MC1 Anaphysiology Finals Key Points PDF

MC1 - ANAPHYSIOLOGY (FINALS) SKELETAL SYSTEM: KEYPOINTS:  TENDON-connective tissue attaches muscle to bone  ARTICULAR CARTILAGE- the structure that covers the ends of bones at synovial joints  OSTEOBLAST-bone cell which is responsible for bone formation.  Fibrous joint is i...

MC1 - ANAPHYSIOLOGY (FINALS) SKELETAL SYSTEM: KEYPOINTS:  TENDON-connective tissue attaches muscle to bone  ARTICULAR CARTILAGE- the structure that covers the ends of bones at synovial joints  OSTEOBLAST-bone cell which is responsible for bone formation.  Fibrous joint is immovable.  The striations seen in skeletal muscle fibers are due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments  The ORIGIN is the part of the muscle that is attached to the bone that moves less.  The primary function of red bone marrow is to produce red and white blood cells.  Skeletal muscle is controlled voluntarily.  Axial skeleton consists of the following structures: Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs and Sternum  Synovial fluid is to lubricate and reduce friction in joints and facilitate smooth movement.  Ball-and-socket joint – is a joint type that allows the widest range of motion.  COMPACT BONE- type of bone tissue is found in the diaphysis of long bones TYPES OF BONE Bones are categorized based on their shapes, which relate to their specific functions. 1. Long Bones: Definition: Longer than they are wide, with a cylindrical shape Function: Act as levers to facilitate movement and support body weight. Examples: Femur, tibia, humerus. 2. Short Bones: Definition: Cube-shaped, nearly equal in length, width, and height. Function: Provide stability and support with minimal movement Examples: Carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones)  3. Flat Bones: Definition: Thin and broad with a flat surface, often slightly curved.o Function: Protect internal organs and serve as attachment points for muscles. Examples: Skull bones, sternum, scapula, ribs. 4. Irregular Bones: Definition: Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories. Function: Provide specific structural and functional roles. Examples: Vertebrae, facial bones (e.g., mandible). 5. Sesamoid Bones: Definition: Small, round bones embedded in tendons. Function: Reduce friction and pressure on tendons and increase mechanical efficiency Examples: Patella (kneecap) NERVOUS SYSTEM: KEY POINTS:  At the start of an action potential, Na+ gates open, allowing sodium ions to cross the membrane. This alters the charge difference across the axon membrane to positive on the outside and negative on the inside.  The sciatic nerve is the primary nerve associated with the sacral plexus.  Saltatory conduction is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber  The effect of a neurotransmitter, such as causing blood vessels to constrict or dilate, is ultimately determined by the type of receptor it binds to.  The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of metabolic waste such as urea.  An action potential involves the influx of positive ions, leading to the depolarize of the membrane.  The impulse-conducting cells of the nervous system are called NEURONS.  MEDULLA OBLONGATA is the portion of the brain that contains centers responsible fo vital functions as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure  The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the parasympathetic nervous system.  The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the broca’s area.  The neuroglia found in the CNS includes oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia.  A characteristic of the somatic nervous system is that it operates under voluntary control.  Spinal nerves are mixed nerves, containing both sensory and motor fibers, making it capable of transmitting impulses in two directions.  The lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements is the frontal lobe.  The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as gyri while the shallow grooves are termed sulci.  An action potential is caused by the influx of sodium ions into the cell.  The gap between two communicating neurons is termed synaptic cleft  Afferent nerves are called sensory nerves, and motor nerves are called efferent nerves.  Swelling in the brain due to a head injury can compress the oculomotor nerve, disrupting the pupils' ability to respond to light.  Vagus nerve supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as well as those in the head and neck  CSF furnishes the brain with glucose and protein.  BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) is a semi-permeable membrane that permits small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across to the brain but blocks larger molecules  The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called a neurotransmitter.  A nerve cell in which phase cannot respond to a new stimulus is refractory period  POSTCENTRAL GYRUS is the area of the brain receives impulses of heat, cold, and touch from receptors all over the body and is, therefore, known as the primary somatic sensory area  Transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse is accomplished by the release of a neurotransmitter by an axon.  AFFERENT Neurons- can detect sensations such as touch or heat and then relay information about the stimuli to the central nervous system  Hypothalamus is a brain structure which influences nearly every organ and exerts control over the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland  The hormone that stimulates bone resorption is parathyroid hormone. The nervous system is a complex network responsible for controlling and coordinating body functions. It processes sensory information, regulates motor responses, and maintains homeostasis. Main Divisions:  Central Nervous System (CNS):  Composed of the brain and spinal cord.  Acts as the processing and control center for all nervous activity.  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):  Composed of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia.  Connects the CNS to the rest of the body.  Subdivided into: Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements (e.g., skeletal muscles). Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary activities (e.g., heartbeat, digestion). The ANS regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into: 1.Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight or Flight): Prepares the body for stress or emergencies.o Effects include dilating pupils, increasing heart rate, and inhibiting digestion.  2.Parasympathetic Nervous System (Rest and Digest): Promotes relaxation and recovery.o Effects include constricting pupils, slowing heart rate, and stimulating digestion. Mnemonic for ANS: "Super Speedy Sympathetic - Peaceful Parasympathetic. MUSCULAR SYSTEM: KEYPOINTS:  Rotator Cuff Muscles: Stabilize the shoulder joint (e.g.,SUPRASPINATUS).  ABDUCTION- type of movement is characterized by moving a limb away from the midline  RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS- type of arthritis which is an autoimmune disorder.  Functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber-Sarcomere  ISOMETRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION- muscle length does not change while contracting  SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM - structure in a muscle cell stores calcium ions for muscle contraction  RECTUS FEMORIS is the muscle that is primarily responsible for extending the knee  CALCIUM-mineral is essential for muscle contraction and bone strength  The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to calcaneus bone  The role of vitamin D in bone health is to enhance calcium absorption in the intestines.