Citizenship Education Grade 10 Student Textbook PDF

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This will keep the cover in good condition. 2 CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION STUDENT TEXTBOOK Grade 10 Writers: Birku Adugna Damtie (M.A.) Wondwosen Tilahun Tsige (M.A.) Editors: Haileyesus Wudu Mekonnen (Ph.D.) (Curriculum Editor) Mengistu Dinato Didena (Ph.D.) (Language Editor) Yohannes Eshetu Mamuye (M.A.) (Content Editor) Illustrator: Muluneh Hailu Heyi (MSc.) Designer: Solomon Damena Kebede (MSc.) Evaluators:: XXXX XXXX XXXX (MSc.) FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA HAWASSA UNIVERSITY MINISTRY OF EDUCATION First Published xxxxx 2022 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education, under the General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity (GEQIP-E) supported by the World Bank, UK’s Department for International Development/ DFID-now merged with the Foreign, Common wealth and Development Office/FCDO, Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Royal Norwegian Embassy, United Nations Children’s Fund/UNICEF), the Global Partnership for Education (GPE), and Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, through a Multi Donor Trust Fund. © 2022 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education. All rights reserved. The moral rights of the author have been asserted. No part of this textbook reproduced, copied in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, mechanical, magnetic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Ministry of Education or licensing in accordance with the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as expressed in the Federal Negarit Gazeta, Proclamation No. 410/2004 - Copyright and Neighboring Rights Protection. The Ministry of Education wishes to thank the many individuals, groups and other bodies involved – directly or indirectly – in publishing this Textbook. Special thanks are due to Hawassa University for their huge contribution in the development of this textbook in collaboration with Addis Ababa University, Bahir Dar University and Jimma University. Copyrighted materials used by permission of their owners. If you are the owner of copyrighted material not cited or improperly cited, please contact the Ministry of Education, Head Office, Arat Kilo, (P.O.Box 1367), Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Photo credit: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Printed by: xxxxxxxx PRINTING P.O.Box xxxxxx xxxxxxx, ETHIOPIA Under Ministry of Education Contract no. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx ISBN: 978-997744-2-046-9 4 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 CONTENTS Introduction I UNIT 1: DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIZATION 1 1.1 The concept of democracy and democratization 2 1.1.1 Definition of democracy 2 1.2 Definitions and actors of democratization process 4 1.2.1 The meaning of democratization 4 1.2.2. Major Actors in the process of democratization 6 1.3 Institutionalizing democracy 9 1.3.1. Definitions of democratic institution 9 1.3.2. Democratic institutions and their functions 10 1.4. The role of democracy for social transformation 16 1.5. Democratic values 21 1.6 Aspects of democracy 23 Unit summary 24 Unit review exercises 25 UNIT 2: CITIZENS IN THE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AGE 28 2.1. Effects of digital technology on citizens 29 2.1.1 Effects on emotions 31 2.1.2. Effects on social life 38 2.1.3. Effects on ethical values 46 2.2. The ethics of using digital technology 51 I Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 2.3. Opportunities digital technology provides for young citizens 55 2.4. Impacts of unethical use of digital technology on young citizens 58 Unit summary 60 Unit review exercises 62 UNIT 3: UNDERSTANDING GOOD GOVERNANCE 64 3.1. The concepts of governance 65 3.2. The concept of good governance 66 3.3. Elements of good governance 68 3.4. The role of good governance 72 3.5. Challenges of good governance 76 3.6. Impacts of lack of good governance 79 3.7. Understanding and fighting corruption 81 Unit summary 85 Unit review exercises 86 UNIT 4: INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISMS 89 4.1. The concepts of peace 90 4.1.1. Types of peace 91 4.2. Impacts of absence of peace 95 4.3. The notion of peace building 98 4.3.1. Defining peace building 99 4.4. Indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms 100 4.4.1 Defining indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms 100 4.4.2. Features of indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms 101 II Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 4.4.3. Indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms in Ethiopia 103 4.5. The roles of indigenous social institutions in ensuring sustainable peace 104 Unit summary 107 Unit review exercises 109 UNIT 5: FEDERALISM IN ETHIOPIA 111 5.1. The meaning of federalism 112 5.2. Types of federalism 114 5.3. Key features of federalism 118 5.3.1. Division of power 119 5.3.2. Decentralized system of government 119 5.3.3. Written and Supreme federal constitution 120 5.3.4. Rigid constitution 121 5.4. Advantage and disadvantage of federalism 122 5.4.1. Advantages of federalism 123 5.4.2. Disadvantages of federalism 125 5.5. The roles of federalism in accommodating diversity in Ethiopia 127 5.5.1. The features of Ethiopian federalism 129 5.5.2. Challenges to Ethiopian federalism 133 Unit summary 134 Unit review exercises 136 III Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 UNIT 6: HUMAN RIGHTS 138 6.1. The concept of human right 139 6.1.1. The meaning of human rights 139 6.1.2. The basic features of human right 140 6.1.3. Classification of human rights 142 6.1.4. Human right provision under the federal constitution 143 6.2. Citizens and state obligations in realizing human rights 145 6.2.1. The meaning of human rights 145 6.2.2. State obligations 146 6.2.3. Instruments for the protection of human rights 148 Unit summary 151 Unit review exercises 152 UNIT 7: PATRIOTISM 154 7.1. The meaning of patriotism 155 7.2. Types of patriotism 157 7.2.1. Constitutional patriotism 157 7.2.2. Traditional patriotism 158 7.2.3. Icon patriotism 159 7.2.4. Symbolic patriotism 160 7.2.5. Capital patriotism 160 7.2.6. Environmental patriotism 161 7.3. The bases of patriotism 162 7.3.1. Equality 162 IV Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 7.3.2. Tolerance 163 7.3.3. Loyalty 163 7.3.4. Concern for the well-being of one’s country 163 7.3.5. Sacrificing personal desires and interests for the common good 165 7.3.6. Protecting the constitution 165 7.3.7. Carrying out personal and civic duties and responsibilities 165 7.3.8. Defending one’s country during times of external attack 165 7.4. The importance of patriotism 166 7.4.1. Traits of patriotism 168 7.5. Duties expected of patriots 170 Unit summary 175 Unit review exercises 176 UNIT 8: GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL ISSUES 179 8.1. The meaning of globalization 180 8.1.2. Dimensions of globalization 181 8.2. Advantages and disadvantages of globalization 182 8.2.1. Advantage of globalization 183 8.2.2. Disadvantages of globalization 187 8.3. Fighting the impact of globalization 192 8.3.1. Ways of fighting the impacts of globalization 192 8.4. Major global issues 199 8.4.1. The concept of global issues 199 Unit summary 209 Unit review exercises 211 V INTRODUCTION This book is written for students studying citizenship education in grade 10. It will guide you through the 8 chapters with readings, case studies, questions and illustrations to support the text. Each unit begins with an introduction and states the lesson and the outcomes. It also provides a list of key words and concepts you will meet in the unit. At the end of each unit there is a summary of what you have read. There is also a glossary of some terms or words which you have been introduced to in the unit. Finally there are unit review exercise to enable you to test your knowledge and understanding of the unit contents. The objectives are listed at the beginning of each lesson. A starter activity is in a white green box. This is to introduce you to the lesson. They provide information which explains the lesson objectives. On many pages you will find photographs or pictures which illustrate the topic you are studying. Case studies are labeled and have a white purple background with purple boarder. They provide real or simulated examples of the concept you are reading or a case study. Individual activities are labeled with purple and light blue background. Group activities are labled with grey and light red background. They are prepared to assess the objectives of the units. This book is just one resource which you and your fellow students will use to learn about citizenship education at this level. Information to support this book will be located by your teacher, in other books and documents with people in your communities. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 I UNIT ❶ Democracy and democratization Introduction Learning outcomes: Democracy is a system of government At the end of this unit, you will in which the supreme political power be able to: resides in the hands of people. In Understand the concept of democracy this respect, democracy is a political and democratization decision making process to key concept. Show an appreciation for the Individuals are free to participate and importance of democracy for social they have the means by which they can transformation hold their leaders accountable. Internalize democratic values. This unit mainly focuses on the concept of democracy and democratization, actors in the democratization process, Lessons institutionalizing democracy, the role 1. The concept of democracy and of democracy for social transformation democratization indigenous democratic value and actors 2. Actors in the democratization process of democracy. 3. Institutionalizing democracy Key Words: 4. The role of democracy for social Accountability, Democracy, transformation Democratization, Federal 5. Democratic values government, Majority rule, 6. Aspects of democracy Sovereignty, The rule of law, Tolerance. