A&P - Nervous System Notes PDF

\_\_\_ Notes ===== Nervous Tissue lecture 1 Notes ------------------------------ - **CNS: Central nervous system** - - **PNS: Peripheral nervous system** - - - [Anatomy of a typical neuron]: - [Nervous System Functions:] 1. 2. 3. [Stimulus \--\> Receptor \--\> Inter...

\_\_\_ Notes ===== Nervous Tissue lecture 1 Notes ------------------------------ - **CNS: Central nervous system** - - **PNS: Peripheral nervous system** - - - [Anatomy of a typical neuron]: - [Nervous System Functions:] 1. 2. 3. [Stimulus \--\> Receptor \--\> Interneurons \--\> Effector \--\> Response] **Sensation & Receptors** - - - - - - [Stimulus ---\> Receptor] **Integration** - - - [Stimulus ----\> Receptor ----\> Interneurons ] Response (Motor Activity) - - [Stimulus ---\> Receptor ---\> Interneurons ---\> Effector ---\> Response] **Afferent & Efferent** - - - - - - **Types of Neurons** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Bipolar vs. Unipolar neuron:** - - - - - - - - - - **Sensory (Afferent) Neurons** - - **Motor (Efferent) Neurons** - - **Neuroglia** - - - - - [Types of Glial Cells]:  **Astrocytes:** - - **Microglia:** - - - **Ependymal Cells:** - - - **Oligodendrocytes:** - **Satellite Cells:** - **Schwann Cells:** - - **Neuronal Replacement** - - - - - **Neurodegeneration** - **Neuroregeneration** - - - - - [Peripheral Nerve Regeneration after Injury Steps:] 1. 2. 3. 4. [Structure of a typical synapse:] **Ions & Solutes** Extracellular fluid Cytosol --------------------- ---- ------------ \[K+\] \< **\[K+\]** **\[Na+\]** \> \[Na+\] **\[Cl-\]** \> \[Cl-\] **\[Ca2+\]** \> \[Ca2+\] **Nervous Tissue Lecture 2 Notes** [Chemical & Electrical Synapses: ]  **Chemical Synapse:** - - - **Concentration Gradients** Extracellular fluid (ECF) Cytosol --------------------------- ---------------- ------------ \[K+\] \< (diffusion) **\[K+\]** **\[Na+\]** \> (diffusion) \[Na+\] **\[Cl-\]** \> (diffusion) \[Cl-\] **\[Ca2+\]** \> (diffusion) \[Ca2+\] **Types of Ion Channels:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Electrostatic forces** - - **Membrane Potential** - - - - - [Stages of an action potential:] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **Action Potentials** - - - - Action Potential & Threshold - - - - **Nervous Tissue Lecture 3 Notes** **Neurotransmitter inactivation** - - - - **Electrical Synapses** - - - [Summation of Neurotransmitter Input:] - - - - - [The organization of Neuronal Pools:]  **Synaptic Formation** - - - - [Synaptic Plasticity & Learning:] - - **Neural Plasticity & Learning:** - - - - [Potentiation] - - **Neurotransmitters & Action Potentials** - - **Glutamate & GABA** - - - - - **Excitatory** **Neurotransmitters** - - - **Inhibitory** **Neurotransmitters** - - - **Seizures** - - - - - - **Nervous Tissue & General Senses Lecture 4 Notes** **Benzodiazepines** - - - - - - **Serotonin** - - - - - **Fluoxetine** - - - - - **Serotonin & SSRIs** - - - - - - - **Dopamine** - - - - - - - - - **Reward System** - - - **Dark Side of Dopamine** - - **"The Gambling Gene"** - - - - **Parkinson's Disease** - - - - - - **Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)** - - - - - - - - - - **Cocaine** - - - - - - **Bupropion** - - - - - - - - - - - - **Neuropeptides** - - - - - - **Endorphins & Opioid Receptors** - - - - - - - **Opioid Compounds** - - - - - - **Exercise-Induced Euphoria** - - - - **Sensory Receptors** - - - - [The Five Senses:] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [General Senses:] - - - - - - **Sensory Receptors & Stimuli:**  **Sensory Receptor Cells & Cell Receptor Proteins** - [Stimulus ----\> Cell receptor ----\> Sensory cell ] **Free Nerve Endings** - - - - - **Root Hair Plexuses:** - - - **Tactile Discs (Merkel Cells)** - - - - - - **Tactile Corpuscles (Meissner\'s Corpuscles)** - - - - - **Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles** - - - - - **Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscle** - - - - - **PNS - General Senses & Spinal Cord Lecture 5 Notes** **General Sense Receptors** - - - - - - **Proprioception** - - - - - [Spinal Cord Regions ] -  [Peripheral Nerve & Skeletal Muscle ] - **Sensory & Motor commands** - -  **Innervation** - - - [Spinal Nerves & Dermatomes ] **Somatosensation Tests** - - - **Peripheral Neuropathy - Causes** - - - - - - - - **Peripheral Neuropathy - Symptoms** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Sensory** **Symptoms** | **Motor** **Symptoms** | +===================================+===================================+ | - - | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Peripheral Neuropathy - Diagnosis** - - **Peripheral Neuropathy - Tx** - **Trauma/injury** **Infection** **Vitamin deficiency** **Alcohol use** **Type 2 diabetes** ------------------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- Medications, PT, surgery, etc medications (ex: antibiotics) Diet & supplements Limit or discontinue alcohol use Wt, diet, & lifestyle management **Peripheral Neuropathy - Supportive Tx** - - - - - - - **Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)** - - - - - - - **Shingles** - - - - **Shingles - Cause** - - - - - - **Shingles - Prevention** - - - **PNS - General Senses & Spinal Cord Lecture 6 Notes** **Spinal Nerve Plexuses** - - - - - - **Nerve Lesions** - - **Erb's Palsy** - - - **Neurogenic Atrophy** - - **Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms** - - - - **Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Diagnosis** - - - **Carpal Tunnel Surgery** - **Sciatic Nerve** - - - - - - **Sciatica - Foot Drop** - - **Sciatica - Tx** - - - - - **Spinal Reflexes** - - - -  **Babinski Reflex** - - **Innate Vs. Learned Reflexes** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **[Innate Reflexes | **[Learned | | ]** | Reflexes]** | +===================================+===================================+ | Instinctive reflex that doesn't | Reflec acquired through | | require learning | experience and repetition | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - - - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Central Nervous System Lecture 6 Notes** **Spina Bifida** - - - - **Conus Medullaris & Cauda equina** - - - - - - **Filum Terminale** - - - - **Cross Section of the Spinal Cord** - -  - - - **Organization of the Spinal Cord:** **Meninges** - - - - - -  **Meningitis** - - - - - - - **Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)** - - - - **Ependymal Cells & Choroid Plexus** - - - -  **Central Nervous System Lecture 7 Notes** **The brain** - - - **The Cerebrum** - - - - - - - **Brain Gray & White Matter** - - **The Cerebral Cortex** - - - - - - **Sulci, Fissures, & Gyri:** - - - - - - **[Brain Regions & Functions:]** - - - - **Electroencephalogram (EEG)** - - - - - - **Brain Waves** - - - - - - - - - [Brain Imaging Techniques:] - - - **Computerized (Axial) Tomography - CT Scan** - - - - - - **Positron Emission Tomography (PET)** - - - - **Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)** - - - - - - **Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)** - - - [Advantages & Disadvantages of fMRI:] - - - - - - **Brain Lateralization & Dominance** - -  **Frontal Lobe - Functions** - - - - - - - [Frontal Lobe & Dopamine: ] - - **Lobotomy** - - **Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)** - - - - **Parietal Lobe - Functions** - - - - **Post central Gyrus - Functions** - - - - - - - **Occipital Lobe - Functions** - - - **Temporal Lobe - Functions** - - - - **Broca's Area** - - - [Broca's Area - Lesions:] - - - - [Wernicle's Area:] - - **The Brain & Cranial Nerves Lecture 8 Notes** **The Limbic Lobe (Limbic System)** - - - - - -  **Amygdala (Amygdaloid Body)** - - - - - **The Hippocampus** - - - - - - **Alzheimer's Disease** - - - - **Alzheimer's Anatomical Changes** - - - **The Corpus Callosum** - - **Corpus callosotomy** - - - - **The Cerebellum** - - - - [Cerebellum - Anatomy ] - - - - - - - - - - - **Cerebellum - Functions** - - - - - - **The Diencephalon** - - - - - - - **The Thalamus** - - - - **Hypothalamus - Functions** - - - - - - - - - **Mammillary Bodies** - - - **Epithalamus** - - - -  **The Brainstem** - - 1. 2. 3. **[The Brainstem - Functions ]** - - - - - - - - - **The Midbrain - Functions** - - - - **Corpora Quadrigemina** - - - - - - - - **Substantia Nigra** - - - - **The Pons** - - - - **The Medulla Oblongata** - - - - - - - - - - **Cranial Nerves** - - - - - - - - - - **Olfactory Nerve (CN I)** - - - **Optic Nerve (CN II)** - - [Optic nerve Structures:] - - - - - - [Motor Nerves that Control Eye Muscles:] - - - **Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)** - - - - - **Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)** - **Abducens Nerve (CN VI)** - Nerves that controls the eyes: - - - **Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)** - - - - - - - [Trigeminal Nerve & Dental Anesthesia ] - - - - - - [Nerve Block:] - - - - **Trigeminal Nerve Pathology** - - - - **Facial nerve (CN