Vetm 2501: Animal Production I Lecture - PDF

VETM 2501: ANIMAL PRODUCTION I LECTURE: GENERAL FARM MANAGEMENT I OUTLINE Learning objectives Introduction Classification of animals Domestication LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the importance of a farm and farm management Understand the ways in which animals can be classified...

VETM 2501: ANIMAL PRODUCTION I LECTURE: GENERAL FARM MANAGEMENT I OUTLINE Learning objectives Introduction Classification of animals Domestication LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the importance of a farm and farm management Understand the ways in which animals can be classified Explain livestock – animals, uses, categories, scientific names Differentiate between the tropics (new world and old world) and temperate regions Explain what domestication is, the importance and pre-conditions INTRODUCTION A farm is a socio-economic unit Land devoted mainly to agricultural processes Family farms Large, industrial farms Types of farms Arable – produce crops Pastoral – rear animals Dairy Meat Poultry Mixed Crops and animals INTRODUCTION CONT’D Farm management deals with organization and operation of a farm in order to maximize profits Technical activities What and how to produce Land usage Level of mechanization Scale of production Commercial activities Acquiring inputs Marketing products Use of funds INTRODUCTION CONT’D Financial activities Acquiring funds Using funds Accounting activities Recording keeping Production and business transactions Filing taxes INTRODUCTION CONT’D Proper farm management ensures success and sustainability Optimal use of resources Efficient production INTRODUCTION CONT’D Livestock management Basic animal husbandry Breeding and reproduction Feeding and nutrition Housing and environment Health and disease Socio-economic Animal psychology and behaviour Effective communication Employees, partners, veterinarians CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS The animal kingdom is made up of over one million unicellular and multicellular animals It is grouped into 35 phyla Majority are invertebrates Unicellular – bacteria, protozoa Multicellular – nematodes, molluscs ~ 1% are vertebrates Phylum: Chordata CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Livestock Animals belonging to the animal kingdom from which humans could derive economic or functional benefits This term has its origin in the concept of “live animals being stored on the hoof” CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Livestock can be grouped into 3 categories 1. Domestic animals Food Companion Laboratory 2. Animals with the potential for or are in the process of domestication Neo-tropical 3. Zoo/wild animals CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Domestic animals 1. Food animals Large food animals Dairy cattle (Bos taurus/B. indicus) Beef cattle (Bos taurus/B. indicus) Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Buffalypso (Bubalis bubalis) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Small food animals Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) Chickens (Gallus domesticus) Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Common ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata) Geese (Anser anser) Sheep (Ovis aries) Goats (Capra hircus) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D 2. Companion animals Horses (Equus caballus) Asses (Equus asinus) Dogs (Canis familiaris) Domestic Cats (Felis catus) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Camels Old World Single-humped (Camelus dromedarius) Two-humped (C. bactrianus) New World Llama (Lama glama) Alpaca (L. pacos) Vicunas (Vicugna vicugna) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D 3. Laboratory animals Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) Hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Animals with the potential for or are in the process of domestication Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) Black-eared opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) Spotted paca/Lowland paca/Lappe (Cuniculus paca/Agouti paca) Red brocket deer (Mazama americana) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) Collared Peccary/Quenk (Tayassu tajacu) Nine banded Armadillo/Tattoo (Dasypus novemcinctus) Nutria (Myocastor coypus) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Cocrico (Ortalis ruficauda) Emu (Dromiidae family) Rhea (Rheidae family) Kiwi (Apterygidae family) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Snakes Alligator, Crocodile and Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) Iguana (Iguana iguana) South American river turtle (Podocnemis expansa) Tortoise (Geochelone spp.) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Zoo/wild animals Undomesticated vertebrates and invertebrates CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Animals can also be classified based on their digestive systems Type 1 (simple systems) Simple stomach Caecum is non-functional Omnivores Man, monkey, dog Type 2 (simple systems with functional caecum) Simple stomach and large functional caecum Herbivores or omnivores Horse, rabbit, rat CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Type 3 (multiple systems) Have a four compartment stomach - ruminants Cow, goat, red brocket deer Type 4 (avian systems) Mainly omnivores Crop, proventriculus, ventriculus (gizzard), cloaca, pair caeca CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Animals can also be classified based on their distribution New world tropics Old world tropics Temperate regions CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Classification of animals within the tropics Tropics - between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S) New world tropics South America Central America Southern North America Caribbean Old world tropics Regions within the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia) that have tropical climates CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Characteristics of the tropics: Hot Humid Abundant rainfall Lush vegetation Diverse wildlife CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Animals present in the neo-tropics can be categorized based on their origins and domestication status Domesticated animals which were introduced into the Neo-tropics Domesticated animals that originated from the Neo-tropics Non-domesticated neo-tropical animals (potential for domestication) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D 1. Domesticated animals which were introduced into the Neo-tropics Arrived with the European invaders Animals were not bred for tropical conditions Cattle (Bos indicus/B. taurus) Sheep (Ovis aries) Goats (Capra hircus) Chickens (Gallus domesticus) Horses (Equus caballus) Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D 2. Domesticated animals that originated from the Neo-tropics Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) South American Camelids (L. guanicoe, L. glama, V. vicugna) Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos/ Cairina moschata) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D 3. Non-domesticated neo-tropical animals (potential for domestication) Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) Lappe/Paca (Cuniculus paca/Agouti paca) Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/Peccari tajacu) Black-eared opossum (Didelphis marsupialis insularis) Red Brocket deer (Mazama americana) CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Classification of animals within temperate regions Temperate - between the tropics and the polar regions Characteristics: Distinct seasons (4) Moderate temperature (vs. tropics) Moderate rainfall (vs. tropics) Diverse vegetation Variety of wildlife CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS CONT’D Some examples of temperate animals: Jaguar (Panthera onca) Grey wolf (Canis lupus) Cougar (Puma concolor) Brown bear (Ursus arctos) Killer whale (Orcinus orca) American black bear (Ursus americanus) Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) DOMESTICATION Animal domestication The process of adapting wild animals for human use Involves selective breeding over generations More than just taming…DNA changes! DOMESTICATION CONT’D Why domesticate? Steady food supply Increase desirable traits Transportation Work Recreation and/or pets Raw materials DOMESTICATION CONT’D Animals must possess six characteristics to be domesticated: 1. A nature that conforms to social hierarchy 2. Willingness to breed in captivity 3. Docility 4. Diverse appetite 5. Rapid maturation 6. Strong nerves