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 1 LESSON 1.1 The concept of democracy and 1 democratization By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Analyze the concept of democracy ☑ Explain the concept of democratization 1.1.1 Definition of democracy Brainstorming 偮 What do you think about democracy? There is no absolute definition of democracy. The term is elastic and expands and contracts according to the time, place and circumstances of its use. What follows is a short list of definitions provided by experts of the field. The term democracy is used to cover a wide range of political systems; some of which are old and experienced, while others relatively new and inexperienced. Their rate of advance towards political, social and economic goals varies widely. In spite of these facts, scholars, politicians and others attempted to define democracy in 2 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 various ways. To this end, the following are some of the possible definitions of the term democracy. The word democracy was derived from two Greek words: "Demo" and "Kratos", which means people and rule (legitimate power to rule), respectively. In this case, the word democracy implies the idea of rule by the people or government by the people. On the other hand, the dictionary definition of the term entails that democracy is a state of government in which people hold the ruling power either directly or indirectly through their elected representatives. Accordingly, democracy embraces the principles of equality, individual freedom and opportunity for the common people, as those who actually wield political power. Moreover, the definition entails, among others, democratic system; state power involves compromise and bargaining in decision- making process in a democratic system. Activity 1.1 1. What is the meaning and concept of democracy? 2. Point out the key concepts of democracy individually and then share your ideas in pair. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 3 LESSON 1.2 Definitions and actors of democratization 2 process By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Define actors of democratization process ☑ Identify actors in the process of democratizaion 1.2.1 The meaning of democratization In the preceding sections we saw the definition of democracy, major principles of a democratic system and the ways of exercising democracy. The cases presented below will help you to understand democratization better. Read the cases carefully and answer the questions that follow. Democratization is a complex, long-term, dynamic, and open-ended process. It consists of progress towards a more rule-based, more consensual and more participatory type of politics. When defined in a more elaborate manner, it can be understood as a political process that moves the political system of a given country into democracy. Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. It may be the transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or a transition from a semi- 4 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 authoritarian political system to a democratic political system. Democratization is ‘the transition to a more democratic system of government.’ Historically, democratization has been kicked off by several factors. Higher wealth throughout the population gives more people economic equality, which often turns to a desire for political equality. Greater education, especially literate populations, are more likely to think, read, and write about their rights, and are more likely to encourage democratization. Healthy economies, lengthy periods of peace, good international relations, industrial technology, cultural values, and even the growth of a middle class have all been proposed to influence the move towards democratization. Case Study Imagine that we have a kingdom. This kingdom is run by a king. And this king has absolute power. We call this an authoritarian government. But the people of this kingdom are tired of not having any political rights or say in how the nation is run. So, they start protesting, and they get some political power - maybe they refuse to pay taxes or get the nobles or military to support them and they convince the king that it’s time for a more democratic system of government. Activity 1.2 Answer the following questions individually and then discuss your thoughts in a small group. Finally report to the whole class. 1. Why did the people of this kingdom start protesting? 2. Why do the people of this kingdom aspire political power? 3. Do you think that protesting will result in the aspired end? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 5 1.2.2. Major Actors in the process of democratization Brainstorming 偮 What do we mean by democratization process? 偮 Who are the actors of democratization? 偮 Elaborate the role of actors in the process of democratization Previously we said that democracy is a process. Building up of democracy is not an overnight program. It needs not only time but also different actors who involve in building democracy and democratic culture. Thus, in this lesson you will look at the role of different actors in the democratization process. Figure 1.1 Major actors in the progress of democratization 6 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 1. Political parties Brainstorming 偮 What do you understand by political party? Political parties are vectors of democracy. They are essential to the functioning and durability of democracy. They are not only the instruments through which power is attained by means of free, fair and transparent elections but also are the settings for working out practical ideas and proposals which may constitute alternative programs to the government. 2. Civil societies Like political parties, non-governmental associations and organizations are valuable vectors of democracy. They differ from political parties only in their final goal, but they all contribute to consciousness raising, defense of the legitimate interests of groups of individuals and the protection of individual and collective rights and freedoms. The efficacy of the work of civil society depends on the extent to which such associations are autonomous or institutionalized. 3. Interest groups Brainstorming 偮 What do you understand by interest groups? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 7 Interest groups are organizations or groups of people, which are autonomous from government or political parties with the objective of influencing government. In democracies we find several interest groups who attempt to promote and influence the policies of government. In fact, interest groups are regarded as essential transmission belts between people and government. They play an important role in helping people interact with government, which is often remote and difficult for the individual to influence. Interest groups, bridge the gap between the citizen and government. Through interest groups, citizens communicate their wants on policy goals to government leaders. 4. Mass media Brainstorming 偮 What do we mean by mass media? Freedom of the media is essential in a democracy. The mass media refers to an institution and to the methods of communication which can reach large number of people at the same time. It includes newspapers, television, radio, books, posters, magazines, cinema, etc. Media plays a role in the political training of citizens and in building democratic culture by informing the people about the scope of public policies, the management and conduct of affairs by those responsible at both state and grass-roots level, and by providing and offering the members of the community the means of communicating with each other. But, if the media is to perform those functions, it must be free and independent; it must have sufficient material and human resources to deal with all the important problems of the society. The importance of the mass media in a country is not dependent on the number of newspapers or private radio and television stations but on the quality of the information provided to the public. 8 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 3 Figure 1.2 Electronic and printed mass medias LESSON 1.3 Institutionalizing democracy By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ List democratic institutions ☑ Explain the significance of democratic institutions ☑ Value democratic institution in the country 1.3.1. Definitions of democratic institution Brainstorming 偮 What do you understand by democratic institutions? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 9 Democratic institutions are important to develop and protect democracy. These institutions must serve the entire population of a country with equality under the law. Autocratic and oligarchic governments might have the rule of law but do not qualify for democracy because they fail to fully ensure equality under the law. Institutions provide the framework for individuals and systems to function. Their breakdown leads to a breakdown of societal functioning, i.e., democracy is weakened, the sense of justice is eroded and opposition is required to be suppressed. If democratic institutions are strong, they are respected and it becomes difficult to manipulate them. They enable the honest to survive. In strong institutions, corruption is an aberration but when they are weakened, it becomes generalized. Corruption leads to individualization, illegality becomes acceptable and the collective interest suffers. 1.3.2. Democratic institutions and their functions Brainstorming 偮 What are the functions of democratic institutions? We need institutions because institutions take decisions and make rules and regulations for proper administration. They provide an opportunity to wider set of people to be consulted to reach at any decisions. The institutions not only take decisions but also they implement them to get the required purposes. Democratic institutions are institutions that facilitate and promote the operations of democracy. They are those institutions that make democracy to work. Some of the democratic institutions include independent national electoral commission, political parties, pressure groups, arms of government, human right commission, press institutions, police commission, ombudsman, etc. 10 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Figure 1.3. Democratic institutions A. Independent national electoral commission(INEC) Brainstorming 偮 What is the function of independent national electoral commission? Independent national electoral commission is a corporate body charged with the responsibility of organizing, conducting and supervising elections into electoral offices in the country. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 11 The Independent national electoral commission serves the following functions: 1. Conducts election 2. Conducts referendums and plebiscites 3. Registers voters 4. Delimits constituency (division of the country into constituency) 5. Registers political parties; monitor the organization and operation of political parties and campaign 6. Provides electoral officers and materials 7. Fixes date of election 8. Provides security at the polling stations 9. Educates the electorate Table 1.1. The role of national electoral commision B. political parties Brainstorming 偮 What is a political party? Political parties are organized group of individuals who share same political ideologies, beliefs and interests and who seek to win elections and control the state power and machinery of government. Political Parties perform the following functions: 1. Serve as a forum for national unity and mutual understanding. This is possible because it brings together people from different ethnic and religious groups. 