APUSH Period 5 Big Ideas PDF

Period 5 Big Ideas Presentation 18 4 7 7 4 -1 8  Manifest Destiny The desire for access to natural/mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refugee led to an increased migration to settlement...

Period 5 Big Ideas Presentation 18 4 7 7 4 -1 8  Manifest Destiny The desire for access to natural/mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refugee led to an increased migration to settlement in the West Manifest Destiny -- westward expansion argued that it was America’s God-given right to possess all the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans John O’Sullivan, editor of the New York Post, among others argued that nonwhite peoples (Natives, Hispanics, enslaved Africans) could not be absorbed in the Republic and that “racial purity” was the key to the nation’s success Thousands of East Coast settlers packed their belongings in wagons and migrated westward along the Oregon Trail -- a grueling journey through mountains, deserts, and Native-held lands that took about 6 months The Gold Rush also impacted movement West -- gold was discovered in California in January 1848, the West Coast thus experienced a sudden population boom 14,000 in 1848 --> 220,000 in 1852 California’s new population included Chinese immigrants and the “Forty-Niners” (migrants, mostly men, who quickly abandoned their East Coast jobs to hopefully find gold in CA)  The Mexican American War The United States acquired large territories in the West following their victory in the Mexican-American War, which further raised questions about the status of slavery After Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845 as the 28th state, Mexico disputed the state’s southern border -- was it the Nueces River or Rio Grande? When American blood was shed at the Rio Grande, Congress declared war on Mexico in May 1846 (Abraham Lincoln, in Congress at the time, opposed the war) Since the United States had experienced the Market Revolution, Mexico and General Antonio López de Santa Anna was not prepared for America’s industrial prowess and lost nearly every major battle General Winfield Scott and American soldiers captured Mexico City and Sept. 1847, effectively ending the bloody fighting and forcing the Mexican Gov. to negotiate peace Congressman David Wilmot introduced an amendment prohibiting slavery in territories acquired by Mexico -- the Wilmot Proviso (1846) -- but it failed to be passed in the Democratic-controlled Senate  The Mexican Cession The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, officially ended the Mexican-American War Mexico gave up its claim to California, New Mexico, and Arizona Territories (1 million square miles of land!), and the USA gave Mexico $15 million in return... the question was whether these states would become free or slave states (?) Compromise of 1850 and Sectional Differences The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies and compromises regarding the existence of slavery in the West Henry Clay wrote the Compromise of 1850 -- California would be admitted as a free state, the slave trade would be banned in Washington D.C., and question of slavery would be decided by the people in New Mexico/Utah/Arizona territories (popular sovereignty) The Fugitive Slave Act was part of this compromise and permitted slave owners to travel northward and “recapture” escaped slvaes; free state civilians and officials had to cooperate As a result of the Bloodhound Bill, abolitionists like Harriet Tubman increased their effort on the Underground Railroad and assisted over 60,000 enslaved peoples to to North/Canada in the 1850s Discontented Northern Democrats who claimed slavery would undermine the free labor market created the Free Soil Party and opposed the expansion of slavery in the West A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement (The Know-Nothing Party) that aimed at limited new immigrants’ political power grew in membership -- it received 21.5% of the vote in 1856 election  Failure of Compromise While the new Republican Party was gaining support, the Kansas- Nebraska Act & Dred Scott decision tried to resolve the issue of slavery in the West, yet failed to reduce conflict In the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), Senator Stephen Douglas proposed that settlers decide whether slavery should be permitted in the Kansas/Nebraska Territories (popular sovereignty) The 1820 Missouri Compromise was repealed This controversial law resulted in a series of violent & bloody confrontations in the Kansas Territory between proslavery/antislavery settlers (Bleeding Kansas) In 1857, Dred Scott, a Missouri slave who traveled through Illinois with his owner, sued for his freedom --> Chief Justice Roger Taney (a slaveholder in early life) & SCOTUS declared that peopple of African descent were not citizens & could not sue in court, slaves would always be slaves (even in free states), and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional... 