic methods has been significantly expanded to enhance specificity in assays and in evaluating the nature and extent of impurities in ingredients and products. - To control the microbial quality of all medicinal products, maintenance, preservation, identification, and disposal of microorganisms have been revised, and pyrogen tests have been replaced by the Bacterial Endotoxin Test (BET) in parenteral preparations. British Pharmacopoeia (BP) British Pharmacopoeia :- The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) is an official reference work for the United Kingdom, published annually by the British Pharmacopoeia Commission, a nonprofit organization that holds the rights to its trademark and copyright. The latest edition, BP 2020, replaced BP 2019 and became legally effective from January 1, 2020. This edition introduces 35 new monographs and includes amendments to 331 existing ones. or British Pharmacopoeia was published by the Health ministry of the United Kingdom. In is also known as National Pharmacopoeia of the United Kingdom. British Pharmacopoeia Headquarters : London, United Kingdom The British Pharmacopoeia (BP) consists of six volumes, organized as follows: - **Volumes I and II**: Medicinal Substances - **Volume III**: - Formulated Preparations  - Blood-related Preparations - Immunological Products - Radiopharmaceutical Preparations - Surgical Materials - Homeopathic Preparations - **Volume IV**: - Appendices - Infrared Reference Spectra - Index Volume V British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary) Volume VI (CD-ROM version) British Pharmacopoeia British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary) Appendices and Indices Appendix 1: Interactions Appendix 2: Borderline substances Appendix 3: Cautionary and advisory labels for dispensed medicines Appendix 4: Wound management products and elasticated garments Dental Practitioners' Formulary The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) is an official pharmacopoeia for the U.S., published annually by the United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, a nonprofit organization that holds the trademark and copyright. The first edition of the USP was released on December 15, 1820, in both Latin and English. From 1820 to 1942, it was published every ten years. Between 1942 and 2000, it was released every five years, and since 2002, it has been published annually. The electronic version of the USP-NF was first introduced on floppy disk in 1992. The current edition, USP 43–NF 38, is set to become official on November 1, 2020, and is published in five volumes. QUESTIONS I. Long answer type questions (Answer 3 out of 4) 3 x 5 = 15. 1) Discuss the pharmacist role in the industrial applications? 2) Define the term pharmacy and discuss the different scope of the pharmacy as a career. 3) What is Pharmacopoeia? Discuss the silent features of the pharmacopoeia. 1. First pharmacy or drug store in Baghdad were established in- a. 754 b. 758 c. 756 d. 752. 2. First edition of Indian pharmacopoeia is published in- a. 1958 b. 1945 c. 1955 d. 1946