APUSH Study Guide Chapter 6, 7, 8 PDF

APUSH - Chapter 6, 7, 8 Study Guide CHAPTER 6 Background Adams was re running for president this time against his former vice president - Thomas Jefferson ○ Adams avoided the hate from federalist - solid quartiles appealed to conservatives, liked that he was a...

APUSH - Chapter 6, 7, 8 Study Guide CHAPTER 6 Background Adams was re running for president this time against his former vice president - Thomas Jefferson ○ Adams avoided the hate from federalist - solid quartiles appealed to conservatives, liked that he was against supporting the radical french ideas ○ Many nationalist were worried that republicans would weaken the strong government established by federalist ○ Electros did not diminished who won - burr or jefferson Gets turned over to the house - hamilton hated burr and support jefferson Thomas Jefferson becomes president ○ Development of national parties made prior voting system unfair KEY POINT - 12 amendment gets drafted stating separate balloting for vice president and president Significance of Election 1800 Shown the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another It was NOT a revolution and showed the system the federalist had set up was working KEY POINT - american government had passed a crucial test of handing over powers from party to party Jefferson’s Presidency 1801 - thomas becomes president - new presidential house on potomac river Gives inaugural speech ○ Simple, kinda like washintons ○ Regain nationalism ○ Get people hyped ○ Reminder not to get involve in political affairs and that we are one country together despite different political parties Federalist era ends ○ In between the peace of paris treaty and jay's treaty the federalist had done the much needed work of strengthening the government and creating a sound fiscal economy, seeking adcominations with britain ○ Up until 1798 they had really good self control - but as the democratic republican party starting growing and becoming stronger they started spiraling People began wanting individual freedom over national government Thomas jefferson did not abandoned successful federalist ideas Thomas jefferson made a plan to address the concerns and popular dissatisfaction during the federalist rule  Start of the virginia dynasty ○ 24 years of democratic republican presidents from virginia ○ Federalist parties die - but some of ideas get adopted Thomas Jefferson as President Repealed the alien and sedition act and naturalization act Kept hamilton's financial plan - this would end up being vital during the louisiana purchase He was kind of partisan (this means being a representative for a political party) he only drew cabinet members from his party ○ He still tried to get all political sides perspectives Thomas Jefferson Personality Hardly seemed cut out for politics - never hunted or gambled Loved architecture and farming Controversy dismayed him - he often gave the responsibility to someone else Like hamilton he thought humans were inherently selfish Was for slavery but had a child with a slave…. KEY POINT - viewed all government as a threat to individual freedom ○ Heavily relied on democracy and protection of personal freedom ○ Had a distrust towards hamilton's previous goals of relations with britain and industrial society Jefferson’s Inauguration A Lot like george washingtons - tried to remain humble but rally people up Acknowledged the development of political parties but remained optimistic about the future of country Judiciary Act 1801 Created a number of new federal judgeships ○ John Adams (right before he was leaving office) filled them all with federalist Once Thomas Jefferosn gained power he immediately repealed the act Some of the commission that Adams had order had not been fulfilled and Thomas Jefferson said it didn't matter and should be withheld Marbury (one of adams appointed officials) petitioned to the new supreme court to force James Madsion to give him judicial commission John Marshall - look into this more Chief justice - decided that the judiciary act was unconstitutional But heads with thomas jefferson Was a big support for a strong federal government, minimal power to the states Laid the foundation for the courts eventual independence Marbury v. Madison - need to watch a video on this John Marshall decided that a clause contained in the judiciary act violated the constitution  Marshall wanted the supreme court's power to be able to strike down laws that contradicted the constitution. Jefferson viewed this as a violation of judicial power and the checks and balance system ○ Even though maybury had a right to complain it didn't matter because the original judiciary act was deemed unconstitutional ○ ○ Marybury would not receive commission - not because he didnt deserve it but because the og thing was unconstitutional (this is when judicial review starts) KEY POINT - this case established the power of the federal judiciary to invalidate federal laws This got Jefferson pumped up and he was like while i'm at it i might as well try to fix more of the corrupt federal things ○ Got rid of unfit district judge - John Pickering ○ Samuel Chase (associate judge of the supreme court) - house of rep impeached him, however senate found that his actions did not equal the high crimes Twelfth Amendment Changed the electoral process by requiring different ballots for the president and vice president Made it so the election of 1800 would never happen