VII)** - - - **Bell's Palsy** - - - - - - **Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)** - **Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)** - - - - - - - **Vagus Nerve (CN X)** - - - - [Vagus Nerve - Anatomy ] - - - - [Vagus Nerve Functions ] - - - - - - - - **Vasovagal (Neurocardiogenic) Syncope** - - - - - - - - **Accessory Nerve (XI)** - **Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)** - [Tongue Innervation:] - - - - - - -  **Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System Lecture 9 Notes** [Ascending Pathways (Tracts)] - - - **Somatotopy** - - - - **Phantom Limb Syndrome** - **Referred Pain** - - - **Decussation & Corticospinal Tracts** - - - [Descending Pathways (Tracts) ] - - - - **The Sympathetic Division** - - [The "E Division" ] - - - - **The Parasympathetic System** - - [The "D Division"] - - - - **Sympathetic Ganglia** 1. 2. 3. **The Adrenal Medulla** - - - -  **Dual Innervation** - - - **Sweat Glands:** - - **Pupils - Sympathetic** [SyNS]: - - **Pupils - Parasympathetic** [PSNS]: - - - **Lacrimal (Tear) Glands** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Glossophobia** - - - **Salivary Glands** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - - | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **The Heart** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Respiratory System & Lungs** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Gastrointestinal Tract** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - - | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Liver & Glycogen** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **"The Anabolic System"** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Sympathetic** | **Parasympathetic** | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | | | | | - - - | - - - | | | | | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Autonomic Nervous System Lecture 10 Notes** **Kidneys & Bladder** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Female Reproductive Organs** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Male Reproductive Organs** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SyNS | PSNS | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Ligands & Receptors** - - - - - - - **Epinephrine & Norepinephrine** - - - - - [Adrenergic & Cholinergic Receptors of the ANS] - - - - - - - - - - - **Sympathetic Pharmacology** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sympathomimetic drugs | Sympatholytic drugs | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - | - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ [What can you do to relieve sinusitis?] - - - - - **Adrenaline & The Heart** - - - - **Bronchoconstriction** - - - - - - - **Bronchodilators** - - - - - - **Beta-Blockers** - - - - - - - - **Anaphylaxis** - - - - - - [Epinephrine Breakdown During Allergic Reaction:] - - - - - - **Special Senses Lecture 11 Notes**  - - - - - - - - **Vitreous Humor (Body)** - - - - - - - - **The Ciliary Muscle** - - **The Lens** - - - - [Light Refraction:] - **Accommodation & the Eye** - - - - **Cataracts** - - **Nearsightedness & Farsightedness** - - - **(Central) Fovea** - - - - [The Olfactory Organs ] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.  [Basal Cells ] - - **Anosmia** - - - - - - - - [Olfactory Discrimination ] - - - **Olfactory Adaptation (nose blindness)** - - - **Special Senses Lecture 11 Notes** **Gustation - Basic Tastes** - - - - -  **More about Taste Buds:** 1. - 2. [Locations of the papillae determine which nerve they are innervated by:] - - **Gustation Sensory Cells** - - - [Basic Taste Physiology ] How taste chemicals are detected: 1. 2. **Salty:** - - - **Sour:** - **Salty & Sour:** - - - - - - - **Gustation - Other "Tastes"** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Basic Tastes ] | [Proposed tastes] | +===================================+===================================+ | - - - - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - **Spiciness** - - - [Spiciness & Nociception] - - - - - - - - - **The Ear** [The parts of the ear include:] 1. 2. 3. [Three small bones create the auditory ossicles:] 1. 2. 3.  **[Hearing]:** **Sound Waves** - - - - - - - - - **The Cochlea & Sound** - - - - **The Spiral Organ (organ of Corti)** - -  [The Basilar Membrane & Resonance ] - - - - - - **[Balance:]** [The Saccule & Utricle] - [Maculae Structure ] - - **Semicircular Ducts:** - - - Semicircular Canal Cross Section: - **Endolymph** - - -  - - -