Approaches in Citizenship and Governance PDF

Approaches in Citizenship and Governance A. What is security? the protection of referent objects from threats National security: protection of state against traditional and non-traditional threats Cybersecurity: digital protection against digital threats like malware, spam, and hacke...

Approaches in Citizenship and Governance A. What is security? the protection of referent objects from threats National security: protection of state against traditional and non-traditional threats Cybersecurity: digital protection against digital threats like malware, spam, and hackers Biosecurity: environmental protection from diseases (ex. quarantine during pandemic) Food security: the ability to provide food supply for the people of the state to prevent hunger and death B. How is Security related to Governance? Means (Governance) to an End (Security) governance requires approaches in maintaining the security of the nation: traditional and critical. C. Traditional Approach state-centric: perspective in internal relations that emphasizes the role of nation-states as primary actors in global politics. "Era of being governed": the government has control over the state A prevailing approach where the government's focus is on eliminating the threats of the state Role of the Government: they are the protectors of the state. They have the inherent powers (taxation, police power, eminent domain) and inherent duties (constitution). What must be protected?: territorial integrity (sovereign states have the right to defend their land) and sovereignty (authority of the state to govern itself). Role of the Citizen: abide to the laws of the country, defend the state if required by the government, show patriotism D. Threats according to the Revised Penal Code a. Crimes Against National Security - Treason: the act of betraying the nation by supporting enemy during war - Espionage: spying to obtain information regarding a government b. Crimes Against Public Order - Rebellion: violence against the government (ex. attempting to overthrow authority) - Sedition: the act of hateful expression towards authority E. Threats according to the Traditional Approach a. Territorial Integrity - Secession: the withdrawal from a political entity - Expansionism: foreign states expanding by obtaining the territory of other states (i.e. colonialism) b. Sovereignty - Critics/Anti-government - Foreign intervention: ability of a state to involve itself in the internal affairs of another state - Pro-autonomy F. Good and Bad of the Traditional Approach a. Good - Domestic context: responsible, law-abiding - International context: protection against foreign invasion and intervention - Population chooses to not seek accountability due to having to abide with the policies - People continue to benefit from a traditional system, which leads to justifying their abuse and exploitation b. Bad - Corrupt government - Abusing sovereignty - Cancelling non-state actors (ex. non-government orgs, international orgs, and private entities) G. Critical Approach challenges the views and perspective of the traditional approach human-centric, human rights are to be protected over the state Criticisms about the Traditional Approach: Restricting Incapable security provider Capable of becoming a threat Too focused on military threats instead of other threats bad for the state Note: Taxation: refers to the taxes paid by the citizens, basically collection of taxes Police power: inherent authority responsible for ensuring the public health and security of the state from its threats Power of eminent domain: use of private property for a public purpose Traditional approach suggests that the state is a representative democracy, meaning officials (not the people) are in control of the laws and policies of the nation