again Prevented the vice president to be a political rival of the president Barbary pirates and war Thomas Jefferson put his foot down and was like we are done paying tribute the african pirates ○ Like wtf we are a real country now - the pirates are gonna make us pay ○ United states was the only maritime nation to refuse to pay the protection money ○ Tripoli declares war on the united states - 1801 ○ americans don't fully win the pirates agree to create a negotiation with america ○ KEY POINT - One of Thomas Jefferson accomplishments Robert Livingston The guy sent to negotiate the louisiana? Louisiana Purchase Purchased during Thomas Jefferson term - expanded the country by almost double Spain had given the terrority over to france in 1800s - however before giving it up they revoked the right to deposit at new orleans ○ Thomas jefferson was nervous about this and also nervous about napoleon's goals to dominate and conquer western hemisphere ○ Initially the united states just wanted louisiana but napoleon ended up giving the whole land  ○ Napoleon needed money because french rev was going on, he also was trying to shut down the slave rebellion in haiti - gave united states all the land in between mkissip river and rocky mountains ○ Thomas jefferson initially had some doubt as to if it was constitutional - but decided it was best for the country ○ Some federalist were opposed - thought new states would join as slave states Expanded the country and prompted western development Acess to missipi Showed that the national bank was working because the national credit system made the united states able to purchase land Federalist Decline Popularity with thomas jefferson began to grow New states in the south and west led to a decline in federalist and new england power Federalist tried to gain control of newyork government - failed Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him… Napoleon War between britain and france stimulated american economy Napoleon then resorted to economic warfare against britain - britain relations with the council of orders ○ Blockaded most continental ports and paid customs duties, unless the vessel stopped at british ports ○ Napoleon then declares that any vessel submitting to british rules became english property and subject to capture ○ Many people just stopped engaging in colonial trade - look into this more because i'm kinda confused Haiti Only place were the slaves successfully rebelled - got people worried that same would happen in america Lewis and Clark expedition Thomas jefferson sends lewis and clark out to explore the new land that the united states acquired Very monumental - learn alot about the vast land and all the species living there Sacajawea Accompanied lewis and clark Since she was a woman she made them look very friendly and help them navigate the lands Essex Junto Group of lawyers and merchants who were radical federalist - emerged in the 1800s Influential in new england and were known to hate thomas jefferson  Hated the war of 1812 and thought about leaving the country - lead to the hartford convention Burr conspiracy Since there was opposing party - the federalist party basically disintegrated - there was bound to be tension in the democratic republican party Functionalism emerged within the democratic republicans Aaron burr gets called a tyrant and accused of taking over the united states and making it an empire ○ Burr gets captured and charged with treason ○ John marshall decides he is going yo be super constitutional and techquity you need 2 people for treason - so he basically says that burr is fine This pisses of jefferson who feels like marshall purposely did this just to piss him off Jefferson and marshall did not have a good relationship did Impressment Britain was capturing american soldiers and claiming that they were there's - caused lots of turmoil and drama No one took the americans serious and this turned into a whole issue ○ Threaten americans rights as a neutral country ○ Jefferson was at a fork because he wanted to stand up for the country but also didn't want to go to war Continental system Strategy implemented by napoleon during the napoleonic wars ○ Attempted to cripple the british economy - ford biggin european nations under french control to trade with britain ○ Goal of isolating britain ○ Didn't really end up working because it was hard to enforce and other countries didn't listen - led to napoleon's downfall Rule of War of 1756 British policy implemented during the 7 years war - britain would not trade with neutral countries if they were trading with the enemy Out the united states in a tough position because they wanted to just stay out of the whole conflict but this rule made it very hard \ British used this rule to justify seizing american ships - cause technically they should not be trading with france if they were a neutral nation Embargo Act Britain fires on an united states ship - thomas jefferson orders that all british warship must get out of american water Congress passes an act banning all exports  ○ Thomas jefferosn hoped this would severely affect the british and french economy Instead it really hurt the united states Created lots of internal tension USS Chesapeake incident American ship was boarded by british and attacked - some americans were killed Caused big uproar and escalating tension leading to the war of 1812 Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 As thomas jefferson