AP Study Guide PDF

AP Study Guide 89 Multiple Choice questions Chapter 1 Of the levels of organization the cell is considered the smallest unit capable of living on its own Stimulus is the term used to describe any change in the internal...

AP Study Guide 89 Multiple Choice questions Chapter 1 Of the levels of organization the cell is considered the smallest unit capable of living on its own Stimulus is the term used to describe any change in the internal or external environment. The most common physiologic feedback to maintain homeostasis is Negative A group of interrelated organs functioning together to accomplish a specific set of functions is the best definition of the system level of organization in the body. A range of physiologic balance or dynamic state of equilibrium within the body is the best definition of homeostasis Chapter 2 The Sagittal is the cardinal plane that divides the body into right and left sides Ipsilateral is the anatomical term used to describe the position of 2 structures on the same side of the Sagittal plane Adduction is the proper term for movement along the coronal plane and toward the midline. Flexion and extension are two movements that only occur along the Sagittal plane Cranial and Spinal is the name of the 2 dorsal cavities of the body The wrist is distal in relationship to the elbow Chapter 3 Water is an inorganic compound serves as the medium for most chemical exchanges between cells and tissues and is an essential component for transportation of nutrients and wastes. Three common structural components of almost all cells in the body are the nucleus cytoplasm and Plasma membrane Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport mechanism that relies on carrier molecules in the cell membrane to move substances into and out of cell The four basic types of tissue in the body: Epithelial, muscular, nervous and connective Ground substance is the special term used to describe the intercellular fluid component of all connective tissue The 3 most common kinds of cells present in almost all types of connective tissue are fibroblast, mast cells and macrophages Chapter 4 Synovial body membrane is classified as a connective tissue membrane The function of keratin in skin is to toughen the epidermis and make it water resistant The Dermis layer of skin contains the blood vessels and sensory organs Eccrine is an accessory gland that plays a large role in regulation of temperature, pH and fluid balance. Nociceptors are sensitive to the stimulus of chemical released by damaged cells Dermatome is the term for the segment if skin that carries sensory information from a specific region on the skin into the spinal cord along a specific nerve. Chapter 5 The skeletal system contributes to movement by providing the levers and fulcrums for movement Osteocytes are mature bone cells Remodeling is the term used to describe the natural cycle of self destruction and reformation that bones go through on a regular basis Metatarsals and metacarpals are classified as long bones The function of articular cartilage is to cushion bone ends and stabilize the joint The Pubic symphysis is an amphiarthrosis joint Chapter 6 The function of a tendon is to connect tissue to bone The perimysium if a layer of fascia that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, dividing the muscle into several compartments called fascicles The sarcomere is the portion of the muscle that is the actual contractile unit During a concentric contraction the muscle shortens The method of energy production that generates the highest amount of ATP is aerobic cellular metabolism The sarcomere of a skeletal muscle is a small unit of bundled actin and myosin Chapter 7 The 2 major divisions of the nervous system are Central and Peripheral The gluteal, sciatic and posterior femoral nerves are all major branches of the Sacral plexus Another name for a nerve impulse is an action potential The ascending tract of the spinal cord is also called the sensory tract The Diencephalon is the region of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus The Hypothalamus is the CNS structure that serves as the control center for the autonomic nervous system Proprioceptor is a specialized mechanoreceptor found in skeletal muscles and joints Chapter 8 A neurological reflex that inhibits the antagonist of a contracting muscle is called Reciprocal inhibition The term used to describe the balance of tension and compression forces in the musculoskeletal system is called Tensegrity The epimysium, perimysium and endomysium of skeletal muscle collectively form the axial layer of fascia in the body. The 3 mechanical properties of fascia are Viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and piezoelectricity Chapter 9 The anatomical and functional links between the nervous and endocrine systems are between the Pituitary and hypothalamus Glucagon and insulin are hormones produced in and released from the pancreas Cortisol is referred to as a “stress hormone” The 3 types of stimuli that activate the endocrine glands include neurologic stimulus, hormonal stimulus, and changes in blood concentration The Anterior pituitary secretes the tropic hormones Thyroxine is a metabolism-increasing hormone released by the thyroid Chapter 10 Thrombocytes are the formed element in blood that plays a key role in blood clotting The function of leukocytes is immune response Hemoglobin is the name of the protein that gives red blood cells their capacity to carry blood gases The Saphenous vein is most commonly affected by the condition of varicose veins The 2 divisions of cardiovascular circulation are Pulmonary and systemic The amount of pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries is called blood pressure Chapter 11 Lipid molecules absorbed from the intestines gives lymph its characteristic milky appearance. The initial vessel picks up the interstitial fluid Lymphatic ducts are the largest type of lymphatic vessel The function of primary lymphoid tissue is production of the lymphocytes The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that serves as major storage site for lymphocytes and platelets plus filter foreign particles and pathogens out of the blood. All T cells are lymphocytes primarily responsible for the cell-mediated immune response Chapter 12 Transmission of antibodies from mother to child is an example of naturally acquired passive immunity The functional purpose of the nose and sinuses is to warm and moisten the air before it enters the lungs Chapter 13 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the blood via the Respiratory membrane The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that occurs between air and capillaries inside the lungs is called External respiration The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called ventilation The diaphragm and intercostals are skeletal muscles considered the primary muscles of ventilation The structures of the lower respiratory tract are the trachea, lungs and bronchiole tree Chapter 14 The functions of the large intestine are absorption of water and elimination The double fold of peritoneum that supports most of the small intestine via its attachment to the posterior side of the abdominal cavity is called the mesentery The chemical digestion of protein begins in the stomach The name of the valve between the small intestine and the large intestine is the Ileocecal The majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine Secretion of protein digestive enzymes is NOT a function of the liver The difference between digestion and metabolism is that digestion is the breaking down food into usable components and metabolism is the use of these Chapter 15 The ureter is the urinary organ responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder The nephron is the “functional unit” of the urinary system The filtration of blood occurs in the renal corpuscle of the nephron The renal corpuscle of a nephron is a combination of the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus During reabsorption part of urine formation, glucose and water are moved out of the renal tubule and into the blood. Urine generally contains high concentrations of nitrogenous waste products such as urea, ammonia and uric acid Calcitrol is the hormone produced by the kidneys and is the active form of Vitamin D Chapter 16 Two pituitary hormones that are the gonadotropins that stimulate gamete production are FSH and LH The function of the prostate gland is secretion of a milky fluid that prevents semen from clotting The function of progesterone is building and maintaining the uterine lining The term for the primary reproductive organs in both male and females is Gonads