1854 - Northern Democrats partnered with Free-Soilers and Know-Nothings to create the Republican Party -- this group aimed to CONTAIN slavery and STOP its spread in the West  Lincoln-Douglas Senate Debates (1858) The Illinois Senate race in 1858 was highly competitive Nicknamed Stephen A. Douglas, “Honest Abe” “Little Giant” 5'4" Abraham Advocated Popular Lincoln, 6'4" Sovereignty of Stop spread of slavery/people Slavery in the decide West Arrived at debates Arrived at by railroad w/ debates by fanfare and flags horse and cart  Election of 1860 and Secession After Lincoln’s Presidential victory in 1860, a group of slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history In Oct. 1859, staunch abolitionist John Brown (who had strong religious convictions) seized control of an army arsenal in Virginia and planned to give local slaves weapons -- but his rebellion failed & was later executed The Raid on Harper’s Ferry terrified Southerners, who were strongly convinced that abolitionists would stop at nothing to eradicate slavery Despite only receiving 40% of the popular vote and failing to win a single southern vote, Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 Presidential Election & initially pledged not to abolish slavery and keep the union together Lincoln’s win was seen as an abolitionist victory & a southern threat -- thus, South Carolina left the Union on Dec. 20, 1860... other southern states would follow Election of 1860  Crittenden Compromise Introduced by Senator John J. Crittenden (KY) on December 18, 1860 New Mexico and Indian Territories would become slave states Kansas/Nebraska/Oregon Territories would become free states This was a last ditch appeal to sanity... but Republicans in Congress rejected the compromise and South Carolina left the Union two day slater, determined to preserve their way of life.  The Confederate States... President James Buchanan suggested that the federal gov. had NO authority to stop a state if it left the Union... and he watched the nation collapse. James Buchanan, President of the Union Original flag of the Confederaacy.... the Capital city of Richmond, VA was just 100 miles away from Washington DC Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacay  Fort Sumter Secession starts in December of 1860 in South Carolina Early 1861 - 7 states join South Carolina in secession: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida Following secession, Union forces attempted to maintain control of various National Army forts such as Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie April 12: Confederate forces open fire on Union forces at Fort Sumter and the Civil War officially begins Confederate troops were commanded by the new Confederate President David and General P.G.T. Beauregard April 13: Union Major Robert Anderson surrenders Fort Sumter to the Confederacy  Union and Confederate Strengths/Weaknesses Union Confederacy Strengths: Strengths: Military Leadership (more generals Population (22 million compared to 9 million graduated from West Point Academy, in the South - 3 million slaves) including Robert E. Lee 90% of factories, telegraph lines & railroads Fighting on home soil Natural resources (iron, gold, and coal) Patriotic fever A strong, established government Controlled the seas w/ large navy Weaknesses: Agricultural economy meant a lack of Weaknesses: industry/factories/railroads/communication Lack of military leadership (Lincoln’s generals lines were too problematic) No navy (only few privately owned ships) Overprinting currency and high inflation Fragile gov. in infancy  Union Generals President Lincoln had a tough time finding the right general to lead the Army of the Potomac and fight, chase & destroy Robert E. Lee. After appointing and firing several generals. Lincoln finally found that Ulysses S. Grant was the perfect choice for the top job Winfield Scott George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant (Too old?) (Did not chase) (... Cool beard?) (popular man) (Perfect choice!)  Confederate Generals President Jefferson Davis had several educated, highly-skilled generals in the Army of Northern Virginia who consistently held off the Union Army in the first two years of the war. Jeb Stuart Robert E. Lee James Longstreet Thomas “Stonewall” George Pickett Cavalry - Lee’s Top Commander Lee’s 2nd-in- Jackson Gettysburg blunder Eyes/ears command  Civil War Fighting Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to key victories, greater resources, and strong leadership from President Lincoln In July 1863, Union forces repelled Lee’s Army at the Battle of Gettysburg & Ulysses S. Grant’s soldiers captured the once-formidable Fort Vicksburg These two battles were turning points of the war -- Lee would henceforth be on the defensive and never invade the North again, and the Union Army took control of the Mississippi River & the Confederate’s major in-land trade water routes Owing to the tireless efforts of Ambassador Charles Francis Adams Sr. (son of Prez John Quincy Adams), Britain & France elected to remain neutral -- the Confederates had hoped for Cotton Diplomacy success... In winter of 1864, General William T. Sherman & Union soldiers marched through Georgia, destroying railroads, infrastructures, farms, & civilian properties -- the Scorched Earth Policies badly damaged Confederate supply lines & brought a swift end to positive Southern morale Lincoln’s secret weapon was the telegraph, which he used extensively to communicate with his generals in real time, either issuing commands or directing army movements (the Union had strong executive leadership!)  