is leaving office, congress appeals the embargo act Implements the non intercourse act, 1809 ○ Forbidden trade ONLY with britain and france ○ Gave the president the right to end the boycott against either country if they stopped violating the rights of the americans Orders in Council - look into this Britain announced the rules during the napoleonic wars Required neutral nations (usa) to get a license from britain before trading with any ports under france control ○ American ships had to stop in british ports and pay a fee before they could move on As a response napoleon announces the berlin and milan decrees - announces that any ship that complies with british orders has the right to be taken down by france KEY POINT - this puts the united states it a very tough position and there really is no way for them to remain truly neutral without paying the consequences Points of Mastery/Essays 1. Identify Jefferson’s key political principles. – Soapstones attached Inaugural Address 2. Explain Jefferson’s antagonistic relationship with John Marshall and the federal courts. 3. Describe how the United States came to purchase the Louisiana territory from France and explain why the purchase was significant in both the short and long runs. 4. Assess Jefferson as president by highlighting his major successes and most disappointing failures. 5. Explain why Jefferson’s second administration was consumed with foreign policy concerns and how Jefferson attempted to deal with these matters. 6. Explain how the two parties were faring during Jefferson’s administration. CHAPTER 7 The Second War of Independence Also known as war of 1812 President Madison James Madison (democratic republican) won president Non intercourse act was hard to enforce and the british didn't really care ○ Macon's bill No 2 - removed all restrictions on trade with britain and france but they were still not allowed to enter american waters ○ Napoleon announced he would revoke his restrictions if britain agreed to abandon their own - madison responded to this by reapplying the non intercourse policy towards britain ○ France still continued to attack american ships Tecumseh Leader of the native american tribe that tried to unite all the natives together (we all must come together instead of being divided) The Prophet - seer Brother of tecumseh - argued that native must give up white ways and stick to their culture and try to preserve Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 - military force led by General William Henry Harrison against indians (prophet) Americans won and there was no longer a threat of mass indian rebellion Depression and Land Hunger Western attributed the low prices they received for agricultural goods to the loss of foreign market American commercial restrictions severely hurt the american agricultural society Westerns were getting land hungry and showed interest in canada and florida ○ United states just took florida without optison ○ Madison justified an attack on canada as a means for britain to respect natural rights War Hawks  The war hawks were in favor of war and wanted to go to war with britain - claimed we had to protect our natural rights and gain respect Mostly from the west Opponents of the War The northern states were more partial to britain and did not want to further jeopardize trading relations by going to war People were also worried because napoleon possess a real threat and going to war with britain would be aiding napoleon ○ Making it easier for him to conquer europe (very concerning) War of 1812 Against britain - fighting over impressment Us navy had a hard time keeping up with the british Tried to beat them by attacking canada ○ Usa was unorganized and many of the state militia men refused to help out the army ○ Very quickly the americans had to fight for the british not to take away their territory Britain ends the war with france in 1814 - they start putting more effort in the war with americans ○ 3 pronged attack - didn't really work and they were at a stalemate with united states No one actually won the war - but the united states claimed it a victory Star Spangled Banner - look at website on google classroom Written at the end of 1812 war Francis scott key - held a prisoner on british ship Written when he observed the bobmabment of fort mchenry Burning of Washington During war of 1812 british burned down washington ○ However this was one of their only real success ○ American forces stopped them at baltimore Oliver Hazard Perry Defeated the british fleet and gained control of lake erie (big point in the war of 1812) ○ Made the british unable to get control of detroit William H. Harrison Defeated the british at the thames river during the war of 1812 Usa govoner of the the indiana terroirty Plattsburg Final stages of war of 1812 British launched invasion from canada into northern united states - wanted to capture plattsburgh  Americans won and halted the british from advanding to the hudson river Helped the united states out big time - played a big role in the treaty of ghent Battle of New Orleans Like the hartford convention the news of the treaty of ghent had not traveled in time time prevent the battle of new orleans ○ British attacked new orleans but the american revolution remained strong under the command of andrew jackson ○ Major General Sir Edward Pakenham led an armada of 60 ships and 11,000 soldiers to New orleans approached the city by way of Lake Borgne when