2. Educate members and the general public 12 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 3. Serve as machinery for recruitment /appointment 4. Serve as a link between the people and the government 5. Ensure political stability in the government 6. Allow for harmonization of sectional and diversified interest 7. Provide social amenities and infrastructure 8. Help to sensitize the electorate on crucial national issues, governmental policies and programmers 9. Ensure that the party in power is accountable to the electorate through constructive criticism. C. Pressure group Brainstorming 偮 What is the functions of pressure groups? A pressure group is an organized body of people seeking to influence government policy, and to promote the interest of their members. A pressure group is also called interest group. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 13 A pressure group serves the following functions: 1. Offers useful pieces of advice and suggestions 2. Helps to promote economic stability 3. Provides and promotes certain general welfare services to the public 4. Educates members and the public on national issues and fundamental human rights 5. Acts as a link between the people and the government 6. Acts as watchdog over public policies 7. Supports candidates and political parties to win election 8. Acts as a manpower bank from where government can draw experts to serve in the government. Table 1.2. Functions of pressure group D. Branches of government: Brainstorming 偮 What are the major branches of governments? For democracy to work or thrive, the functions, activities and personnel of arms of government, i.e., the executive, the legislature and the judiciary must be separated. 14 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Figure 1.4. Main functions or branches of government Activity 1.3 Answer the following questions 1. Define democratic institutions 2. Mention the functions of each of the democratic institutions. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 15 LESSON 1.4. The role of democracy for social transformation 4 By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Describe the dimensions of social transformation ☑ Explain the role of democracy for social transformation Brainstorming 偮 What are the roles of democracy for social transformation? Social transformation has two broad definitions. One definition of social transformation is the process by which an individual alters the socially ascribed social status of his/her parents into a socially achieved status for him/herself (status transformation). Another definition refers to a large-scale social change as in cultural reforms or transformations (societal transformation). The first one applies to an individual, while the second applies to the social system. Social transformation is also the restructuring of all aspects of life; from culture to social relations; from politics to economy; from the way we think to the way we live. Through time, societies have transformed from small associations of individuals tied together by instincts, need, and fear, to small communities tied together by circumstances, kinship, traditions, and religious beliefs, to nations tied together by history, politics, ideology, culture, and laws. But for most of human history, the pace of change was very slow; no transformations in life conditions could be felt for several generations. Therefore, democracy can play a significant role for social 16 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 transformation but the process of transformation may be manifested in the following ways: a) Social change The term social change encompasses a range of typical social and civic outcomes, from increased awareness and understanding, to attitudinal change, increased civic participation, and the building of public will, to policy change that corrects injustice. Acknowledging that social change must start with the individual, social justice. Social justice is a structural change that increases opportunity for those who are least well- off politically, economically, and socially. Social justice is grounded in the values and ideals of equity, access, and inclusion for all members of the society, particularly for poor communities and communities of color that historically and structurally have experienced social inequities. Those who work for social justice push to uncover the underlying causes of inequity and seek systemic change in institutions and policies as well as socially upheld behavioral norms that foster fair treatment and share of benefits. Social justice encourages change to come from those communities that are most affected by social inequity, involving people most affected in working on the problems and decisions. It employs a combination of tactics such as advocacy related to policy, grassroots organizing, litigation, and communications. Many definitions of social justice refer to fair treatment and impartial distribution or allocation of benefits afforded to all individuals and groups in the society. b) Social activism Social activism refers to actions taken to make change that ensures inclusion, equity, fairness, and justice. It is intentional action to bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change. c) Civic engagement Brainstorming 偮 What is civic engagement? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 17 Civic engagement refers to the many ways in which people participate in civic, community, and political life and, by doing so, express their engaged citizenship. It ranges from proactively becoming better informed to participating in public dialogue on issues, from volunteering to voting and community organizing to political advocacy. The defining characteristic of active civic engagement is commitment to participate and contribute to the improvement of one’s community, neighborhood, and nation. Civic engagement may be either a measure or a means of social change, depending on the context and intent of efforts. d) Civic dialogue Brainstorming 偮 What is civic dialogue? Civic dialogue is dialogue in which people explore matters of civic importance and consider the dimensions of a civic or social issue, policy, or decisions of consequence to their lives, communities, and society. Engaging in civic dialogue is a form of civic engagement. Sometimes civic or public dialogue is considered an important end in itself. In this context, dialogue is defined as two or more parties with differing viewpoints working toward common understanding in an open-ended, most often, face-to-face format. In dialogue, multiple and possibly conflicting perspectives are included rather than promoting a single point of view. Empathy and understanding are promoted. Assumptions are brought out into the open. Suspension of judgment is encouraged in order to foster understanding and break down obstacles. e) Community building Community building has been defined in various ways. It may refer to the process of building relationships that helps to form coherent community members around common purpose, identity, and a sense of belonging which may lead to social or community capital. 18 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 f) Social capital Brainstorming 偮 What is social capital? The building of social capital is a common outcome named in arts and social change work. Social capital is the collective value of all “social networks” (who people know) and the inclinations to do things for each other that arise from these networks (“norms of reciprocity”). Specific benefits that flow from social networks include trust, reciprocity, information, and cooperation. Bonding networks that connect people who are similar sustain particularized (in-group) reciprocity. Bridging networks that connect individuals who are diverse sustain generalized reciprocity. g) Community development Brainstorming 偮 What is community development? In community development, the economic, social, and physical dimensions of community are considered. Community development agencies often focus on ensuring low and mixed-income housing, job training or workforce development, commercial real estate development, and small business start-up. In broader definitions, such as one offered by useful-community-development. Organizations, they may also aim to advance youth development, health, recreation, human service, cultural, and other community goals. Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people by providing these groups with the skills and resources they need to effect change in their own communities. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 19 h) Cultural vitality Brainstorming 偮 What is cultural vitality? Cultural vitality is the evidence of creating, disseminating, validating, and supporting arts and culture as a dimension of everyday life in communities. Cultural vitality is an important dimension of civic life, but culture is not often considered for its civic value. Negotiation of cultural priorities, especially for disenfranchised cultural groups wanting to stake claim in the public sphere, its importance not only for these groups, but also for the community at large. Issues of cultural preservation, equity, and representation are not only important but also are of concern to growth and development, economics, tourism, public funding, and other civic issues. i) Cultural democracy Brainstorming 偮 What is cultural democracy? The concept of cultural democracy as a set of related commitments: protecting and promoting cultural diversity, and the right to culture for everyone in our society and around the world; encouraging active participation in community cultural life; enabling people to participate in cultural policy decisions that affect the quality of our cultural lives; and assuring fair and equitable access to cultural resources and support. 