Gov. Policies during the Civil War Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War impacted American Ideals over the course of the war Northerners became tired & frustrated as the war dragged on with little Union success, so Lincoln issued the Enrollment Act in March 1863, which required military enrollment for every male citizen & immigrant between ages 20-45 (i.e. basically a draft) In July 1863 Northern Draft Riots, immigrants & working-class whites in NY protested against the law... property was damaged and 120 people were killed Lincoln used his executive powers to write the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, which freed enslaved peoples in “rebellious states” & reframed the purpose of the war The president also sought to reunify the country & used speeches like the Nov. 1863 Gettysburg Address to portray struggle against slavery as fulfillment of America’s democratic ideals In the Election of 1864, Lincoln was re-elected president with 55% of the populat vote (Union soldiers voting for him) -- his new VP was Andrew Johnson, a Southern Unionist and the duo ran against Democratic candidate George McClellan 54th Massachusetts: Black American Soldiers After Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, many Black Americans fled the southern plantations & enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy The first Black American regiment in the U.S. Army was the 54th Massachusetts -- over 180,000 Black americans enlisted to fight for freedom The regiment was led by white Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (who was part of a prominent abolitionist family in Boston) -- Black americans were not permitted to become officers at this time... The Black american soldiers faced racial discrimination -- Army Command said they “were not as strong” as white soldiers and were only paid $10 per month instead of the regular $14 per month white pay Shaw and half of the regiment died during the Second Battle of Fort Wagner (July 1863), yet they are memorialized in historical memory  Civil War Casualties The American Civil war the bloodiest William Lundy, The oldest conflict in American History Confederate veteran that An estimated 620,000 men lost their died in 1957 --> lives (2% of the 1865 population) Reports say that approximately 504 soldiers per day died due to battle, disease, and wounds 1.5 million casualities in total (included wounded and missing soldiers) This war tore families apart (father v. son and brother v. brother) Veterans returned home with many physical disabilities Many veterans set aside their differences and met up later on at various Veteran reunions Lincoln’s Assassination (April 14, 1865) Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. -- the President died the next morning from the wound to the back of his head. John Wilkes Booth or John St. Helen? According to history books... John Wilkes Booth was shot to death in a burning barn in Northern Virginina on April 26, 1865 at the age of 26 (after a 12- day manhunt) But some believe Booth changed his name to John St. Helen & worked as a bartender in a saloon in Granbury, TX -- he also acted in the theater next door When St. Helen became ill, he confessed to attorney Finis Bates that he was indeed “John Wilkes Booth... the assassin of President Lincoln” After St. Helen suddenly recovered, he quickly fled the town before officials arrested him... hmmm.  Texas in the Civil War On January 28, 1861, the Texas Secession Convention met in Austin and voted to leave the Union with a margin of 166 to 8 Governor Sam Houston (father of the Texas Revolution) refused to take the Confederate loyalty oath, and the TX legislators declared the governors office vacant (Houston was kicked out of office) The final battle of the Civil War took place at Palmetto Ranch near Brownsville on May 13, 1865 - nearly a month after Lee’s surrender 300 Confederate soldiers beat 500 Union soldiers  Reconstruction Southern blacks’ newly-created civil liberties were short-lived as the ex-Confederates took back power amidst a government power scuffle after the Civil War Reconstruction led to debates over new definitions of citizenship: 13th Amendment (1865) - outlawed slavery in the U.S. 14th Amendment (1868) - granted citizenship to Black Americans 15th Amendment (1870) - Black American men received the vote Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865 to provide food, clothing & land to displaced Southerners after the Civil War, including newly-freed Black Americans A power struggle occurred between new President Andrew Johnson (a democrat) and Radical Republicans in Congress -- Johnson permitted Southern states to quickly rejoin the Union, where ex-Confederates seized back power & attempted to suppress black liberties by enforcing “Black Codes” and creating white supremacist groups  Failure of Reconstruction Segregation, sharecropping, violence & Supreme Court decisions resulted in the failure of Reconstruction. Sharecropping became the new economic system in the South, where ex-slaves rented land from former plantation owners in exchange for a share of the crop to be given to the landowners -- by 1900, 70% of Southern Black Americans were sharecroppers Sharecroppers had to buy their own farming equipment & the white men greedily took their share -- sharecroppers were frequently in debt... White southerners segregated public facilities, enforced literacy tests/poll taxes at voting booths & endorsed local violence against African Americans In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), SCOTUS declared that “Separate but Equal Accommodations” were lawful & constitutional Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 - Republicans promised to remove federal soldiers from the South in exchange for the White House... this permitted the South to further squash black liberties & develop their strict racial hierarchy (Black Codes became Jim Crow Laws)