detected, local planters told General Andrew Jackson to command defenses of New Orleans ○ first surprise attack by Jackson came inconclusive ○ During the battle, Jackson took a strategic position and his defense was formidable General Pakenham killed during fighting British retreated, and suffered almost 2100 casualties Americans only lost 13 lives, and 58 were wounded or missing ○ made Jackson very popular misconception that people of the time thought this came before Treaty of Ghent and thought Jackson ended the war ○ Andrew Jackson Would eventually be the President Treaty of Ghent 1814- americans and british meets to discuss terms of peace British prolonged negotiations - thought they could get the upper hand if they waited American win at plattsburg - gave them the upper hand at the treaty of ghent Treaty ends with a “status quo ante bellum” - basically a tie KEY POINT - After war americans no longer had any true threats and the federalist party completely died out Hartford Convention News had not reached new england yet that the war was over and a bunch of federalist gathered together to protest the war and try to revise the constitution New england started to feel ostracized and talked about leaving the nation Argued that states had a right to interpose their authority to protect themselves from violations of the constitution ○ Proposed a series of amendments to the constitution When news of treaty of Ghent came to the federalist they were shocked cause they thought britain was gonna win Rapprochement  Term used when 2 nations who were once fighting begin to negotiate and create friendly relations Transcontinental treaty - maybe look into more but it wasn't on study guide Spanish feared that the united states would take over all of florida ○ However they were more concerned with mexico - they were willing to give up florida in exchange for it ○ United states ends up getting florida Monroe Doctrine The united states feared that the russians wanted to expand to the western hemisphere Monroe and james quincy adams warned the world that the united states is no longer subjects for any new european colonial establishments ○ Russia agreed to remove claims to some land and remove restriction on foreign goods Big threat - several european power tried to revamp spain's legacy ○ Both the british and americans did not want that to happen ○ Britain also did not want to recognize growing revolutions in south america The united states did The united states rejected a joint declaration with britain Monroe declares that the united states would not integer with exciting european colonies and would avoid involvement in european affairs, HOWEVER, the united states would support newly independent countries and not let them become colonies again (they would defend them) KEY POINT - this is the final stage of american independence Era of good feelings - look back into notes for this Harmouns time - finally peace in the country However emerging issues such as slavery and political divide internal improvements - look into this more Lots of debates how new land should be sold - westerns want a lot of land and cheap while the northerners and southerners want to reap the value for the nation (they think it's a big asset) Northerners were worried more people would move out west and abandoned manufacturing Southerners were worried that they would have competition with tobacco and cotton industry Slavery Slaves would become a very sectional based issue - however there wasn't much conflict until after 1819 ○ New free and slave states were added to the union in equal numbers - maintaining balance in the senate ○ West e tended to support the southern American System - look into this more Federal economic policy proposed by henry clay Goals of strengthen the united states ○ infrastructure improvements Roads, canals, bridges All to connect the united states more and shift towards a manufacturing modern society ○ protective tariffs High tariffs on imported goods to protect american industries This helped the north grow ○ strong national bank Stabilize the currency Raise national credit and foster economic stability KEY POINT - goal of making the united states independent from europe and thriving Very popular in north and west but less in the south because the high tariffs were annoying and made imported goods more expensive Henry Clay Kentucky, western leader Came up with the “american system” ○ Seeing the national needs on a board scale He supported internal improvements and protective tariffs He opposed slavery and favored colonization Tallmadge Amendment Prohibited the further introduction of slavery in missouri and provided that all slaves born in missouri would be free at the age of 25 if the state had still not reached free state status - THIS DID NOT PASS, senate does not agree This becomes a whole issue ○ Northern states do not want it to be a slave state because they would be overrepresented in congress due to the ⅗ rule ○ Missouri Compromise Issues was more politically and morally about slaves ○ The compromise was that missouri would enter as a slave state but to balance it out maine would be entered as a free state ○ Slavery would kbe phrobpihted in the louisiana terroirty north of 36 degrees Corrupt bargain election of 1824 - look into more The start of “modern day corrupt” elections The democratic republican party is broken up - no candidate won the majority vote John Quincy Admas becomes the