20 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 1.5. LESSON Democratic values 5 By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Identify democratic values ☑ Internalize democratic values Brainstorming 偮 What do you think about democratic values? Figure 1.4. Core values of democracy Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 21 There are three core values that are central in the discussion of the concept of democracy. These are values of liberty/freedom, justice and equality. Let us now briefly look at what each of them means. Liberty: This value includes personal freedom (to mean that Individuals should be free from arbitrary arrest and detention and also their homes/ property should be secured from unreasonable searches and seizures), political freedom ( to imply that people of a nation have the right to participate freely in the political process such as elections without being subject to arbitrary arrest, harassment and electoral corruption such as buying votes, intimidation and obstruction of voter) and economic freedom ( to mean that citizens should have the right to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property without unreasonable governmental interference and more over to enjoy right to seek employment wherever one pleases, to change employment at will and to engage in any lawful labor unions or business corporations). Justice: This value of democracy can be understood in three general senses of fairness. These are distributive Justice (the sense of distributing benefits and burdens in society via agreed up on standards of fairness), corrective Justice (the sense that a proportional response should be in place to correct wrongs and injuries) and procedural justice (the idea that procedures used for gathering information and making decisions should be guided by such principles as impartiality and openness of proceedings). Equality: Three notions of equality are of particular significance here for our discussion. These are political equality (implying that all people who attain the status of adult hood have equal political rights or in short one man-one vote- one value), social equality (implying that there should be no social hierarchy at individual and collective level or no discrimination what so ever) and economic equality (implying that all peoples of a country deserve equal and fair assessment to the national resources services). 22 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 LESSON 6 1.6 Aspects of democracy By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Describe the aspects of democracy ☑ Explain the major aspects of democracy Brainstorming 偮 What are the major aspects of democracy? Democracy has three aspects. These are the social, economic and political aspects as elaborated here 1. Social aspects of democracy: By social aspect of democracy, it is meant the removal of any discrimination on the basis of class, caste, creed, color, sex, ethnicity, race, etc. All men and women, rich or poor, regardless of any class or caste prejudices are socially equal, and should be treated as equals. 2. Economic aspect of democracy: By economic aspect of democracy, it is meant Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 23 that the equitable and just distribution of wealth and resources in society and abolition of glaring disparities or polarization on the basis of wealth. Economic democracy recognizes the right to work, leisure, fair wages, and unrestricted right to the enjoyment of life. 3. Political aspect of democracy: The political aspect of democracy signifies the provision of political rights namely the right to vote, the right to contest during elections, the right to hold public office, the right to movement, thought, association, the right to freedom of conscience, the right to speak, etc. In order to enable citizens to exercise these and other political rights effectively and persistently, citizens have to be asserted freedom of speech, association and publication. Democracy is, therefore, a social balance, and the dominant ideas of the purpose of democracy at any particular time represent the balance of interest. Unit summary There is no absolute definition of democracy. The term is elastic and expands and contracts according to the time, place and circumstances of its use. What follows is a short list of definitions provided by field experts. The word democracy was derived from two Greek words: demos and kratos, which means common people and rule (legitimate power to rule), respectively. In this case, the word democracy implies to the idea of rule by the people or government by the people. Democracy is a multifaceted concept, and building of democratic system requires proper implementation of democratic principles. These principles are: Sovereign authority of the people, Supremacy of constitution, Majority rule and minority right, Separation of power, Free, fair and periodic election, Accountability and transparency, Secularism, Equality before the law, Peaceful transformation of power and Multi-party system. Indigenous governance is defined as the sphere of self-administration by Indigenous peoples that, in harmony with applicable law and with Indigenous peoples’ own organizational structures, contemplates: the recognition of the special relationship that exists between the land and ethnic and cultural identity. 24 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Glossary When officials are responsible for their actions Accountability and decisions in a democracy When government’s decision is made on the Majority rule basis of a majority vote in democracy. Respecting the rights of a minority in a Minority right democracy. The party that rules democratically because it Ruling party has won the election. The preservation of a country’s independence Sovereignty and its power to establish relations with other countries. The preservation of a country’s independence Transparency and its power to establish relations with other countries. The act of voting during elections by all citizens Universal suffrage who are above a given age limit in democratic societies, e.g., eighteen in Ethiopia. Unit review exercises I. Write “True” if the statement is correct; write “False” if the statement is incorrect. 1. The word democracy was derived from two Greek words: demos and kratos, which means common people and rule respectively. 2. A democratic system is one in which citizens freely make political decision by majority rule. 3. Political parties are organized group of individuals who share common and absolutely similar political ideologies, beliefs and interests. 4. Like political parties, Non-governmental associations and organizations are valuable vectors of democracy. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 25 5. The principal mechanism for translating the consent of citizens into government authority is the holding of periodic, free and fair election II. Choose the correct answer for the following questions 1. Democracy is a form of government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people refers to: - A. Developmental democracy C. Representative Democracy B. Direct democracy D. Social Democracy 2. Which of the following are the main obligations of government in a democratic society? A. To consider public offices as person properly B. To protect the right and interests of its people C. To make public official to exercise their power excessively D. All of the above 3. Athenian Democracy was only for:- A. women citizens C. Adult male citizens B. Male slaves D. All of the above 4. Which one of the following is not true about democratic system? A. Citizens freely make political decision B. Minorities right mainly depends on the will of the majority C. The law protects every peoples right and interests D. All of the above 5. Which one of the following is not included under the principles of democratic system? A. Popular sovereignty B. Accountability and transparency C. The existence of one-party system D. All of the above 26 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 III. Match words or phrases under column ‘A’ with correct items under column ‘B’ A B 1. A king or queen who rules within the state law A. President 2. The elected head of the state B. Dictator 3. A ruler who can do as he or she likes C. Prime minster 4. An elected head of the government. D. Member of the 5. An elected representative who sit on the parliament parliament E. Constitutional monarchy F. Vice president G. Electorates III. Copy the following questions on your exercise book and write the correct answers on the spaces provided. 1. ________________ are organizations or groups of people, which are autonomous from government or political parties with the objective of influencing government. 2. __________________democracy, it is meant the removal of any discrimination on the basic of class, caste, creed, color, sex, and ethnicity, race, etc. 3. _____________________refers to when officials are responsible for their actions and decisions in a democracy IV. Give short answers for the following questions 1. Explain the principles of participatory democracy. 2. Why representative democracy is a widely used and practiced in many democratic countries of the world? 3. What do you think electoral process must be free, fair and periodic? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 27 UNIT ❷ cItIzenS In tHe DIGItaL tecHnoLoGy aGe Introduction Learning outcomes: In human history digital technologies At the end of this unit, you will have advanced more rapidly today than be able to: ever before. They have reached many Know the opportunities of digital peoples of the world and transformed technology for young citizens societies in all settings. They have Understand the ethical codes of enhanced connectivity, speeded using digital technologies communication, revolutionized Recognize the impacts of unethical financial systems and improved access use of digital technologies to trade and public services. This unit Use digital technologies ethically presents the emotional, social and ethical effects, opportunities and ethical issues of using digital technologies. Lessons Finally, the unit reviews the impacts of 1. The Implications of digital technology unethical use of digital technology on on citizens young citizens. 2. The ethics of using digital technology Key Words: 3. The Opportunities of digital technology for young citizens Digital citizenship, Digital ethics, 4. The Impacts of unethical use of digital Digital technology, Ethical dilemma. technology on young citizens 28 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 2.1. LESSON 1 Effects of digital technology on citizens By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Explain the implications of digital technology on the emotions, social life, and ethical values of people. Brainstorming 偮 What do you think are the implications of digital technology on citizens? We currently live in the digital age. As technology continues to develop, we have seen fascinating innovations throughout the years. Digital technologies have advanced more rapidly than any innovations in human history - reaching many populations of the world and transforming societies by enhancing connectivity, financial system, access to trade and public services, supporting and accelerating development, promoting sustainable farming and decent work, and achieving universal literacy. These have greatly impacted our emotional, social, ethical and other aspects of human life. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 29 Figure 2.1 Digital technologies Digital technologies have not only positive effects on citizens, they also have negative effects on the emotions, ethical values and social wellbeing of people. They can threaten privacy, erode ethical and cultural values, erode security, and fuel inequality. Some of the effects of digital technologies on citizens are discussed below. Figure 2.2 Positive Impacts of digital technology on citizens 30 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Figure 2.3 Negative Impacts of digital technology on citizens 2.1.1 Effects on emotions Brainstorming 偮 How do digital technologies affect people's emotions? The use of digital technology is intricately related to our emotional processes. From within a person, emotions alter the patterns of technology use; from outside, technology use alters a person’s emotions. Technology has the ability to change a user’s mental and emotional state. It affects how people feel and behave, allows to be better related to others and achieve goals. It also shapes the way societies and people behave, grow, evolve and develop both within our lives and in their relations with others. We cannot ignore the fact that the social bond that we humans share is affected by the technology advancements. Technology can lead to both positive and negative emotions conditioned on how often people use technology and for what purpose. Moderate use of technology produces positive effects, whereas extremely high, obsessive, or addictive use typically leads to negative effects. Let us discuss Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 31 both positive and negative effects of digital technology on the emotions of citizens. Positive implications of digital technology on the emotions of citizens Figure 2.4 Positive effects of digital technology on the emotions of citizens Self-control Digital technology enables people to control, express and manage their emotions. In workplace, for example, workers in some jobs often have a loveless relationship with their managers. In such relationships, face-to-face communications may lead to uncontrolled emotional aggression between the worker and the manager. Digital technology enables workers and managers not to meet face- to- face, since technologies provide new arrangements between work and personal time and space. For example, internet enabled arrangements, such as working at home and mobile office, being on call, and being able to monitor and check work related information away from the office are all praised as solutions. These arrangements help people to shape emotions, enable people to control their anger. Since affection has a bodily foundation and it is more difficult to control emotions in the face- to-face interaction, the absence of both factors might lead one to believe that digital realm is emotional colder, and that it impairs or restricts the expression of emotions. When digital interactions are through videos mutual facial recognition, expression and interpretation of emotions become at least easier. 32 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Activity 2.1 Answer the following question 1. To what extent does the use of digital technology help people to control their negative emotions and feelings? Fostering socialization The presence of technologies in human behaviors enables some individuals to communicate and foster beneficial interpersonal relationships and improve well- being. Engaging with others online may involve social interactions rather than social comparison. By reaching out to others, engaging in meaningful social interactions and strengthening our social bonds, we are likely to improve our wellbeing. Computer systems have altered human interactions. It allows people to stay closer to their loved ones when they are physically far apart. Technologies have even transferred certain common behaviors people want to acquire. Activity 2.2 Answer the following question 1. How does the use of digital technologies contribute to improve interpersonal and social communications? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 33 Maintaining emotional balance The domestication of digital technologies at home allows the family culture around rules of use to be negotiated among the different family members and friends more easily. It is a useful resource for maintaining emotional balance, to cope with every day stress, for the coordination of everyday activities, and for articulation of intimacy between peoples. Supporting happiness and wellbeing When people make video calls to talk to people all over the world, it gives a sense of purpose, joy or excitement. Social media, for example, is a place where people can connect socially and engage in kind and helpful behavior - activities that have been shown to boost health and wellbeing. For example, sending message on social media, people can express a kind of word or share people gratitude. For the young with symptoms of depression, social media is very important in helping them express themselves creatively, get inspiration from others, and even feel less depressed. Comparing ourselves to the seemingly perfect lives of friends and people we follow, social media seems to be beneficial. Regulating emotions Technology has given people access to lots of health and wellness resources making it easier than ever to build and practice skills like gratitude, mindfulness and regulating emotions online. Good applications can teach us the skills we need to optimize our wellbeing, help people stay motivated to do so, and even benefit their mental health. For example, computer based training in emotion regulation improved anxiety and wellbeing among those who had trouble regulating their emotions, suggesting that skills that promote happiness can be learned. Since technologies allow a remarkably accelerating accumulation of thoughts, people can learn and respect fundamental behavioral principles with great responsibility. 34 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Providing a sense of security Technologies, for example, mobile phones, give people a sense of security when they are in a public space. It’s potential to access known others like the police means that the device is viewed as a more effective weapon of self-confidence. Self-reflection activity 偮 Do you agree that using mobile phones gives a sense of security to the users? Increased emotional satisfaction(self-conception) The more people link to others, the more they like each other. For example, mobile phones enabled people to communicate with others and gathering information from many. People who receive many calls and message from others may get a sense of proud and feelings of satisfaction by which these people believed that we are known by many people and we are the sources of information. Self-reflection activity 偮 How do you feel when you receive calls and messages from other people? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 35 Negative implications of digital technology on the emotions of citizens The overuse and addictive use of digital technology has increased people’s negative emotions. Figure 2.5 Some of the negative implications of digital technology on the emotions of citizens. Isolation Technologies, such as social media are designed to bring people together, yet they may have the opposite effects in some cases. People with higher social media use are more likely to feel socially isolated than those who do not use social media often. Secondhand living Many people no longer experience real-life events directly. On the internet people create imaginary identities in virtual worlds and spend hours playing out parallel lives. People are increasingly preoccupied with the virtual realities. People in chat rooms blur the boundaries between their on-lives and off-lives, and there is every indication that the future will include robots that seem to express feelings and moods. All these change human identities from real life to artificial life. Music concerts or live shows are videoed on mobile phones, events are photographed, and audio is recorded. Media is uploaded on to social sites. Life becomes something that is 36 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 experienced through the prism of digital media rather than firsthand. Depression and anxiety There is a link between social network and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. Many studies found out that people who had restricted social interactions and who are more involved in social media and online interactions are more prone to higher level of depression and anxiety than those who are more involved in social interactions with other people. Anonymity and fake personality Digital technology provides wide scope for users to hide their identities. People are much more likely to behave anti-socially if they do not think that there will be any consequences. Bullying, trolling, stalking, threatening, and insulting behavior have all increased dramatically with the rise of the internet. People assume fake personas for the purpose of scamming and defrauding. Addiction Brainstorming 偮 What does internet addiction mean? Social media, computer games, messaging, and dating websites can all be addictive. Games want you to play so that you will buy the next version. Websites want you to interact so that they can bring in advertising money. Users end up wasting vast amount of time and hemorrhaging money for low return. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 37 2.1.2. Effects on social life The effects on social life in this context refer to the effects digital technology has on the economy, demography, employment, education, social interactions, social networking, social welfare, health, culture, and other conditions of individuals, families or communities. For example, increased use of technologies is one possible effect on social life that is reflected in productivity within the society. When such changes continue for long-term, the effect of increasing productivity moves beyond having social effects to one having a sustained social impact. Social effects of digital technologies on citizens can be seen from positive and negative perspectives. Let us start from the positive effects: Positive implications of digital technology on the social life of citizens Figure 2.6 Positive implications of digital technology on the social life of citizens 38 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Increased social connectivity Brainstorming 偮 How do digital technologies help people to be socially connected? Digital technology makes social connectivity easy with friends and families. Digital technology plat forms, for instance, social media (Face book, YouTube, Twitter, etc.), mobile phones, etc. allow people to make new connections and strengthen friendly relations with others using words, videos, audios, messaging, and texting. Websites, applications and software have all been created to help users to socialize. Social media platforms use technological devices such as laptops, tablets, and mobile phones means that