next president Republicans - were like the old federalist , loose contructionsm  ○ John quincy adams, henry clay Democrats - limted feederal power ○ Andrew jackson 4 candidates - john quincy adams, henry clay and andrew jackson Andrew jackson gets everyone rallied up and wins the elcotrol and popular vote but since there is no actual majority the elections gets thrown to the house of representatives Quincy adams wins and then elects clay as secretary of states - everyone in support of andrew gets so mad Andrew ends up coming around for round 2 John Calhoun Southern leader in south carolina Took a strong nationalist position Took a broad view on political affairs John Quincy Adams Best northern leader - started as a federalist but then shifted a democratic republican Supported the louisiana purchase, opposed slavery Wanted to promote projects beneficial to the national interest Promoted lots of internal projects The democratic republicans didn't like him alot and it didn't help that he had a federal background ○ Was not very popular James Monroe The monroe doctrine Convention of 1818 British and united states negotiated peaceful solutions to past problems Signed a commercial trade agreement Demilitarize the great lakes ( Rush- Bagot agreement) Settled the disputed boundary between united states and canada Joint control of oregon country for 10 years Rush-Bagot Treaty Demilitarize the great lakes A treaty agreed by britain and the united states Major step in peaceful relations Growing commitment to disarmament Panic of 1819 - look more into this First major recession in america - irerspjnsble banking practice and a decrease in demand for american exports Laboring men were hit hardest - they wanted aright to vote (only the rich males could) this led to the change of alws and a ton of new united states voters Strengthen the positions of the protectionist  ○ Argued that american industry needed protection from foreign competitors ○ Small manufacturers, unemployed and farmers Second Bank of US Big debate as if the united states should continue with alexander hamilton's financial plans and make a 2nd national bank The first one was not renewed and instead a new second was implemented in 1816 ○ Poorly managed and iirespoblibe with credit ○ Depression hit the bank hard - they responded with a strict policy of curtailment ○ Easy credit policies of the bank led to a boom in land sales But farming was becoming less popular - lots of people went into debt Tariff of Abominations New tariff in 1828 is set high on duties on manufactured goods and agricultural products Calhoun believes this will impoverished the south South Carolina Exposition and Protest - look into more Calhoun writes this essay repudiating the nationalist philosophy and defending the right os a state to nullify an act of congress Nullification ○ States have the right to resist federal law if they think it is unconstitutional ○ Constitution is up to state interpretation ○ He argued that it was for southerners to decide if the tariff of abomination was fit for their states EMQs 1. Why did the United States and Britain go to war in 1812? 2. Why was the US unprepared for war; and why were some people, particularly in New England, opposed to the War of 1812? 3. Why did the US strategy fail and why did the war end in a stalemate? 4. Why was the Federalist Party dying? 5. Explain why the US was so remarkably successful in the conduct of its diplomacy between 1814 and 1823? 6. Why were each of the following issues becoming politically controversial after 1816?: protective tariffs; internal improvements; public land sales; the national bank. 7. Why did Missouri’s admission to the Union cause alarm? 8. Was it justified to call Monroe’s presidency the ‘Era of Good Feelings”? 9. What was causing the Democratic-Republican Party to split within its ranks? And what happened in the election of 1824? 10. What was the reasoning behind Calhoun’s theory of nullification? CHAPTER 8 The Market Revolution Country began to shift from agricultural to industrial Aristocratic behavior followed in a wake of america’s democratic revolution Gentility - possession of american goods As a result there was a need for more goods - more market for things that people would have not bought before ○ Start of the industrial revolution Britain began the industrial rev as early as 1770 - america waited much longer and depended on british goods for a while Samuel Slater Father of the american industrial revolution Secretly brought british textile machinery over to the united states First successful water powered cotton mill Fostered the growth of domestic industry Industrial Proletariat Changing structure of work widen the gap between owners and workers and blurred the line between skilled workers and unskilled ○ Didn't really matter if the workers had skill - as a result workers had less say in their jobs because they were not really important ○ Discnt working class never really formed Expanding economy made it that people could become wealthy and escape out of working class Racial barrier prevented a strong sense of unity in working class Waltham-Lowell system Revolutionized textile industry ○ Combined machine production, large scale operations and efficient management = centralized marketing Boston associates development the waltham system - emptying young unmarried woman to work in the textile mills ○ Came from farms in england and would work at the mills for 2 years ○ Lived in boarding houses, hours were long and conditions were bad but for many of the woman it was exciting Rise of Corporations At first the states only charted few corporations (little manufacturing) but then during the war of 1812 lots of capital was transferred from commerce to industry Manufacturing gave rise to more and larger cities which provided the markets needed for farmers Slavery  Revolution had led to the exception of many slaves Decline in slavery but still racial prejudice Lowell girls Many girls started to work in factories has america started to shift into a industrial society Eli Terry Guy from the slideshow that was in CT Made clocks and gear machines Should get credit for what eli whitney did Eli Whitney - LOOK AT THE CT CLOCK GUY Made the cotton gin Completely transformed the southern cotton industry = more slaves His invention led to a boom in cotton production - it was easier and faster, therefore there was more of a need for slaves Also helped develop interchangeable parts Gabriel’s Revolt A black slave that could read launched a revolt in richmond virginia - didn't fully get executed but still was important because it heighten the fear of a slave revolt especially in parts of the south were slaves outnumbered white people Paul Cuffee African american sea captain Advocated for settlement of freed slaves in africa ○ Thought they would never be accepted in the united states American Colonization Society Resettlement of african americans to africa instead of staying in the united states Liberia was the post that they were sending people Mixed goals - some people were genuinely concerned about racism and wanted the african americans to be in a place were they felt accepted - others were concern with the rising number of free african americans in the united states and wanted to get rid of them Richard Allen - African Methodist Church Founder of AMC Church that allowed african americans to worship independently and hold leadership roles in their own congregation A fight against racial segregation Robert Fulton - steamboat Answered the problem of moving upstream Freight charges plummeted and the northwest finally became part of the national market factory system Rise of big factory tires , large scale production that was time efficient Brought urbanization household system – (or the household-handicraft-mill complex)  Not all advancements were expected immediately Improvements in the design of the water wheel made possible larger and more efficient machinery in the mills Erie Canal Further connected transportation Cost more to build the roads but they were more efficient Linked lake erie with the hudson river - immediate financial success Erie canal made nyc a national metropolis ○ Pennsiayvalia tried to keep up and built more channels to stay at pace with nyc ○ Other states tried to overproduce canals - led to financial disaster John Marshall Belived in a powerful central goverment Business community was an agent of process Upheld sanctity of contract and the supremacy of the federal government McCulloch v. Maryland - federal law trumps state law The Maryland Law said that the state could tax any bank not chartered by the state. Including the national US Bank. ○ Maryland did this to try to destroy the US Bank which it thought unconstitutional from a strict position. ○ Chief Justice John Marshall presided ○ S. Court case: unanimously, all judges agreed with the “implied powers” argument and struck down Maryland’s case Marshall endorsed the constitutionality of the second bank of the united states and struck down attempts by states to tax it Adopted hamptons loose interpretation of the constitution Strengthen implied powers of the congress n Dartmouth College v. Woodward Prohibited new hampshire from dancing or altering the charter granted to dartmouth college by king george without consent of both parties Gibbons v. Ogden Established federal supremacy by broadly constructing the commerce clause Established the principle of judicial review under John Marshall ○ KEY POINT - established the court as a vital part of the american system government Charles River Bridge Case 2 years after John Marshall died MA built a bridge across the charles river that drew traffic from an older privately owned toll bridge The state stopped collecting tolls after recovering the costs of building the bridge, and the owners of the older bridge sued, claiming that, by building the bridge, Massachusetts had  rendered the stock in the company worthless (and thereby violated the contract clause of the Constitution). Speaking for the Court, the new chief justice, Roger Taney, held that the state had a right to place "the comfort and convenience" of the whole community above that of an individual company. 1. Explain why the factory system of production, along with a self conscious The working class was initially slow in developing in the United States. 2. Explain the relationship between Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the emergence of cotton culture in the South and the revival of slavery after 1800. 3. Evaluate the colonization movement as both an anti-black and black nationalist effort. Define its goals, its assumptions, and its means of dealing with slavery. 4. What was the lot of African Americans living in northern states? 5. How did the transportation revolution contribute to the Market Revolution? 6. Describe John Marshall’s impact in shaping American