nobody needs to feel isolated in the digital world. Users can get regularly updated information on local, regional and international events and social happenings. Social media and other digital technological innovations enable people to make their voices heard and talk to people across the world. Speedy communication Ever faster broadband enables the transfer of large amount of information across the world, making it possible to video and audio in real time, and send large data files and access data from virtually anywhere in the world. Advancing education Education content has also been affected by internet due to digital technologies and has become an inseparable part of it. Social networking sites allow students, researchers, and teachers to share academic information and education related issues, follow the latest developments in various fields, search scientific studies, and exchange ideas, and utilize them for academic achievement. Courses and lessons Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 39 can now be delivered virtually online. Because of advancement in communication technologies people can now directly learn from the sources easily. Using digital technology, people can improve their logical reasoning, generate information regarding various concepts, improve communication skills, and render efficient academic performance. Simulations such as virtual online laboratories, provide access to experiential learning. Understanding education industries in a better way would assist more established relationship with different organizations. Transportations Many transportation infrastructure like train, ships and airplanes rely on digital technology. Accessing time tables as well as booking planes often take place online. Passports contain digital chips that hold information enabling self-service machines to speed up the process of checking in and passing through customs. Road vehicles such as cars, trucks and trains can now be booked online via various applications which make people to get services faster. Banking and finance There is no doubt that digitalization has led to a radical change in financial matters. Online banking is now done either through a laptop, tablet, or phone applications. Bank users now check their incoming and outgoing payments remotely and arrange money transfers and bill payments. Outside of the banking, other financial matters, such as, buying and selling currency and shares can be dealt with online. Transferring money between accounts both locally and internationally are conducted using digital technology. Health care Digital technology positively impacts health care. Digital technologies have brought about a massive and welcome change to the healthcare sector. Patients now have access to some of the best diagnostic tools, new and cutting-edge treatments and less painful and quicker healings Patients not only have access to quick and accurate medical information using their handheld devices, but they can also use applications to keep track of doctor’s appointments, and get remainder to take their medications. Technology has placed at the disposal of the healthcare community various potent 40 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 tools to improve patient care. Since medical information or data are easily available to physicians, they can access complete medical histories of patients and make the well-considered medical decisions. Digital technology also helps enhance patient care by providing information about the patient’s vital signs, and temperature. Digital technology has enabled patients get medical treatment with specialists in any part of the world. Generally, digital technological advancements such as health applications in the healthcare have provided doctors with the opportunity to treat patients in a virtual environment by using medium like video conferencing; tracking chronic illness and communicate vital information to doctors, helping people to track diet, exercise and mental health information and online medical records that give people access to test results and allow people to fill prescriptions. Economic growth The current phase of economic development is characterized by an accelerated digitalization process where innovative infrastructure plays a crucial role. The faster development of technology allows the economic sector to increase its productivity through facilitating communication, improving skills, providing new business opportunities, and creating new entrepreneurships. Increased productivity as a result of the introduction of more efficient business processes, excessive markets and business processing supported by technologies. Digital technologies have brought about economic growth through the introduction of new innovations and infrastructures, large amount of investments, strengthening information and communication services in the global market. Moreover, they increase the volume of transit freight because of the decrease in transit time in all transportation sectors. New technologies that have been adopted in the agriculture sector, for example, satellite technologies and mobile phones significantly increased agricultural productivity by enabling the weather conditions and updating information on agricultural knowledge. The highest- level computing, broadband, and mobile telephone networks have also been instrumental in relaxing scalability constraints thereby allowing the economic sector to grow more rapidly. Digitalization based on mature technologies provided a way to allow business to scale further. The use of digital technologies in day- to -day activities dramatically increases the amount of goods and services produced in Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 41 different parts of the world, the automation of business operations and operational effectiveness. Negative implications of digital technology on the social life of citizens Brainstorming 偮 What kind of negative social impacts do digital technologies create? As there are positive effects of digital technologies, there are also negative effects. Some of the negative effects on the social life are discussed below Figure 2.7 Negative effects of digital technology on the social life of citizens 42 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Social alienation There is an increasing tendency for people to socialize and communicate via digital devices rather than through real life contact. Society is continuing to become more and more impersonal as digitalized machines replaced humans. For example. People shop online, and do their banking online. Lack of contact with others can easily result in a sense of disconnectedness and isolation. Since human beings have evolved over thousands of years to have real contact the decrease of such contacts affects them in all sorts of negative ways which we are only beginning to understand. Although social media enable people to contact all over the world, they can also reinforce prejudices, and sow lack of agreement by giving hate speech and misinformation and by amplifying echo chambers. Digital technology, particularly social media can fuel the fragmentation of society around the world in this way. Case Study Kobalo has many friends at school and out of school. He is spending much of his time playing with his friends. Through time he restricted his interactions with his friends and isolated himself because he was exposed to addiction of online gaming. What do you think of the negative effects of digital technologies such as online gaming? Eroding privacy It has become much harder to have personal privacy in the digital world. There is also a danger that your personal data can be stolen or sold. For instance, everybody has the ability to take photos and video footage on their mobile phone, and then post it online. Employers can search for people online and may find unflattering photographs, or see those expressing controversial opinions in social media or blogs. Digital cameras watch and record our movements in public places. Minor indiscretions can now haunt an individual for life when they are posted on the internet. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 43 Controlling personal information is very difficult and sometimes impossible. Case Study Helen is a user of Facebook to communicate with other people. She always posts her new photos on her time line. Once she saw her photograph used by another person as a profile picture and she deleted all photos from her time line. However, others still continued to use her photos as their profile pictures. What is worse, these people began sending friend request to her friends by using her photos as a profile picture. What kind of impact may this cause to Helen? Job insecurity It is used to be that you had to be physically present at a workplace to do a job, but now many work tasks are performed remotely via digital technology. That means a poor country worker in a low wage economy can undercut workers and take his or her job. Increasingly, humans are not needed at all for many tasks, as computers gradually replace them. Driving and delivery jobs, for instance, will disappear soon as vehicles become automated. Case Study Mr. Ojulu has a public telephone center and he is supporting his families by the income he generates from customers who get the service from him. However, he stopped the job and he lost the income because public telephone service was replaced by more advanced technologies like mobile phones. His customers began using mobile phones and getting mobile cards online. What do you think of such effects of digital technologies? 44 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Data insecurity Digital technology means that huge amount of data can be collected and stored. This can be private information concerning individuals or organizations. It can be very difficult to keep this data safe. Just a single breach can mean vast amount of private information is going in to the hands of criminals, terrorists, business rivals, foreign adversaries, or other harmful entities. Crime and terrorism The internet is the fertile territory for malevolent forces to operate internationally, and on vast scales. Examples of this include terrorist who use social media to promote them and encourage others; drug dealers who use the dark web to trade, etc. Activity 2.3 1. How do digital technologies aggravate crime and terrorism? Effects on physical health Social media and mobile devices lead to physical health problems. Technologies such as computers, smart phones and hand held tablets, can hold a person’s attention for long periods. This may lead to eyestrains. Symptoms of digital eyestrain can include blurred vision, and dry eyes. Eyestrain may also lead to pain in other areas of the body such as the head, neck or shoulder. The way people use mobile devices and computers may also contribute to incorrect posture. Overtime, this may leads to musculoskeletal problems. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 45 2.1.3. Effects on ethical values Brainstorming 偮 What are the implications of digital technology While many ethical issues have been presented ever since researchers started to publish their work, new ethical issues and challenges continue to emerge in the social, economic and political spheres. A good use of digital technology improves humans’ moral well-being and helps better at making ethical decisions. On the contrary, a bad use of technology does the opposite. It makes the users less loving to others and worse at making ethical decisions. The section below presents the positive and negative effects of digital technology on the ethical values of citizens. Positive Implications of digital technology on the Ethical values of citizens Figure 2.8 Positive effects of digital technology on the Ethical values of citizens 46 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Developing critical thinking: proper and accurate use of technology is one of the most powerful tools for developing critical thinking of young citizens. Digital technology allows people to think and look beyond their spheres and perspectives. This means that they no longer see things from specific sources of information. While people access information from diversified sources, they are enable to analyze, check facts, and challenge the information rather than passively accept the dictums of others. People who have limited sources of information and knowledge have no choice to ignore. Rather they accept what they get as ultimate truth and fact. People using digital purposefully would acquire, enhance and develop the power, the skill and knowledge to identify and critically evaluate what is fact and what is individual’s opinion. Later they could gain new perspectives. So, technology rich environments foster self-regulated learning. That means, people can develop the capacity to monitor, evaluate, and control thinking while completing new tasks which help critical thinking and transfer of knowledge. Developing universal moral values: people come from diversified society with diversified moral norm participating in philosophical debates and discourses with others through different technologies is important to develop a universally guiding moral principles. People who live in isolated environment always believe their moral norms are best, but the moral norms of others are worst. When they start to communicate with others, and begin to learn more about other people, they compare and contrast the good and evil norms of the world society. Through time, such good moral norms got acceptance and become universal moral principles. Activity 2.4 1. How do digital technologies contribute to developing universal moral values? Self-learning of good habits: good moral characters may not be always acquired from family and peers. The way people make moral decisions and Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 47 become good may have been shaped by other persons who have good ethical behaviors. Digital technologies allow people to learn ways of acquiring good moral values from the experiences of others. For example, reading the life experiences of philosophers from different sources may help a person to learn what kind of person she/he should be and what kind of behaviors she/ he should acquire. As youth participate in digital public, every younger age’s questions about their developmental capacities seem particularly important when considering their capacity for discerning the ethical pledges that are at play in the digital media. When people start to interact with others, they begin to reconsider their conceptions about what is good or bad, right or wrong, just or unjust and become aware of the broader society, its values, norms, and expectations. Activity 2.5 1. What kind of good habits do you learn from digital technologies like social media? How do you learn the habits? Negative Implications of digital technology on the ethical values of citizens Ethical dilemma: the move from one set of dominant information to another through digital technology is always morally/ ethically contentious. People who access different philosophical thoughts from various digital sources may experience ethical dilemma when something at work goes against their personal ethics, morals and values. Such dilemma may force people, for example, to choose between being honest and dishonest, or between what they know is right and what they know is wrong. These dilemmas may lead people to lose or change their norms and values established in their own socio-cultural spheres. 48 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Figure 2.9. Negative implications of digital technology on the ethical values of citizens Case Study Ali always reads different philosophical thoughts from online sources. Then he starts to criticize and stands against the established ethical and moral values of his society by comparing them with the philosophy of others that he reads. Even worse, he starts to ask himself what is right and wrong, what is moral and immoral, etc. Then he gets confused and depressed. What do you think of such effects of digital technology? Increasing uncertainty: in this digital world, many ethical issues are raised and discussed through internet. Different people engage in conversations and debates and transform to others through webs about how to behave well or have right characters or how to lead our lives properly. For such questions, philosophers have no well-articulated answers till now. Hence, people may confront with the lives they really live, which leads them to confusion and uncertainty of their future. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 49 Creating unhappiness: technologies can encourage unethical practices in a number of ways. Today, the media can reflect some very vulgar and offending messages. Especially via computer, the perpetrators of these messages can offend people within their own culture and in other cultures, through e-mail, instant messages or unsuspecting software. Imagine that a message from unknown address comes to you.When you read the e-mail, there is a very offending joke about your culture. The e-mail, obviously, was unethical and it distracted you from your duties. Untruthfulness: all information disseminated through digital technologies always possess the issue of truthfulness. Truthfulness as a norm of ethics is one of the significant values of people. Transfer of fake information, messages and news to others has become a norm for some people in this digital era. Now many young citizens are affected by such misconduct to get likes, subscribes and shares on you tube, face book, and other social media. Eroding people’s norms of freedom: digital technologies have become a place in which users express their hates against their opponents. Many people have lost their freedoms of writing and speech using different media because of fear of insult by people who refuse their views or opinions. Induction of negative emotions: people are experiencing negative emotions, such as fear, disgust, and anger. These emotions become routine for some people when they watch a sad film, war and disastrous videos, etc. Such emotions disrupt and dislocate the thinking and attention of human beings. That has profound effects on people’s ability to think. 50 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 LESSON 2.2. The ethics of using digital technology 2 By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Demonstrate the ethical principles of using digital technology Brainstorming 偮 What kind of ethical principles would you follow when using digital technology in your school? Ethical and acceptable behavior is important in utilizing digital technology such as internet, cellular phones and laptops. In today’s digital world, there is increasing trends of misuse and abuse of emerging technologies. Some examples include using internet to intimidate or threaten students, using cellular phones during class time, and playing games on laptops. As ever-smarter technologies proliferate, so too does the potential for its misuse, for example, a flawed algorithm may lead to a wrongful deportation of many people, harvesting others without their consent, and unchecked use of technology that can lead to negative consequences. So, how can we address Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 51 these issues? This shows us as to why digital ethics matters more than anything. Some of the common ethical and social codes students should be aware of while using digital technology include: Understanding the ethical, cultural, and societal issues related to technology Practicing responsible use of technology system, information and software Developing positive attitudes towards technology applications that support lifelong learning, collaboration, personal pursuits and productivity. These codes of conduct are important to guide student’s behavior in and out of school in using technology. Teachers also must prepare students to be members of a digital society or digital citizens. In the following section we will discuss the major areas of digital citizenship which are important to teach appropriate ethical behavior. What is digital citizenship? Digital citizenship can be defined as the norms of behavior with regard to technology use. It is the appropriate and responsible use of the internet, computers and digital devices. As a way of understanding the complexity of digital citizenship and the issue of technology use, abuse and misuse, we have identified general areas of behavior that make up digital citizenship. Etiquette: electronic standard of conduct or procedure Responsibility: electronic responsibility for action and deeds Safety: physical well-being in digital technology Security (self-protection): electronic precautions to guarantee safety. Now let us discuss these general areas of ethical behavior with examples: Etiquette: digital behavior makes everyone a role model for students. The problem with teaching digital technology is not all the rules that have been written about uses of these devices. As new technologies emerge, users do not have the opportunity to “catch up” with all of their uses. Moreover, when students see adults using technologies inappropriately, they can assume it is the norm. This leads to inappropriate technology behavior on the part of students. 52 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 Example of inappropriate etiquette; Students use cell phones to send non-class related messages back and forth in class. Responsibility: at any early age you may find it easy to locate and download material from the Internet. Technology users must think twice about what is appropriate or ethical and legal to download materials from the internet. Examples of inappropriate responsibility. Students copy materials of the internet for class projects without giving credit to the author. Students download illegal materials from the internet sites. Safety: students need to be aware of the physical dangers that are inherent in using technology. Carpal tunnel syndrome is one (though not the only) of such dangers. Eyestrain and poor posture are common problems in technology- related activities. You should use technology in a responsible way to prevent various physical injuries. Example, using technology in rooms that are not well lit. Security: as more and more sensitive information is stored electronically, a corresponding strategy to protect that information must be created. Students must learn how to protect electronic data (example, virus protection, firewall, offsite storage). Protecting one’s equipment is not only a matter of personal responsibility but also necessary for protecting the community (example, keeping one’s virus software up to date). However, digital security goes beyond protecting equipment. It includes protecting ourselves and others from outside influences that would do us physical harm. Example of inappropriate security: Failure to protect your identity while using e-mail, chat, or instant messaging Failure to protect electronic data Failure to maintain current software updates on other computers so as to protect from computer virus. Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 53 Confidentiality: internet users consider privacy or security to be one of the important issues. A lot of internet users are not aware of the fact that personal information may be revealed when they go online. Examples of inappropriate confidentiality: when people tell their email, Facebook and other passwords to others. Accuracy/ trust worthiness: although there is a wide realm of information available on the internet, there is no agency monitoring truth or accuracy of information. There is no restriction on false information. Teachers should inform their students about the situation to protect them from citing or reading incorrect information. Inaccurate information can cause confusion in society, and medical and legal issues. In sum, with the rise of technology use at home and in the class rooms, developing digital citizenship has been a priority in countries of the world. Ensuring children and the young people are active, engaged and respectful online users are essential to fostering digital skill development and inclusion of the non-skillful children. The reality of being online is that children and the young people despite their digital skill levels, will be exposed to risks. Group Activity 1. What do you mean by appropriate use of digital technology? 2. What kinds of ethical rules should we follow with regard to using digital technologies? 54 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 LESSON 2.3. Opportunities digital technology provides 3 for young citizens By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Discuss” the opportunities of digital technology for young citizens Brainstorming 偮 What are the possible opportunities digital technology provides for the young citizens? In the ever-globalized world, the change in the use and advancement of digital technology offers opportunities for young citizens. This section is intended to present some of the opportunities of digital technologies for young citizens including information access, connectivity, digital learning, innovation and versatile working. Let us discuss them one by one. Information access: first and for most, the ever growing digital technology is a window of opportunity for young citizens to easily access information about what is going in their own country and around the world. Hence, Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 55 digital technology favored an open access to information which would enable young citizens to engage in collaborative activities and to become part of the world people. Social connectivity: digital technology facilitates conditions to the young to connect socially in spite of time and space. Therefore, it creates the opportunity of empowering the young generation to fully participate in today’s digital world. This would be an advantage for them to be informed citizens. In addition, it is an opportunity for the young people to be familiar with the tools and codes of their ever-digitalizing world. Learning opportunities: anybody with access to the internet now has an access to a huge proportion of the world’s knowledge over the web. Lessons and courses can now be delivered virtually online. Communication advances mean that the young people can now easily communicate with most of the world’s population and learn directly from sources without the need of face- to-face contact or going abroad. For example, people trying to understand foreign events, or to learn new language, thanks to digital technology, they can easily learn and acquire knowledge and skills. Digital technology enables the young to acquire short term trainings on different disciplines. Even people can develop their skills by watching videos, listening audios and searching relevant internet information regarding what they want. Activity 2.6 1. How do digital technologies provide learning opportunities for the young citizens? Versatile working opportunities: due to the advancement of digital technology, the nature of work has been transformed. Increased connectivity options means that many young people now have far more opportunities for working from home as remote working has become increasingly common. Many jobs can now 56 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 be done from hundreds, or thousands of miles away without difficulty. Digital technologies also provide opportunities for the young to easily search and apply online job opportunities. Activity 2.7 1. How do digital technologies help the young to create more working environments? Innovation and creative opportunities: the advancement of digital technology is a fertile ground for the young generation to be creative and innovative. The opportunities in terms of information access, connectivity and digital learning are the enabling factors for the young citizens to be innovative in different aspects of life. In addition, digital technologies enable young citizens to be exposed to new ideas and technologies which equally contributed to creativity and innovation. Group Activity 1. What opportunities does digital technology provide for young citizens? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 57 LESSON 2.4. Impacts of unethical use of digital 4 technology on young citizens By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: ☑ Explain unethical use of digital technology ☑ Analyze the impacts of unethical use of digital technology on young citizens Brainstorming 偮 What would happen when you use digital technology unethically? Although the spread of advanced digital technologies has positively contributed a lot to human beings in many ways, the unethical use of these technologies has negatively affected young citizens. Let us discuss some of the impacts of unethical use of technology on young citizens. Academic dishonesty: Academic dishonesty - cheating and internet plagiarism - is a serious unethical use of digital technologies which affect the academic performance of the young. Academic dishonesty, like cheating 58 Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 includes copying from another’s work or allowing one’s own work to be copied, submitting another person’s work as one’s own , fabrication of data, consultation with an authorized person during the examination, or use of un authorized aids. Plagiarism- is the act of presenting the ideas, words, or other intellectual property of other persons as one’s own. Such kinds of digital cheating could be less effortful, particularly with the ease of using copy and paste functions to incorporate others ‘digital text in to one’s own. So, when one’s work and intellectual property are simply copied, and plagiarized by others without adding their efforts, it leads to dependence on others’ work and property. When young citizen become dependent on others’ work, they become dependent and unanalytical in their academy. This unethical conduct affects not only the academic performance of people who copied, but also of those people whose work is plagiarized and copied by others, because plagiarism leads to the erosion of authors morality, which again results in academicians leave out the academic circle and research contribution. This affects the future generation who could benefit from the work of others and who want to contribute to their people by writing books, and articles and conducting researches. Case Study Mrs. Zebenay, a Citizenship teacher, gives assignment for her students to do individually within four days by referring to books in the library. However, many students directly copied the assignment from internet sources. Some students have done their assignment in a better way by referring to different books and materials. The teacher decides to punish those who directly copied answers from the internet sources and reward those who made efforts to consult different references to complete their assignment. In this case, do you think the decision of the teacher is right? Why? Citizenship Education Student Textbook Grade 10 59 Digital media piracy: this is a leading unethical practice in the use of computers. Piracy is regarded as illegal circulation and distribution of music, movies, books and other intellectual property. Such unethical acts affect the young in many ways. First, it violates the property rights of those whose music, movies, books etc... are distributed and circulated to others without payment. Secondly, such conducts affect the production industries and hinders young generation from their commitment to hardworking. For example, musicians and academicians, and film makers lose their property rights because their properties are stolen and distributed without payment. Identity theft: digital technologies provide wide scopes for users to hide their identities.People are much more likely to behave anti-socially if they think that there will be no consequences. Unfriendly and revenge sex: the irresponsible and unethical use of digital technology poses risks for the young in their relationships with their sexual friends. Digital technologies enable young people to share, create and forward suggestive aggressive sex videos. When the young practice like what they watch in the videos, it leads them to separate from their friends or to be addicted. Youngsters who have access of downloading and watching sex videos are prone to early sexual experiences which bring about many

Citizenship Education Grade 10 Student Textbook PDF

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